1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 Steven P. Viani, No. 2:23-cv-0033 1-KJM-AC 12 Plaintiff, ORDER 13 v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, 1S Defendant. 16 17 In this insurance coverage dispute, plaintiff Steven Viani moves to compel an appraisal of 18 | disputed damages under the terms of the insurance policy with defendant Nationwide Mutual 19 | Insurance Company. As explained in this order, the motion is granted. The appraisal process is 20 | an “arbitration” under the terms of the Federal Arbitration Act, and this court must compel the 21 | parties to complete the appraisal under the terms of that act regardless of any related coverage 22 | disputes. 23 | I. BACKGROUND 24 In October 2021, Viani’s home was damaged in a storm. Viani Decl. ECF No. 16-2. 25 | He submitted a claim to Nationwide, which had issued him a homeowner’s insurance policy. /d. 26 | Nationwide estimated it would cost about $3,175 to repair the damage. Id. § 3. Nationwide also 27 | told Viani it was denying part of his claim because some of the damage was excluded from 28 | coverage; according to Nationwide’s letter, some damage had not been caused by the storm, but
1 rather by ordinary wear and tear and a lack of maintenance. Id. ¶ 4 & Ex. B at 2. In response, 2 Viani hired a contractor, who estimated the true cost of repairs would exceed $350,000. Id. ¶ 6 & 3 Ex. C. Viani then filed his complaint in this action. See generally Compl., ECF No. 1. He 4 alleges Nationwide breached its obligations under the insurance policy and denied coverage in 5 bad faith. See id. ¶¶ 28–45. 6 A few months later, while the case was pending, Viani requested an appraisal of the 7 damage, Viani Decl. ¶ 8; Halavanau Decl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 16-1, as the policy permitted him to 8 demand: 9 If we and you disagree on the value of the property or the amount of 10 loss, either may make written demand for an appraisal of the loss. In 11 this event, each party will select a competent and impartial appraiser. 12 The two appraisers will select an umpire. If they cannot agree, either 13 may request that the selection be made by a judge of a court having 14 jurisdiction. The appraisers will state separately the value of the 15 property and amount of loss. If they fail to agree, they will submit 16 their differences to the umpire. A decision agreed to by any two will 17 be binding. Each party will: 18 a. Pay its chosen appraiser; and 19 b. Bear the other expenses of the appraisal and umpire equally. 20 If there is an appraisal, we will still retain our right to deny the claim. 21 Halavanau Decl. Ex. B at 35–36 of 41. Nationwide refused Viani’s request for an appraisal 22 because in its estimation, their dispute was not about the amount of the loss but rather about 23 whether the policy covered the loss in the first place. Id. ¶ 2. 24 Viani now moves to compel an appraisal as an “arbitration” under the Federal Arbitration 25 Act. See Mot. at 2, ECF No. 16; Mem. at 10–11, ECF No. 16. He also moves to stay discovery 26 during the appraisal. Mot. at 2; Mem. at 11. Nationwide opposes the motion on both fronts. See 27 generally Opp’n, ECF No. 17. The court took the matter under submission without a hearing 28 after briefing was complete. See Reply, ECF No. 18; Min. Order, ECF No. 20. 1 II. DISCUSSION 2 The Federal Arbitration Act makes arbitration agreements “valid, irrevocable, and 3 enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any 4 contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. “A party aggrieved by the alleged failure, neglect, or refusal of another 5 to arbitrate under a written agreement for arbitration” may request a federal district court issue 6 “an order directing that such arbitration proceed in the manner provided for in such agreement.” 7 Id. § 4. The district court then decides whether the parties agreed to arbitrate and if so, whether 8 that agreement “covers the dispute.” Brennan v. Opus Bank, 796 F.3d 1125, 1130 (9th Cir. 9 2015). If both conditions are satisfied, the district court must compel arbitration unless the 10 opposing party shows the dispute is not actually subject to arbitration. Green Tree Fin. Corp.- 11 Ala. v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79, 91–92 (2000); Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 12 218 (1985). This is so even “if a dispute presents multiple claims, some arbitrable and some not,” 13 and “even if this will lead to piecemeal litigation.” KPMG LLP v. Cocchi, 565 U.S. 18, 19 (2011) 14 (per curiam) (citing Dean Witter, 470 U.S. at 218). 