1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 U.S. WHOLESALE OUTLET & No. 2:20-cv-02379-KJM-AC DISTRIBUTION, INC., 12 Plaintiff, 13 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS v. 14 US WHOLESALE, 15 Defendant. 16
17 18 This matter is before the court on plaintiff’s motion for default judgment. ECF No. 11. 19 The motion was referred to the undersigned pursuant to E.D. Cal. R. 302(c)(19). This motion was 20 taken under submission for consideration on the papers. ECF No. 13. Defendant did not appear 21 or oppose the motion. For the reasons set forth below, the undersigned recommends plaintiff’s 22 motion be GRANTED, and that judgment be entered in favor of plaintiff. 23 I. Relevant Background 24 Plaintiff brought its complaint on November 30, 2020 raising allegations of unfair 25 competition in violation of § 43(a) of the Lanham Act (15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)), Unfair Competition 26 in Violation of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200, Dilution in Violation of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 27 14247, common law trademark infringement, and common law unfair competition. ECF No. 1 at 28 6-11. The following facts are drawn from the allegations of plaintiff’s complaint. 1 Plaintiff is a family-owned wholesale business that purchases tobacco products, tobacco- 2 related accessories, and other general merchandise from various companies, and then resells those 3 products on a wholesale basis to retail outlets and other wholesalers. ECF No. 1 at 3. Plaintiff 4 was incorporated in the State of California on August 20, 2009. Id. Since at least the date of its 5 incorporation in California on August 20, 2009, plaintiff has made continuous use of its trade 6 name, “U.S. Wholesale,” in buying tobacco products, tobacco-related accessories, and other 7 general merchandise, and selling those products on a wholesale basis to retail outlets and other 8 wholesalers located throughout California. Id. Plaintiff has also continuously used its trade name 9 in advertising campaigns and in communities located in California. Id. In addition, plaintiff has 10 been actively involved in tradeshows in California to further promote its brand and business. Id. 11 As a result of these and other efforts, plaintiff’s customers and the general public have come to 12 recognize U.S. Wholesale by that name as an established and successful wholesaler for tobacco 13 products, tobacco-related accessories, and other general merchandise throughout California. Id. 14 Plaintiff asserts its trade name is inherently distinctive, and therefore immediately protectable 15 upon its use as a mark. Id. Plaintiff further asserts its trade name has also become distinctive 16 through the acquisition of secondary meaning, over more than a decade of use in the wholesale 17 and retail industry in California. Id. Its trade name—U.S. Wholesale—is uniquely identified 18 with plaintiff’s business. Id. Plaintiff’s extensive use, promotion, and advertising have caused its 19 trade name to become famous and widely recognized by the general consuming public in this 20 District and the State of California, as a designation of the source of the goods of Plaintiff. Id. at 21 4. Plaintiff asserts its trade name possesses an extraordinarily valuable goodwill that belongs to 22 plaintiff. Id. 23 Plaintiff alleges that in or around October 2020, it learned that defendant was 24 using the trade name “US Wholesale” to advertise and sell tobacco products, tobacco-related 25 accessories, and general merchandise from a location in Sacramento, California to customers 26 located in California without plaintiff’s authorization or consent. Id. Plaintiff U.S. Wholesale 27 learned of defendant’s use of the confusingly similar trade name “US Wholesale” after multiple 28 customers of plaintiff contacted plaintiff and commented about it opening up a branch in the 1 Sacramento area, believing that defendant US Wholesale was the same business as plaintiff U.S. 2 Wholesale. Id. Plaintiff obtained a copy of a flyer showing that defendants, using the name “US 3 Wholesale,” were advertising and selling many of the same tobacco products, tobacco-related 4 accessories, and general merchandise that plaintiff advertises and sells, to customers in 5 California. Id. On October 28, 2020, plaintiff U.S. Wholesale sent a letter to defendant US 6 Wholesale requesting that it cease and desist from any further infringing use of plaintiff’s 7 trademark rights, and informing it that its use of the trade name US Wholesale has already caused 8 actual confusion among California customers. Id. On October 31, 2020, defendant US 9 Wholesale responded to plaintiff’s letter, refusing to