Veney v. United States

681 A.2d 428, 1996 D.C. App. LEXIS 145, 1996 WL 414179

• Court: District of Columbia Court of Appeals
• Decided: July 25, 1996
• Docket: 93-CF-456
• Status: Published

Opinions

ON REHEARING EN BANC

SCHWELB, Associate Judge:

Pursuant to the terms of a negotiated plea agreement, Tycho Veney was convicted of manslaughter while armed. D.C.Code §§ 22-2401, -3202 (1996). Through counsel, Veney, who was then nineteen years of age, requested the trial judge to sentence him as a youth offender pursuant to the District of Columbia Youth Rehabilitation Act (DCYRA or the Act), D.C.Code §§ 24-801 et seq. (1996). The judge declined Veney’s request and sentenced Veney as an adult to a prison term of fifteen years to life.

Veney filed a timely appeal, contending that the judge failed to make an explicit finding that Veney would not derive benefit from sentencing as a youth offender, and that this omission rendered the sentence invalid. On April 20, 1995, a division of this court affirmed the judgment. Veney v. United States, 658 A.2d 625 (D.C.1995) (per curiam) (Veney I). The division stated that it was bound by Peterson v. United States, 657 A.2d 756, 763-64 (D.C.1995) (King, J., joined by Terry, J., concurring), in which a majority of a different division had concluded three weeks earlier that a “no benefit” finding is not required by the DCYRA. We subsequently vacated Veney I and granted rehearing en banc. Veney v. United States, 666 A.2d 63 (D.C.1995) (Veney II).

The record in this case reflects that the judge was aware of his authority to order treatment of the defendant as a youth offender, considered that rehabilitative option, and consciously rejected it. Because, in our view, the DCYRA requires no more than that, we now affirm.

I.

TRIAL COURT PROCEEDINGS

A The Facts. 1

This case had its genesis in a brutal killing by ambush. On February 28, 1992, Marc Locust was riding his bicycle to a convenience store which he apparently frequented. Appellant Veney, who had purchased a revolver about four weeks earlier, was pacing back and forth at a corner near the market. As Locust approached the store, Veney pulled the revolver from his waistband, pointed it at Locust, and shot him in the chest from a distance of six feet. The bullet pierced Locust’s heart and lungs.

Locust, who was unarmed, fell from the bicycle and tried to run away. Veney gave chase and fired again; a second bullet grazed Locust’s forehead. Minutes later, Locust was found by his brother in a gutter, bleeding and gasping for breath. Marc Locust then died. He was twenty-one years old.

Veney was arrested and gave a videotaped statement to the police. He revealed that he and Marc Locust had argued several summers earlier over a girl. He claimed that Locust had fired at him a few weeks before the killing, but he could not remember exactly where this occurred. Veney admitted that he shot Locust, and that he ran home and hid the revolver. He later threw the weapon into the river.

Veney was charged with first degree murder while armed and with associated weapons offenses. A plea agreement was negotiated, and Veney was permitted to plead guilty to voluntary manslaughter while armed. The murder charge was dismissed.

B. The Sentencing Proceedings.

In advance of sentencing, Veney’s counsel presented to the court evaluations of her client by two psychologists and one psychiatrist. It is apparent from these evaluations that Veney is at least moderately retarded² and that he suffers from various mental and emotional disorders. He was abused by both parents, and he was apparently present when his mother shot his father. He has, on occasion, attempted suicide. There can be no doubt that he is a limited young man and that he grew up in most unfortunate circumstances.

The materials submitted by the defense also reveal, however, that Veney is an extremely dangerous individual. Since his teens, he has been engaged in numerous unlawful activities, including setting fires, cruelty to animals, stealing cars, destruction of property, fighting, and carrying a knife. He was committed to Saint Elizabeths Hospital and to the Receiving Home, and he spent two years at The Pines Treatment Center in Portsmouth, Virginia. He was released in June 1991. Then, according to the defense psychiatrist, Neil Blumberg, M.D., Veney

returned to the District of Columbia and began associating with a delinquent crowd. He did not work, began drinking and abusing drugs, and eventually became involved in selling drugs, which became his primary means of support.

Veney’s chosen lifestyle is especially dangerous, both for him and for others. In the words of defense psychologist Lanning E. Moldauer, Ph.D.,

Mr. Veney is particularly poorly equipped for the role of drug dealer or street “hustler” where the action is likely to turn violent and the demands for making quick, accurate distinctions in life-and-death situations are all too great.