15 The Federal Arbitration Act does not define “arbitration.” If there is uncertainty about 16 whether a particular process counts as an “arbitration” for purposes of the Federal Arbitration 17 Act, the court refers to the relevant state’s law. See Portland Gen. Elec. Co. v. U.S. Bank Tr. Nat. 18 Ass’n as Tr. for Tr. No. 1, 218 F.3d 1085, 1086 (9th Cir. 2000). Federal courts within the Ninth 19 Circuit have held that agreements to conduct “appraisals” in California insurance contracts are 20 agreements to arbitrate that can be enforced under the Federal Arbitration Act. See, e.g., Wasyl, 21 Inc. v. First Bos. Corp., 813 F.2d 1579, 1582 (9th Cir. 1987) (citing Cal. Civ. Proc. Code 22 § 1280(a) (1982)); Pollock v. Fed. Ins. Co., No. 21-09975, 2022 WL 2756669, at *7 (N.D. Cal. 23 July 14, 2022) (citing Fed. Ins. Co. v. Anderson, No. 18-06920, 2019 WL 8128570, at *3–4 (N.D. 24 Cal. Sept. 27, 2019) and Kirkwood v. Cal. State Auto. Ass’n Inter-Ins. Bureau, 193 Cal. App. 4th 25 49, 57 (2011)). 26 Viani thus argues the appraisal provision in his insurance policy must be enforced. See 27 Mem. at 6. Nationwide disputes neither that it agreed to participate in appraisals nor that 28 appraisal agreements generally are enforceable under the Federal Arbitration Act. It argues 1 instead (1) the parties did not agree to refer a dispute like this one to an appraisal, i.e., a 2 disagreement about whether the policy covers specific losses, see Opp’n at 4, and (2) an appraisal 3 would be inefficient and wasteful if it is conducted before this court decides what claims are 4 covered, see id. at 5. The court is not persuaded by either argument. 5 First, as other federal district courts have persuasively reasoned in similar cases, coverage 6 disputes are no bar to an appraisal when a party seeks that appraisal under the Federal Arbitration 7 Act. See Pollock, 2022 WL 2756669, at *10–13; Guarachi v. Aspen Specialty Ins. Co., No. 21- 8 1422, 2021 WL 6427658, at *3 (C.D. Cal. July 16, 2021); Fed. Ins. Co., 2019 WL 8128570, at 9 *5. Although “[t]he appraisal process is limited in scope” to “the amount of damage[s]” and 10 cannot resolve coverage disputes, an appraisal may still “assign a value to items as to which 11 coverage is disputed with the disclaimer that the award does not establish coverage or the 12 insurer’s liability to pay.” Fed. Ins. Co., 2019 WL 8128570, at *5 (quoting Lee v. Cal. Capital 13 Ins. Co., 237 Cal. App. 4th 1154, 1166, 1169–70 (2015)). “[T]he disputed items must be 14 submitted to an appraiser for valuation under the terms of the parties’ agreement, and coverage 15 can be litigated afterwards if necessary.” Pollock, 2022 WL 2756669, at *13.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 Steven P. Viani, No. 2:23-cv-0033 1-KJM-AC 12 Plaintiff, ORDER 13 v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, 1S Defendant. 16 17 In this insurance coverage dispute, plaintiff Steven Viani moves to compel an appraisal of 18 | disputed damages under the terms of the insurance policy with defendant Nationwide Mutual 19 | Insurance Company. As explained in this order, the motion is granted. The appraisal process is 20 | an “arbitration” under the terms of the Federal Arbitration Act, and this court must compel the 21 | parties to complete the appraisal under the terms of that act regardless of any related coverage 22 | disputes. 23 | I. BACKGROUND 24 In October 2021, Viani’s home was damaged in a storm. Viani Decl. ECF No. 16-2. 25 | He submitted a claim to Nationwide, which had issued him a homeowner’s insurance policy. /d. 26 | Nationwide estimated it would cost about $3,175 to repair the damage. Id. § 3. Nationwide also 27 | told Viani it was denying part of his claim because some of the damage was excluded from 28 | coverage; according to Nationwide’s letter, some damage had not been caused by the storm, but
1 rather by ordinary wear and tear and a lack of maintenance. Id. ¶ 4 & Ex. B at 2. In response, 2 Viani hired a contractor, who estimated the true cost of repairs would exceed $350,000. Id. ¶ 6 & 3 Ex. C. Viani then filed his complaint in this action. See generally Compl., ECF No. 1. He 4 alleges Nationwide breached its obligations under the insurance policy and denied coverage in 5 bad faith. See id. ¶¶ 28–45. 6 A few months later, while the case was pending, Viani requested an appraisal of the 7 damage, Viani Decl. ¶ 8; Halavanau Decl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 16-1, as the policy permitted him to 8 demand: 9 If we and you disagree on the value of the property or the amount of 10 loss, either may make written demand for an appraisal of the loss. In 11 this event, each party will select a competent and impartial appraiser. 