cease and desist from using the trade name 10 “US Wholesale” unless plaintiff “prove[d] that there is an actual Registered Trademark with 11 USPTO.” Id. 12 Defendant US Wholesale claimed in its October 31, 2020 letter that it was using 13 the name “us” Wholesale (as in “us / we”), but on two separate occasions when plaintiff called 14 defendant’s listed phone number, both times it answered as “U.S. Wholesale” just like plaintiff’s 15 trade name. Id. at 5. On November 3, 2020, plaintiff responded to defendant US Wholesale’s 16 October 31, 2020 letter, informing it that registration with the USPTO is not required to enforce 17 plaintiff’s trademark rights under federal statutory law, as well as California statutory and 18 common law. Id. Plaintiff also informed defendant US Wholesale that any continued use of the 19 trade name “US Wholesale” after receiving plaintiff’s original cease and desist letter would serve 20 as evidence of intentional and willful infringement by defendants. Id. As of the date the 21 complaint was filed, plaintiff had not received a response to its November 3, 2020 letter from 22 defendant. On information and belief, plaintiff alleges defendant continues to use the trade name 23 “US Wholesale” to advertise and sell tobacco products, tobacco-related accessories, and general 24 merchandise in California. Id. Plaintiff alleges defendant chose the trade name “US Wholesale” 25 to trade off plaintiff’s reputation and goodwill and has intentionally and willfully used the 26 trade name “US Wholesale” to mislead customers in California. Id. As a result of the 27 unauthorized use of the trade name “US Wholesale,” customers in California have been confused 28 as to whether the products being advertised and sold by defendant were being advertised and sold 1 by plaintiff U.S. Wholesale. Id. Plaintiff contends that as a result of defendant’s unauthorized 2 use of the trade name “US Wholesale,” plaintiff has lost control of its reputation and goodwill, 3 causing continuing irreparable injury. Id. 4 A summons, complaint, and copy of the order setting a status conference was served on 5 defendant personally and by mail, per the summons returned executed filed with the court on 6 December 9, 2020. ECF No. 6. Defendant did not appear, and plaintiff moved for entry of 7 default on January 11, 2021. ECF No. 7. The clerk entered default on January 12, 2021. ECF 8 No. 8. Plaintiff moved for default judgment on May 5, 2021. ECF No. 11. Plaintiff filed a 9 certificate of service demonstrating that defendant was served with the motion for default 10 judgment. ECF No. 12. Defendant did not respond to the motion for entry of default judgment 11 and has not otherwise appeared in this case. 12 II. Motion 13 Plaintiff moves for default judgment on all counts, seeking an order permanently 14 enjoining and restraining defendant and its partners, officers, agents, servants, employees, and 15 attorneys, their successors and assigns, and all others in active concert or participation with 16 defendant, from using, in any manner whatsoever, the trade name “US Wholesale.” ECF No. 11- 17 5. Plaintiff also seeks an award of $15,840 in attorneys’ fees and $560.55 in costs. Id. 18 III. Analysis 19 A. Legal Standard 20 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55, default may be entered against a party 21 against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought who fails to plead or otherwise defend 22 against the action. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). However, “[a] defendant’s default does not 23 automatically entitle the plaintiff to a court-ordered judgment.” PepsiCo, Inc. v. Cal. Sec. Cans, 24 238 F.Supp.2d 1172, 1174 (C.D. Cal. 2002) (citing Draper v. Coombs, 792 F.2d 915, 924-25 (9th 25 Cir. 1986)); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b) (governing the entry of default judgments). Instead, the 26 decision to grant or deny an application for default judgment lies within the district court’s sound 27 discretion. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). In making this 28 determination, the court may consider the following factors: 1 (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff; (2) the merits of plaintiff's substantive claim; (3) the sufficiency of the complaint; (4) 2 the sum of money at stake in the action; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) whether the default was due to 3 excusable neglect; and (7) the strong policy underlying the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits. 4 5 Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471-72 (9th Cir. 1986). Default judgments are ordinarily 6 disfavored. Id. at 1472. 