In -written submissions to the sentencing judge and at the sentencing hearing, the parties presented arguments for and against DCYRA sentencing. Veney’s counsel asserted that his client was an appropriate candidate for rehabilitation, and that “[t]he court’s greatest assurance for rehabilitating is to sentence him under the Youth Rehabilitation Act and commit him to the Lorton Youth Center.” The prosecutor countered that

[t]here has been a lot of discussion about what would help Mr. Veney. I think the time has come to put the needs of the community ahead of those of Mr. Veney.

The prosecutor also stated that she had discussed with J. William Erhardt, Esq. of the Superior Court Criminal Division’s Legal Assistance Branch the availability of psychiatric counselling both at the Youth Center and at the adult facility, and that although “[i]n theory the treatment’s better [at the Youth Center],” it wasn’t cle.ar to Mr. Erhardt that this was so in practice.

The judge declined to sentence Veney pursuant to the DCYRA, and ordered that he be incarcerated for a period of fifteen years to life. He stated in some detail his reasons for rejecting the DCYRA option:

Mr. Veney, this is a difficult case. It’s difficult because of your situation, it’s difficult because of the victim. I can’t overlook the fact that you have been carrying around a gun for a while and I cannot assure myself that you only had that gun for Mr. Locust, because of something that he had done to you, as opposed to having that gun for its general use whenever you felt it happened to be needed.

If you had gone to trial, you stood a chance of being convicted of offenses that when you add up the possible sentences would add up to 26 years to life, of which 25 years would have been a mandatory minimum, if you’d been convicted of all these three offenses.

The plea that you entered subjects you to a mandatory minimum sentence of 5 years if you’re sentenced as an adult. And if

you’re sentenced as an adult, you will receive good time credits with respect to years over the [five-year] mandatory minimum.

With that I compare [the] Youth Act treatment where I have absolutely no control over the ultimate decision those folks would make when to release you. And although I don’t think it would be a very wise decision for them to release you earlier than you would be released as an adult[,] [ultimately, the [c]ourt doesn’t have any control over it.

This is a situation where you will receive the benefit of your bargain, but that is about it. A Youth Act sentence is inappropriate. I’m satisfied that your treatment as an adult will be just as good as it would be as a youth; Therefore, your request for sentencing under the Youth Rehabilitation Act is denied.

This appeal followed.

II.

THE STATUTORY SCHEME

The DCYRA provides that if a defendant is eligible by age³ and offense ⁴ for sentencing as a youth offender, the court “may” order “treatment and supervision” pursuant to the Act. D.C.Code § 24-803(b). If the court finds that the youth offender “will derive benefit from the provisions of this chapter, the court shall make a statement on the record of the reasons for its determination.” § 24-803(c). The Act goes on to provide that

[i]f the court shall find that the youth offender will not derive benefit from treatment under subsection (b) of this section, then the court may sentence the youth offender under any other applicable penalty provision.

§ 24r-803(d). A statement of reasons is thus explicitly required when a DCYRA sentence is imposed, but there is no comparable requirement that the judge explain his reasons for imposing an adult sentence. Finally, Section 24 — 803(f) provides that the sentencing alternatives provided by subsections (a) through (e) are “in addition to the options already available to the court.”

There is obvious tension between the various subsections of Section 24-803. Section 24-803(b) states that the court “may” sentence an eligible offender pursuant to the Act, not that the court “shall” do so. Section 24-803(c) proscribes sentencing as a youth offender unless the judge both finds that the defendant will benefit and explains his reasons for that finding. Section 24-803(d), on the other hand, authorizes imposition of an adult sentence “if’ — and thus arguably only “if’ — the court finds no benefit. But Section 24-803(f) provides in effect that the sentencing options available to the judge prior to the passage of the Act remain available — a provision which makes sense only if the judge retains the authority to impose an adult sentence on any offender, regardless of any personal benefit which the defendant may or may not derive from youth offender sentencing.

Reconciliation of these provisions, and particularly of subsections (d) and (f), is not easy. A literal reading of (d) appears to run afoul of (f), and vice versa. The language of the DCYRA, read as a whole, is not plain, and a “plain language” approach alone is therefore insufficient to ascertain the true meaning of the Act. Accordingly, we must inquire into the background of the statute and consider the circumstances that led to its enactment.