12 The two appraisers will select an umpire. If they cannot agree, either 13 may request that the selection be made by a judge of a court having 14 jurisdiction. The appraisers will state separately the value of the 15 property and amount of loss. If they fail to agree, they will submit 16 their differences to the umpire. A decision agreed to by any two will 17 be binding. Each party will: 18 a. Pay its chosen appraiser; and 19 b. Bear the other expenses of the appraisal and umpire equally. 20 If there is an appraisal, we will still retain our right to deny the claim. 21 Halavanau Decl. Ex. B at 35–36 of 41. Nationwide refused Viani’s request for an appraisal 22 because in its estimation, their dispute was not about the amount of the loss but rather about 23 whether the policy covered the loss in the first place. Id. ¶ 2. 24 Viani now moves to compel an appraisal as an “arbitration” under the Federal Arbitration 25 Act. See Mot. at 2, ECF No. 16; Mem. at 10–11, ECF No. 16. He also moves to stay discovery 26 during the appraisal. Mot. at 2; Mem. at 11. Nationwide opposes the motion on both fronts. See 27 generally Opp’n, ECF No. 17. The court took the matter under submission without a hearing 28 after briefing was complete. See Reply, ECF No. 18; Min. Order, ECF No. 20. 1 II. DISCUSSION 2 The Federal Arbitration Act makes arbitration agreements “valid, irrevocable, and 3 enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any 4 contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. “A party aggrieved by the alleged failure, neglect, or refusal of another 5 to arbitrate under a written agreement for arbitration” may request a federal district court issue 6 “an order directing that such arbitration proceed in the manner provided for in such agreement.” 7 Id. § 4. The district court then decides whether the parties agreed to arbitrate and if so, whether 8 that agreement “covers the dispute.” Brennan v. Opus Bank, 796 F.3d 1125, 1130 (9th Cir. 9 2015). If both conditions are satisfied, the district court must compel arbitration unless the 10 opposing party shows the dispute is not actually subject to arbitration. Green Tree Fin. Corp.- 11 Ala. v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79, 91–92 (2000); Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 12 218 (1985). This is so even “if a dispute presents multiple claims, some arbitrable and some not,” 13 and “even if this will lead to piecemeal litigation.” KPMG LLP v. Cocchi, 565 U.S. 18, 19 (2011) 14 (per curiam) (citing Dean Witter, 470 U.S. at 218). 15 The Federal Arbitration Act does not define “arbitration.” If there is uncertainty about 16 whether a particular process counts as an “arbitration” for purposes of the Federal Arbitration 17 Act, the court refers to the relevant state’s law. See Portland Gen. Elec. Co. v. U.S. Bank Tr. Nat. 18 Ass’n as Tr. for Tr. No. 1, 218 F.3d 1085, 1086 (9th Cir. 2000). Federal courts within the Ninth 19 Circuit have held that agreements to conduct “appraisals” in California insurance contracts are 20 agreements to arbitrate that can be enforced under the Federal Arbitration Act. See, e.g., Wasyl, 21 Inc. v. First Bos. Corp., 813 F.2d 1579, 1582 (9th Cir. 1987) (citing Cal. Civ. Proc. Code 22 § 1280(a) (1982)); Pollock v. Fed. Ins. Co., No. 21-09975, 2022 WL 2756669, at *7 (N.D. Cal. 23 July 14, 2022) (citing Fed. Ins. Co. v. Anderson, No. 18-06920, 2019 WL 8128570, at *3–4 (N.D. 24 Cal. Sept. 27, 2019) and Kirkwood v. Cal. State Auto. Ass’n Inter-Ins. Bureau, 193 Cal. App. 4th 25 49, 57 (2011)). 26 Viani thus argues the appraisal provision in his insurance policy must be enforced. See 27 Mem. at 6. Nationwide disputes neither that it agreed to participate in appraisals nor that 28 appraisal agreements generally are enforceable under the Federal Arbitration Act. It argues 1 instead (1) the parties did not agree to refer a dispute like this one to an appraisal, i.e., a 2 disagreement about whether the policy covers specific losses, see Opp’n at 4, and (2) an appraisal 3 would be inefficient and wasteful if it is conducted before this court decides what claims are 4 covered, see id. at 5. The court is not persuaded by either argument. 