7 As a general rule, once default is entered, well-pleaded factual allegations in the operative 8 complaint are taken as true, except for those allegations relating to damages. TeleVideo Sys., Inc. 9 v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917-18 (9th Cir. 1987) (per curiam) (citing Geddes v. United Fin. 10 Group, 559 F.2d 557, 560 (9th Cir. 1977) (per curiam)); see also Fair Housing of Marin v. 11 Combs, 285 F.3d 899, 906 (9th Cir. 2002). Although well-pleaded allegations in the complaint 12 are admitted by a defendant’s failure to respond, “necessary facts not contained in the pleadings, 13 and claims which are legally insufficient, are not established by default.” Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. 14 of N. Am., 980 F.2d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992) (citing Danning v. Lavine, 572 F.2d 1386, 1388 15 (9th Cir. 1978)); accord DIRECTV, Inc. v. Huynh, 503 F.3d 847, 854 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[A] 16 defendant is not held to admit facts that are not well-pleaded or to admit conclusions of law”) 17 (citation and quotation marks omitted); Abney v. Alameida, 334 F.Supp.2d 1221, 1235 (S.D. Cal. 18 2004) (“[A] default judgment may not be entered on a legally insufficient claim.”). A party’s 19 default conclusively establishes that party’s liability, although it does not establish the amount of 20 damages. Geddes, 559 F.2d at 560; cf. Adriana Int’l Corp. v. Thoeren, 913 F.2d 1406, 1414 (9th 21 Cir. 1990) (stating in the context of a default entered pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 22 37 that the default conclusively established the liability of the defaulting party). 23 B. The Eitel Factors 24 1. Factor One: Possibility of Prejudice to Plaintiff 25 The first Eitel factor considers whether the plaintiff would suffer prejudice if default 26 judgment is not entered, and such potential prejudice to the plaintiff weighs in favor of granting a 27 default judgment. See PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177. Here, plaintiff would suffer 28 prejudice if the court did not enter a default judgment because it would be without recourse for 1 recovery. Accordingly, the first Eitel factor favors the entry of default judgment. 2 2. Factors Two and Three: Merits of Claims and Sufficiency of Complaint 3 The merits of plaintiff’s substantive claims and the sufficiency of the complaint are 4 considered here together because of the relatedness of the two inquiries. The court must consider 5 whether the allegations in the complaint are sufficient to state a claim that supports the relief 6 sought. See Danning, 572 F.2d at 1388; PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1175. Here, the merits 7 of the claims and sufficiency of the complaint favor entry of default judgment. 8 Plaintiff brings five causes of action: (1) unfair competition in violation of § 43(a) of the 9 Lanham Act (15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)), (2) Unfair Competition in Violation of Cal. Bus. & Prof. 10 Code § 17200, (3) Dilution in Violation of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 14247, (4) common law 11 trademark infringement, and (5) common law unfair competition. Although plaintiff has alleged 12 five distinct claims, “the essential elements of the federal claim[] . . . if met with adequate 13 evidence are sufficient to establish liability under the state law claim[s] as well.” Phillip Morris 14 USA Inc. v. Shalabi, 352 F.Supp.2d 1067, 1072 (C.D. Cal. 2004) (citing Brookfield 15 Communications, Inc. v. West Coast Entm’t Corp., 174 F.3d 1036, 1046 n.6, 1047 n.8 (9th Cir. 16 1999)); see also, Cleary v. News Corp., 30 F.3d 1255, 1262–63 (9th Cir. 1994) (“This Circuit has 17 consistently held that state common law claims of unfair competition and actions pursuant to 18 California Business and Professions Code § 17200 are “substantially congruent” to claims made 19 under the Lanham Act.”). 20 Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act makes actionable the deceptive and misleading use in 21 commerce of “any word, term, name, symbol, or device” on any goods or in connection with any 22 goods and is considered the federal law of unfair competition. Kendall-Jackson Winery, Ltd. v. 23 E. & J. Gallo Winery, 150 F.3d 1042, 1046 (9th Cir. 1998). To state a claim for unfair 24 competition or trademark infringement under the Lanham Act, the complaint must allege that the 25 plaintiff: “(1) ... has a protectable ownership interest in the mark; and (2) that the defendant’s use 26 of the mark is likely to cause consumer confusion, thereby infringing upon the [plaintiff’s] rights 27 to the mark.” Department of Parks and Recreation for State of California v. Bazaar Del Mundo 28 Inc., 