Although there are significant differences between the DCYRA and the now-repealed FYCA, it is undisputed that the former was modelled on the latter. See [James] Smith v. United States, 597 A.2d 377, 380 n. 2 (D.C.1991). The FYCA, which was enacted in 1950, “focused primarily on correction and rehabilitation,” and “[a]ll persons under 22 years of age at the time of conviction were made eligible for probation or treatment under the Act.” Dorszynski v. United States, 418 U.S. 424, 433, 94 S.Ct. 3042, 3048, 41 L.Ed.2d 855 (1974). The statute was “designed to provide a better method for treating young offenders convicted in federal courts in that vulnerable age bracket, to rehabilitate them and restore normal behavior patterns.” Id.

Like the DCYRA, the FYCA provided:

If the court shall find that the youth offender will not derive benefit from treatment under subsection (b) or (c), then the court may sentence the youth offender under any other applicable penalty provision.

18 U.S.C. § 5010(d). In Dorszynski, the defendant contended that the sentencing judge lacked the authority under this provision to impose an adult sentence unless he made an explicit finding of “no benefit” and stated his reasons for that conclusion. He argued, in effect, that the Act restricted the judge’s sentencing options and set a substantive standard which the judge must follow in choosing between treatment as a youth offender and adult sentencing. The Supreme Court unequivocally disagreed:

The authority to sentence a youth offender under “any other applicable penalty provision” is expressly reserved to federal trial courts by [18 U.S.C.] § 5010(d), and thus is within the permissible range of sentences which may be imposed under the Act. The “no benefit” finding required by the Act is not to be read as a substantive standard which must be satisfied to support a sentence outside the Act, for such a reading would subject the sentence to appellate review even though the sentence was permitted by the Act’s terms, thereby limiting the sentencing court’s discretion. We will not assume Congress to have intended such a departure from well-established doctrine without a clear expression to disavow it. As our review has shown, the exclusive sentencing power of district judges was acknowledged, and Congress’ intention to affirm that power was clearly indicated.

418 U.S. at 441, 94 S.Ct. at 3051 (emphasis added). Indeed, “the [FYCA] was intended to increase the sentencing options of federal trial judges, rather than to limit the exercise of their discretion whether to employ the newly created options.” Id. at 440, 94 S.Ct. at 3051 (emphasis added); see also Tribble v. United States, 447 A.2d 766, 774 (D.C.1982). Accordingly, the Court concluded that “[o]nce it is made clear that the sentencing judge has considered the option of treatment under the Act and rejected it, ... no appellate review is warranted.” Dorszynski, 418 U.S. at 443, 94 S.Ct. at 3053.

Later in the Dorszynski opinion, the Court stated that

[Ijiteral compliance with the Act can be satisfied by any expression that makes clear the sentencing judge considered the alternative of sentencing under the Act and decided that the youth offender would not derive benefit from treatment under the Act.

Id. at 444, 94 S.Ct. at 3053 (emphasis added). The italicized language, read in isolation, might be construed as requiring the judge, in making his sentencing determination, to focus specifically on the potential personal benefit to the defendant of youth offender treatment. Given the repeated references in the opinion to the optional character of FYCA sentencing, however, the Court could not have contemplated that statements by the trial judge declining to exercise the youth offender treatment option were to be rigorously parsed, as Veney now seeks to parse them, in order to assure that sufficient weight was being accorded to the defendant’s personal benefit. On the contrary, the Court specifically stated that “[ajppellate courts should not be subject to the burden of case-by-case examination of the record to make sure that the sentencing judge considered the treatment option made available by the Act.” Id.

The FYCA was repealed by Congress in 1984. In 1985, the Council of the District of Columbia enacted the DCYRA, and thus reinstituted machinery for the rehabilitative treatment of youth offenders which the repeal of the FYCA had briefly made unavailable. The DCYRA, however, reflects a readily discernable shift in focus from its repealed federal counterpart. Under the FYCA, a judge seeking to impose an adult sentence was required to make a “no benefit” finding, whereas he could impose a youth offender sentence without making any finding at all. By contrast, the DCYRA provides that “where the court ... determines that the youth offender will derive benefit from the provisions of this chapter, the court shall make a statement on the record of the reasons for its determination.” D.C.Code § 24-803(e). No such statement of reasons is required where the court finds no benefit. See § 24-803(d). The DCYRA also explicitly states that the youth offender treatment options created by the Act constitute “sentencing alternatives in addition to the options already available to the court.” § 24-803(f) (emphasis added). Read literally, and without reference to subsection (c), subsection (f) means that the judge may impose any sentence which was authorized by law prior to the enactment of the DCYRA, but may also order youth offender treatment, which had not been available since the repeal of the FYCA. All told, the Act reverses in important respects the FYCA’s tilt in favor of youth offender sentencing.