5 First, as other federal district courts have persuasively reasoned in similar cases, coverage 6 disputes are no bar to an appraisal when a party seeks that appraisal under the Federal Arbitration 7 Act. See Pollock, 2022 WL 2756669, at *10–13; Guarachi v. Aspen Specialty Ins. Co., No. 21- 8 1422, 2021 WL 6427658, at *3 (C.D. Cal. July 16, 2021); Fed. Ins. Co., 2019 WL 8128570, at 9 *5. Although “[t]he appraisal process is limited in scope” to “the amount of damage[s]” and 10 cannot resolve coverage disputes, an appraisal may still “assign a value to items as to which 11 coverage is disputed with the disclaimer that the award does not establish coverage or the 12 insurer’s liability to pay.” Fed. Ins. Co., 2019 WL 8128570, at *5 (quoting Lee v. Cal. Capital 13 Ins. Co., 237 Cal. App. 4th 1154, 1166, 1169–70 (2015)). “[T]he disputed items must be 14 submitted to an appraiser for valuation under the terms of the parties’ agreement, and coverage 15 can be litigated afterwards if necessary.” Pollock, 2022 WL 2756669, at *13. The “labels” the 16 parties might apply to their disputes do not change the analysis. Guarachi, 2021 WL 6427658, at 17 *3. Disputes about “estimates, costs of repair, and whether further payment is required,” like the 18 disputes in this case, are proper subjects of an appraisal. Id. 19 Second, under the Federal Arbitration Act, if the parties have agreed to an appraisal, 20 federal district courts cannot stay the appraisal while it resolves any related coverage disputes. 21 See Pollock, 2022 WL 2756669, at *13; Fed. Ins. Co., 2019 WL 8128570, at *5. That is true 22 “regardless of any efficiency concerns.” Fed. Ins. Co., 2019 WL 8128570, at *5. The Federal 23 Arbitration Act “leaves no place for the exercise of discretion by a district court, but instead 24 mandates that district courts shall direct the parties to proceed to arbitration on issues as to which 25 an arbitration agreement has been signed.” Dean Witter, 470 U.S. at 218 (emphasis in original). 26 “The preeminent concern of Congress in passing the Act was to enforce private agreements into 27 which parties had entered, and that concern requires that we rigorously enforce agreements to 28 arbitrate, even if the result is piecemeal litigation, at least absent a countervailing policy 1 manifested in another federal statute.” Id. at 221 (citation and quotation marks omitted). “[T]he 2 relevant federal law requires piecemeal resolution when necessary to give effect to an arbitration 3 agreement.” Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 20 (1983) 4 (emphasis in original). For these reasons, the motion to compel arbitration must be granted. 5 Viani also asks the court to stay this action until the appraisal is complete. See Mem. 6 at 10. Federal district courts have inherent authority and discretion to stay claims that are not 7 subject to an arbitration agreement. See Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 20 n.23; Mediterranean 8 Enters., Inc. v. Ssangyong Corp., 708 F.2d 1458, 1465 (9th Cir. 1983). A stay may be 9 appropriate to avoid the “duplication of effort” when “the type of controversy . . . seems one well- 10 suited to the informal, and often expeditious, proceedings which generally characterize 11 arbitration.” United States v. Neumann Caribbean Int’l, Ltd., 750 F.2d 1422, 1427 (9th Cir. 12 1985). In some situations, a stay may in fact be mandatory under section 3 of the Federal 13 Arbitration Act. See Fed. Ins. Co., 2019 WL 8128570, *6 (citing 9 U.S.C. § 3). Here, it is not 14 necessary to decide whether the stay is mandatory or within the court’s discretion. The result 15 would be the same in either instance: a stay will avoid confusion and needlessly concurrent or 16 duplicative litigation about Viani’s claims and their value. The court grants the motion to stay. 17 III. CONCLUSION 18 The motion to compel arbitration and to stay is granted as follows: 19 Within twenty-one days of the day this order is filed, the parties must meet and 20 confer and submit a joint report with a stipulated proposed list of all items to be 21 appraised. If after good faith efforts to meet and confer the parties cannot agree to 22 a stipulated list, they may submit competing proposed lists. If the parties propose 23 competing lists, they may each file a supplemental brief in support of their 24 proposal, which must not exceed five pages each. The parties’ joint or separate 25 reports must also propose deadlines for the selection of appraisers and an umpire 26 and for any request to this court to select an umpire under the policy’s terms. 1 Within ninety days of the date this order is filed, and every ninety days thereafter 2 until the appraisal proceedings are complete, the parties must file a joint status 3 report on the status of those proceedings. 4 Within fourteen days of the date the appraisal proceedings are complete, the 5 parties must file a further joint status report on the outcome of those proceedings. 6 The further report must also include a discussion of the topics listed in Local Rule 7 240(a). 8 This action is otherwise stayed pending resolution of an appraisal under the 9 policy’s terms. 10 This order resolves ECF No. 16. 11 IT IS SO ORDERED. 12 DATED: February 2, 2024.