448 F.3d 1118, 1124 (9th Cir. 2006); see also, Topline Corp. v. 4273371 Canada, Inc., No. 1 C07-938Z, 2007 WL 2332471, at *4 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 13, 2007) (to prevail on a trademark 2 infringement claim under section 32 of the Lanham Act or an unfair competition claim under 3 section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, plaintiff must show: (1) that it owns a valid mark, and thus a 4 protectable interest, and (2) that the alleged infringer’s use of the mark is likely to cause 5 confusion.). “The test for likelihood of confusion is whether a ‘reasonably prudent consumer’ in 6 the marketplace is likely to be confused as to the origin of the good or service bearing one of the 7 marks.” Dreamwerks Production Group, Inc. v. SKG Studio, 142 F.3d 1127, 1129 (9th Cir. 8 1998). In evaluating the likelihood of confusion, the court employs an eight factor test. See 9 AMF Inc. v. Sleekcraft Boats, 599 F.2d 341, 348-49 (9th Cir. 1979), abrogated on other grounds 10 by Mattel, Inc. v. Walking Mountain Prod., 353 F.3d 792, 810 n.19 (9th Cir. 2003). 11 Here, the complaint makes the requisite allegation of protectable ownership and plaintiff 12 has supported the allegation with sufficient evidence. Whether a mark is protectible is 13 determined by whether is meets the criteria for registration set forth in § 2 of the Lanham Act. 14 “Registration is not a prerequisite for protection under § 43(a) . . . but courts look to the general 15 principles qualifying a mark for registration under § 2 when determining whether an unregistered 16 mark is protectable under § 43(a)[.]” Kendall-Jackson Winery, 150 F.3d 1047 n.2. A trademark 17 is defined by statute as including “any word, name, symbol, or device or any combination 18 thereof” used by any person “to identify and distinguish his or her goods, including a unique 19 product, from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate the source of the goods, even 20 if that source is unknown.” 15 U.S.C. § 1127. 21 In order to be registered, a mark must be capable of distinguishing the applicant’s goods from those of others. Marks are often classified 22 in categories of generally increasing distinctiveness; following the classic formulation set out by Judge Friendly, they may be (1) 23 generic; (2) descriptive; (3) suggestive; (4) arbitrary; or (5) fanciful. The latter three categories of marks, because their intrinsic nature 24 serves to identify a particular source of a product, are deemed inherently distinctive and are entitled to protection. 25 26 Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 768 (1992) (internal citations omitted). 27 In this case, plaintiff’s trade name is protectable because it is arbitrary. “An arbitrary 28 mark consists of common words arranged in an arbitrary way that is non-descriptive of any 1 quality of the goods or services.” Off. Airline Guides, Inc. v. Goss, 6 F.3d 1385, 1391 (9th Cir. 2 1993). The name “U.S. Wholesale” consists of common words arranged in an arbitrary way that 3 is not descriptive of its services. Read literally, it denotes a wholesale business within or by the 4 United States, without any obvious connection to tobacco sales. Plaintiff submitted an example 5 of its advertising, a flyer issued by plaintiff advertising various tobacco products, related 6 accessories, and general merchandise sold by plaintiff. ECF No. 11-2 at 5. The mark is 7 protectible. 8 Plaintiff also successfully addresses each factor of the Sleekcraft test for likelihood of 9 confusion: (i) strength of the mark; (ii) proximity of the goods; (iii) similarity of the marks; (iv) 10 evidence of actual confusion; (v) marketing channels used; (vi) type of goods and degree of care 11 likely to be exercised by the purchaser; (vii) defendant’s intent in selecting the mark; and (viii) 12 likelihood of expansion of the product lines. See Sleekcraft, 599 F.3d at 348-49. The court now 13 addresses these factors in turn. 14 (i) Strength of the mark 15 A “strong,” or distinctive, mark is afforded greater protection under trademark law than a 16 mark that is not strong. See, e.g., Sutter Home Winery, Inc. v. Madrona Vineyards, L.P., No. C 17 05-0587 MHP, 2005 WL 701599, *8 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 23, 2005) (“The strength of protection 18 afforded to a trademark is proportionate to the likelihood that the public will remember the mark 19 and associate it with the source of the trademarked goods” (citations omitted)). When evaluating 20 the strength of a mark, courts consider both conceptual and commercial strength. Id. 21 The conceptual strength of a mark “is determined by its placement on a continuum of 22 marks from ‘generic,’ afforded