Finally, the DCYRA was enacted at a time when public concern about crime was at its zenith. It was passed less than three years after the citizens of this jurisdiction voted overwhelmingly for mandatory minimum sentences for armed offenses (as well as for certain other crimes). That legislation was precipitated, in part, by the devastation wrought by firearms. See Lemon v. United States, 564 A.2d 1368, 1379 (D.C.1989).

In enacting the DCYRA, the Council was fully aware of these concerns. The purpose of the DCYRA, as stated in the Judiciary Committee Report, was

to provide rehabilitation opportunities for deserving young adult offenders between the ages of 18 and 22 while incarcerated, and at the same time [to] fully protect the public safety by enabling the court to impose a maximum penalty where warranted.

Council of the DistRict of Columbia, Comm. ON THE JUDICIARY, REPORT ON BILL 6-47, Youth Rehabilitation Act of 1985 at 2 (1985) (emphasis added). The emphasized language belies any notion that the legislature was concerned solely with rehabilitative opportunities for young offenders. On the contrary, the imposition of maximum penalties, where necessary, was an option upon which the Council focused in enacting this very legislation. The use of the word “deserving” is also significant, for if the court views a defendant as “undeserving,” e.g., because the crime was too severe, then, according to the Committee Report, DCYRA sentencing is not required or even appropriate.

III.

THE APPLICABLE STANDARD

With the foregoing background in mind, we turn to the task of reconciling the apparently conflicting provisions of the DCY-RA.

The government first broadly contends that notwithstanding a defense request for DCYRA treatment, the record need not reflect any inquiry — even an implicit finding— by the trial judge regarding the potential benefit to the defendant of treatment under the Act. We do not agree. Section 24-803(d) provides that the court may sentence the offender as an adult “[i]f the court shall find that the youth offender mil not derive benefit from treatment under subsection (b) of this section.” (Emphasis added). Under the government’s interpretation of the statute, the italicized language would be rendered totally ineffective, and the judge would be permitted to impose an adult sentence without considering Youth Act treatment. “A basic principle [of statutory construction] is that each provision of the statute should be construed so as to give effect to all of the statute’s provisions, not rendering any provision superfluous.” Thomas v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Employment Servs., 547 A.2d 1034, 1037 (D.C.1988) (citations omitted). Moreover, Section 804(d) is for all practical purposes identical to the corresponding section of the FYCA, 18 U.S.C. § 5010(d), and as the Supreme Court stated in Dorszynski,

[t]o hold that a “no benefit” finding is implicit each time a sentence under the Act is not chosen would render § 5010(d) nugatory.

418 U.S. at 444, 94 S.Ct. at 3057. We are not prepared to read Section 24r-803(d) in a manner which treats the words “[i]f the court shall find [no benefit]” as if they did not exist.⁵

We likewise find Veney’s proposed construction of the Act to be unpersuasive. Ve-ney contends that the judge must make a formal finding which focuses on the probability of rehabilitative benefit to the defendant, and that if no such formal finding is made, then sentencing as an adult is not permitted. He argues, in substance, that if the judge finds that the defendant can be rehabilitated, then the judge must sentence him as a youth offender rather than as an adult. This interpretation, in our view, accords insufficient consideration to subsection (c), which permits youth offender sentencing only if the judge has explicated his reasons for selecting such a disposition, and to subsection (f), which explicitly permits the judge to impose any sentence which was authorized by law prior to the enactment of the DCYRA. Veney’s construction also runs afoul of the passages from the Dorszynski opinion, quoted at pp. 431 — 432 supra, in which the Court rejected both the contention that the FYCA created a substantive sentencing standard, 418 U.S. at 441, 94 S.Ct. at 3051-52, and any notion that appellate courts must review the record in every case to ensure that the sentencing judge adequately considered the treatment option provided by the FYCA. Id. at 444, 94 5.Ct. at 3053.⁶