no protection; through ‘descriptive’ or ‘suggestive,’ given 23 moderate protection; to ‘arbitrary’ or ‘fanciful’ awarded maximum protection.” E. & J. Gallo 24 Winery, 967 F.2d at 1291 (quoting Nutri/System, Inc. v. Con-Stan Industries, Inc., 809 F.2d 601, 25 605 (9th Cir. 1987)). The nature of a mark is determined by the “imagination test” and a “need 26 test.” Id. (citing Earthquake Sound Corp. v. Bumper Industries, 352 F.3d 1210, 1221 n. 4 (9th 27 Cir. 2003)). Using the “imagination test” the court asks how much imagination a consumer must 28 use to associate a given mark with the goods or services it identifies, and using the “need test” the 1 court examines the extent to which competitors need a mark to identify their goods or services. 2 Earthquake Sound Corp., 352 F.3d at 1221 n. 4 (quoting Miss World (UK) Ltd. v. Mrs. America 3 Pageants, Inc., 856 F.2d 1445, 1449 (9th Cir. 1988)). 4 Applying these tests, the court finds that plaintiff’s mark is best classified as an “arbitrary” 5 mark. Thus, the “U.S. Wholesale” mark is entitled to maximum protection. E. & J. Gallo 6 Winery, 967 F.2d at 1291. Further, taking plaintiff’s allegations as true, the U.S. Wholesale mark 7 has commercial strength with a substantial customer base in California and across the United 8 States. ECF No. 11-2 at 2. This factor weighs in favor of finding a likelihood of confusion. 9 (ii) Proximity of the goods 10 “Where goods are related or complementary, the danger of consumer confusion is 11 heightened.” E.&J. Gallo Winery, 967 at 1291. Plaintiff submitted a declaration stating that both 12 it and defendant are selling tobacco products, along with advertising flyers from each party 13 making this demonstration. ECF No. 11-2. This factor weighs strongly in favor of finding a 14 likelihood of confusion. 15 (iii) Similarity of the marks 16 The “similarity of the marks” portion of the Sleekcraft test “is the most crucial factor in 17 determining the likelihood of confusion.” Sutter Home Winery, Inc., 2005 WL 701599 at *5. 18 Here, plaintiff’s mark (“U.S. Wholesale”) is essentially identical to defendant’s infringing use 19 (“US Wholesale”). This factor weighs strongly in favor of finding a likelihood of confusion. 20 (iv) Evidence of actual confusion 21 While evidence of actual confusion is not necessary to prevail on an infringement claim or 22 to secure injunctive relief, it can provide persuasive evidence that future confusion is likely. See 23 Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences v. Creative House Promotions, Inc., 944 F.2d 1446, 24 1456 (9th Cir. 1991). Plaintiff submitted testimony that it received reports of actual consumer 25 confusion. ECF No. 11-2 at 2. This factor weighs in favor of finding a likelihood of confusion. 26 (v) Marketing channels used 27 An analysis of marketing channels accounts for overlapping advertising streams. Because 28 both plaintiff and defendant advertise and apparently conduct their business through flyers, there 1 is significant marketing channel overlap in this case. This factor weighs in favor of finding a 2 likelihood of confusion. 3 (vi) Type of goods and degree of care likely to be exercised by the purchase 4 “U.S. Wholesale is a family-owned wholesale business that purchases tobacco 5 products, tobacco-related accessories, and other general merchandise, and then resells those 6 products on a wholesale basis to retail stores and other wholesalers throughout the State of 7 California and across the United States.” ECF No. 11-2 at 1. The degree of care used by vendors 8 when purchasing wholesale tobacco is unclear, though evidence of actual confusion and potential 9 accidental purchases from the wrong wholesale supplier indicate that this factor is neutral at best. 10 (vii) Defendant’s intent in selecting the mark 11 Plaintiff contacted defendant regarding use of the mark asking it to cease and desist, and 12 defendant responded by refusing to cease and desist from using the tradename US Wholesale 13 unless plaintiff proved it had an actual registered trademark. ECF No. 11-3 at 2. Taking the 14 allegations as true in this motion for default judgment, it appears to the court defendant’s use of 15 the infringing mark was intentional. This factor weighs in favor finding a likelihood of 16 confusion. 17 (viii) Likelihood of expansion of product lines 18 This factor evaluates whether a parties’ product line is likely to expand to create 19 competition; where the parties are already in direct competition with one another, this factor is 20 not relevant. See, e.g., Au-Tomotive Gold, Inc. v. Volkswagen of America, Inc., 457 F.3d 1062, 21 1078 n. 12 (9th Cir. 2006) (“The final factor, ‘[a] likelihood of expansion in product lines,’ 22 warrants no discussion as it is ‘relatively unimportant where two companies already compete to a 23 significant extent’” (quoting Brookfield Communications, 174 F.3d at 1060)). 24 Based on a review of the entire record, plaintiff has demonstrated protectable ownership 25 in the U.S. Wholesale mark and a likelihood of confusion stemming from defendant’s 26 unauthorized use. Accordingly, the second and third Eitel factors are satisfied as to the Lanham 27 Act unfair competition claim and the analogous state and common law claims. 28 //// 1 3. Factor Four: The Sum of Money at Stake in the Action 2 Under the fourth Eitel factor, the court considers the amount of money at stake in relation 3 to the seriousness of defendant’s conduct. Courts have held that where a plaintiff seeks only 4 injunctive relief from the continued use of their trademarks, this factor favors entry of default 5 judgment. PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1176–77. Here, plaintiff seeks attorney’s fees, costs, 6 and injunctive relief. The amount at issue is proportionate to the seriousness of defendant’s 7 conduct and this factor favors entry of default judgment. 8 4. Factor Five: Possibility of Dispute Concerning Material Facts 9 The facts of this case are relatively straightforward, and plaintiff has provided the court 10 with well-pleaded allegations supporting its claims and affidavits in support of its allegations. 11 Here, the court may assume the truth of well-pleaded facts in the complaint (except as to 12 damages) following the clerk’s entry of default and, thus, there is no likelihood that any genuine 13 issue of material fact exists. See, e.g., Elektra Entm't Group Inc. v. Crawford, 226 F.R.D. 388, 14 393 (C.D. Cal. 2005) (“Because all allegations in a well-pleaded complaint are taken as true after 15 the court clerk enters default judgment, there is no likelihood that any genuine issue of material 16 fact exists.”); accord Philip Morris USA, Inc., 219 F.R.D. at 500; PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 17 1177. 18 5. Factor Six: Whether Default Was Due to Excusable Neglect 19 Upon review of the record before the court, there is no indication that the default was the 20 result of excusable neglect. See PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177. Plaintiff served the 21 defendant with the summons and complaint. ECF No. 6. Moreover, plaintiff served defendant by 22 mail with notice of its application for default judgment. ECF No. 12. Despite ample notice of 23 this lawsuit and plaintiff’s intention to seek a default judgment, defendant failed to defend itself 24 in this action. Thus, the record supports a conclusion that the defendant has chosen not to defend 25 this action, and not that the default resulted from any excusable neglect. Accordingly, this Eitel 26 factor favors the entry of a default judgment. 27 6. Factor Seven: Policy Favoring Decisions on the Merits 28 “Cases should be decided upon their merits whenever reasonably possible.” Eitel, 782 1 F.2d at 1472. However, district courts have concluded with regularity that this policy, standing 2 alone, is not dispositive, especially where a defendant fails to appear or defend itself in an action. 3 PepsiCo, Inc., 238 F.Supp.2d at 1177; see also Craigslist, Inc. v. Naturemarket, Inc., 694 4 F.Supp.2d 1039, 1061 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 5, 2010). Accordingly, although the court is cognizant of 5 the policy favoring decisions on the merits – and consistent with existing policy would prefer that 6 this case be resolved on the merits – that policy does not, by itself, preclude the entry of default 7 judgment. 8 7. Conclusion: Default Judgment is Appropriate 9 Upon consideration of all the Eitel factors, the court concludes that plaintiff is entitled to 10 the entry of default judgment against defendant. What remains is the determination of the amount 11 of damages to which plaintiff is entitled. 12 C. Terms of Judgment 13 Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment includes a request for a permanent injunction 14 enjoining defendant from using the “US Wholesale” mark. ECF No. 11-5 at 2. 15 U.S.C. § 15 1116(a) provides that a district court has the “power to grant injunctions, according to the 16 principles of equity and upon such terms as the court deems reasonable, to prevent the violation 17 of any right of the registrant of a mark registered in the Patent and Trademark Office.” A 18 permanent junction may be granted where the plaintiff demonstrates: “(1) that it has suffered an 19 irreparable injury; (2) that remedies available at law, such as monetary damages, are inadequate 20 to compensate for that injury; (3) that, considering the balance of hardships between the plaintiff 21 and defendant, a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest would not be 22 disserved by a permanent injunction.” eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547 U.S. 388, 391 23 (2006). 