In order to reconcile subsections (d) and © and, insofar as possible, to accommodate the language of each of these provisions, we essentially adopt the government’s “fall-back” position — Section 24-803(d) requires something, but not very much. We conclude that an adult sentence may be imposed if the record reflects that the judge was aware of the availability under the Act of youth offender treatment, that he considered that rehabilitative option, and that he rejected it. In construing the FYCA, which tilted substantially more in favor of youth offender treatment than the DCYRA does, the Supreme Court referred to “the manifest desire of Congress to assure that treatment under the Act be considered by the court as one option whenever the youth offender is eligible for it.” 418 U.S. at 443, 94 S.Ct. at 3053 (emphasis added). Because the Court in Dorszynski also contemplated a finding by the sentencing judge that “the youth offender would not derive benefit from treatment under the Act,” id. at 444, 94 S.Ct. at 3053, and because, as we have seen, the DCYRA contains the same “no benefit” language, we are not prepared to dispense altogether with a “no benefit” finding, so long as the “no benefit” concept is properly understood in the context of the DCYRA as a whole.

If the words “no benefit” are read literally and in isolation, then they embrace every defendant, for youth offender treatment would surely confer some benefit on any potential candidate. See, e.g., D.C.Code § 24-806(d) (providing for the setting aside of DCYRA convictions); Lindsay v. United States, 520 A.2d 1059, 1063 (D.C.1987). The Council obviously did not require that all young offenders be sentenced to treatment under the Act, and the parties agree that the statute refers to substantial rehabilitative benefit, rather than to something less than that.

Veney’s attorney also conceded at oral argument, and we now hold, that the DCYRA was not intended to make the defendant’s potential for rehabilitation a dispositive sentencing criterion which trumps all others. It is surely not subject to dispute that incapacitation of the offender and prevention, deterrence, and punishment of crime have traditionally been appropriate considerations in the sentencing calculus. In Dorszynski, as we have seen, the Supreme Court declined to infer an intention on the part of Congress to restrict the sentencing judge’s traditional discretion, and it explicitly held that the “no benefit” requirement did not establish a new or “substantive” standard. 418 U.S. at 441, 94 S.Ct. at 3052. We therefore cannot agree with any suggestion that the DCYRA requires a one-dimensional focus on the interests of the offender (to the exclusion of the victim, his family and the law-abiding citizens of the community). Properly understood in the context of the entire Act, the reference in Section 24-804(d) to “benefit” to the defendant means a rehabilitational benefit sufficient to outweigh other applicable considerations.

Veney appears to contend that the judge may base his decision on any rehabilitative benefit to the offender and on the safety of the community, but on nothing else. We conclude, to the contrary, that the judge may also consider other traditional factors, including general deterrence and punishment. Moreover, we will not second-guess the sentencing judge with respect to the weight to be accorded to rehabilitation, as against the need for incapacitation, deterrence, or punishment.⁷

IV.

THE SENTENCING OF VENEY

Applying the foregoing principles to the present case, we have no difficulty in concluding that the sentencing proceedings were in compliance with the Act, and that Veney’s rights were fully protected. The judge was aware of his authority under the DCYRA to sentence Veney as a youth offender. He entertained defense counsel’s claims that Veney was an appropriate candidate for rehabilitation. The judge expressly evaluated, on the record, the potential benefits said to be available to Veney at the Youth Center.⁸ He concluded, reasonably in our view, that the risk of danger to the community which a youth offender sentence would entail trumped any such benefits.⁹ The judge’s oral explanation of his decision, which we have quoted at p. 430 supra, reflects a thoughtful and conscientious discharge of his sentencing responsibilities.

It now appears, in hindsight, that the necessity for this appeal might well have been avoided if the judge had framed his comments in the language of the Act.¹⁰ The phrase “no benefit,” however, is not a sacred talisman, and any expression showing that the judge considered and rejected the rehabilitative option available under the Act is sufficient. Notwithstanding the judge’s use of words other than those in the DCYRA, his articulation satisfied that statute. See Dorszynski, supra, 418 U.S. at 444, 94 S.Ct. at 3058; Taylor v. United States, 324 A.2d 683, 685 (D.C.1974). To order the judge to sentence Veney as a youth offender would be altogether unwarranted, for imposition of an adult sentence was well within the judge’s discretion, and his decision to impose one is not subject to appellate second-guessing. To remand the case to the judge with directions to rephrase his explication of the sentence would be patently futile. Accordingly, the judgment appealed from is

Affirmed. 11

1 . Our statement of the facts is taken substantially verbatim from Veney I, supra, 658 A.2d at 626-28 (concurring opinion).

2 . When tested, Veney did not know the number of months in the year, believed that 10 minus 6 equals 7, and was unable to explain the word ''repair.”

3 . The DCYRA is available to defendants under the age of twenty-two. See D.C.Code § 24— 801(6).

4 . Unlike the former Federal Youth Corrections Act (FYCA), 18 U.S.C. §§ 5010 et seq. (repealed 1984), the DCYRA is not available to defendants convicted of murder. See D.C.Code § 24-801(6).

5 . The Judiciary Committee Report reveals that the Council was aware of the Supreme Court's decision in Dorszynski. The Council’s retention of the FYCA’s "no benefit” language might thus be viewed as an adoption of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the FYCA. See, e.g., Capital Traction Co. v. Hof, 174 U.S. 1, 36, 19 S.Ct. 580, 594, 43 L.Ed. 873 (1899). Because the DCYRA also contains relevant provisions not found in the FYCA, however, including in particular subsections 24-803(c) and (f), the Court's construction of the FYCA in Dorszynski does not fit the DCY-RA with precision.

6 . Veney’s counsel contended at oral argument that these passages of the Dorszynski opinion are essentially dictum, and that the holding of the case is that a "no benefit" finding was required. As we read Dorszynski, however, the Court’s emphasis on the sentencing judge’s discretion constituted the overriding theme of the opinion. Moreover, the existence of that discretion is recognized even more explicitly in the DCYRA. See § 2-4 — 803(f)-

7 . Our reading of Dorszynski and of the DCYRA as not contemplating appellate reweighing of the various sentencing considerations necessarily means that we will not entertain contentions based on a trial judge’s alleged failure to say enough (or even to say anything) about the defendant’s personal benefit.

8 . According to Veney, the record negates the judge’s conclusion that opportunities for rehabilitative psychiatric treatment are not significantly better at the Youth Center than at Lorton’s main facility. We agree with the government that "[i]t is precisely this kind of case-by-case examination that the Supreme Court rejected in Dorszynski." See 418 U.S. at 444, 94 S.Ct. at 3053; accord, Tribble, supra, 447 A.2d at 774.

9 . The judge correctly observed that, if he ordered youth offender treatment, he would have no control over the timing of Veney's release.

10 . We note that Veney's attorney made no claim at the time of sentencing that the judge’s explanation of the sentence was legally insufficient. If counsel had raised the point in the trial court, the judge could have resolved it on the,spot and this appeal would probably have been unnecessary.

The government did not contend before the division that the "plain error” standard applies, but now seeks to invoke that standard before the en banc court. Because the imposition of the sentence ended the proceedings in the trial court, defense counsel could have raised the question whether the judge's findings were sufficient only by making an oral or written motion at or after the conclusion of the hearing. We decline to decide whether the "plain error” doctrine applies under all of these circumstances, for even if we assume that the question whether the judge's articulation was sufficient has been preserved, affirmance is required on the merits.

Obviously, however, a defendant who fails to present a contention in the trial court when he had an opportunity to do so may face plain error review in an appellate court if he attempts to press the point on appeal. This is especially true if the government promptly asserts the applicability of the plain error standard. Where the defense objection is to the sufficiency of the court's articulation, it is not enough simply to request sentencing as a youth offender. "[Pjoints not asserted with sufficient precision to indicate distinctly the party’s thesis ... will normally be spurned on appeal." Miller v. Avirom, 127 U.S.App.D.C. 367, 369-70, 384 F.2d 319, 321-22 (1967) (footnote omitted).

11 .To the extent, if at all, that any of our prior decisions may be viewed as requiring a more explicit "no benefit” finding than the judge made in this case, they are overruled. Because of the differences between the FYCA and the DCYRA, and the exclusion from the latter of the tilt towards youth offender sentencing reflected in the former, we view our decisions under the FYCA as helpful but not as controlling in the future.