24 “Injunctive relief is the remedy of choice for trademark and unfair competition cases, 25 since there is no adequate remedy at law for the injury caused by a defendant’s continuing 26 infringement.” Century 21 Real Estate Corp. v. Sandlin, 846 F.2d 1175, 1180 (9th Cir. 1988). 27 Moreover, “once the plaintiff establishes a likelihood of confusion, it is ordinarily presumed that 28 the plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm if injunctive relief is not granted.” Vision Sports, Inc. v. 1 Melville Corp., 888 F.2d 609, 612 n.3 (9th Cir. 1989). And “the public has an interest in the 2 enforcement of federal statutes.” CoxCom, Inc. v. Chaffee, 536 F.3d 101, 112 (1st Cir. 2008). In 3 light of the fact that there is no hardship to the defendant in enjoining defendant from using an 4 identical mark to plaintiff’s protected mark, the court recommends that plaintiff be awarded a 5 permanent injunction. 6 Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment also seeks an award of attorney’s fees and costs. 7 ECF No. 11-5 at 2. “An award of reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs is expressly provided for 8 in ‘exceptional cases’ of trademark infringement.” Derek Andrew, Inc. v. Poof Apparel Corp., 9 528 F.3d 696, 702 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a)). The term “exceptional cases” is 10 generally accepted to mean cases in which trademark infringement is “deliberate and willful.” 11 See Lindy Pen Co. v. Bic Pen Corp., 982 F.2d 1400, 1409 (9th Cir. 1993) (interpreting the term 12 “exceptional” to apply when “the infringement is malicious, fraudulent, deliberate, or willful.”). 13 An entitlement to reasonable attorney’s fees may be found where the complaint alleges that the 14 defendants conduct was willful and the defendant’s default has been entered. See Derek, 528 15 F.3d at 702 (“Thus, all factual allegations in the complaint are deemed true, including the 16 allegation of Poof’s willful infringement of Andrew’s trademarks. This default sufficiently 17 establishes Andrew’s entitlement to attorneys’ fees under the Lanham Act.”). 18 As noted above, however, the award of attorney’s fees must be reasonable. See Intel 19 Corp. v. Terabyte Intern., Inc., 6 F.3d 614, 622 (9th Cir. 1993) (“the district court must first 20 determine the presumptive lodestar figure by multiplying the number of hours reasonably 21 expended on the litigation by the reasonable hourly rate”). In this regard, Local Rule 293 requires 22 a party seeking an award of attorney’s fees to submit an affidavit addressing certain criteria that 23 the court will consider in determining whether an award of attorney’s fees is appropriate. 24 Plaintiff has submitted an acceptable affidavit indicating that it accrued attorney’s fees in 25 the amount of $15,840 and costs in the amount of $560.55. ECF No. 11-3 at 4-11. An award of 26 the reasonable requested attorney’s fees and costs is appropriate. 27 //// 28 //// 1 IV. Conclusion 2 It is RECOMMENDED THAT: 3 1. Plaintiffs May 5, 2021 motion for default judgment, (ECF No. 11) be granted; 4 2. The court enter judgment against the defendant on all claims; 5 3. The court enjoin and restrain defendant and its partners, officers, agents, servants, 6 || employees, and attorneys, their successors and assigns, and all others in active concert or 7 || participation with defendant, from using, in any manner whatsoever, the trade name “US 8 | Wholesale.” 9 4. The court grant plaintiffs request for attorney’s fees in the amount of $15,840 and 10 || costs in the amount of $560.55; and 11 5. This case be closed. 12 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 13 || assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within twenty-one days 14 | after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 15 || objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Id.; see also Local Rule 304(b). Such a 16 || document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and 17 || Recommendations.” Any response to the objections shall be filed with the court and served on all 18 || parties within fourteen days after service of the objections. Local Rule 304(d). Failure to file 19 || objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. 20 || Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153, 1156-57 21 | (9th Cir. 1991). 22 | DATED: June 22, 2021 ~ Cttt0 Lhar—e_ 23 ALLISONCLAIRE. 24 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 25 26 27 28 14