United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit
No. 92-2226
THOMAS D. HITE,
Petitioner,
v.
NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD, ET AL.,
Respondents.
ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER OF THE NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD.
Before
Boudin, Circuit Judge,
Campbell, Senior Circuit Judge,
and Stahl, Circuit Judge.
Lawrence B. Smith for petitioner.
Harry S. Gold with whom Peter J. Lynch was on brief for
respondents.
April 22, 1993
STAHL, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Thomas D. Hite
("Hite") appeals the National Transportation Safety Board's
("NTSB") decision to uphold an Administrative Law Judge's
("ALJ") affirmance of the Federal Aviation Administration's
("FAA") revocation of his airman certificate. Our
jurisdiction is premised on 49 U.S.C. app. 1429(a).
Finding Hite's appellate arguments without merit, we affirm.
Background1 Background
On February 4, 1989, Hite was the pilot of a
Spectrum Airlines charter flight from Hyannis to Nantucket,
Massachusetts. Aboard the charter were Hyannis High School
basketball players and their coach, travelling to a game in
Nantucket. Shortly after takeoff, the plane (a Cessna 402B),
experienced control difficulty. The nose of the plane
suddenly rose, bringing the aircraft to a nearly vertical
1. Hite's appellate arguments are essentially legal in nature, rather than an attack on the factual findings of the ALJ or Board. Indeed, his challenge to the previous factual findings consists of little more than highlighting irrelevant inconsistencies in certain testimony. It is not our function, however, to weigh evidence or evaluate credibility. Hill v. National Transp. Safety Bd., 886 F.2d 1275, 1278
(10th Cir. 1989). Instead, we "simply determine whether the agency could fairly and reasonably find the facts as it did." Chritton v. National Transp. Safety Bd., 888 F.2d 854, 856
(D.C. Cir. 1989); see also 49 U.S.C. app. 1486(e) (court
bound by factual findings if there is substantial evidentiary support in the record). Our review of the record reveals nothing unreasonable relative to fact finding below. As such, we sketch the factual outline consistent with the findings of the Board.
-2- 2
position. Hite regained control of the plane and returned to
Hyannis without further incident.
The FAA Administrator ("the Administrator") charged
that the above incident was due to Hite's misfeasance. In an
order dated June 23, 1989, the Administrator revoked Hite's
airman's (pilot's) certificate after determining that Hite
had violated numerous Federal Aviation Regulations ("FAR").2
Hite appealed the revocation order to the Board. 49 U.S.C.
app. 1429(a).
A hearing before ALJ Coffman was held in Boston on
February 8-9, 1990. The Administrator presented testimony
from two passengers, a Hyannis Airport air traffic
controller, an aircraft mechanic who examined the plane after
the incident, and a FAA aviation safety inspector. In
addition, the Administrator presented 38 evidentiary
exhibits, including statements by passengers, parts of the
aircraft, and documents concerning the weight and balance of
the aircraft. Petitioner testified, and introduced testimony
2. Specifically, Hite was charged with violating FAR 91.9, 14 C.F.R. 91.9 (1989) (operating an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner); FAR 91.31(a), 14 C.F.R. 91.31(a) (1989) (operating an aircraft without complying with the operating limitations specified in the approved manual); FAR 135.25(a)(2), 14 C.F.R. 135.25(a)(2) (1989) (operating an aircraft that was not airworthy); and FAR 135.65(b), 14 C.F.R. 135.65(b) (1989) (failing, as pilot-in-command, to enter or have entered in the aircraft maintenance log a mechanical irregularity that came to his attention during a flight). A charge of failing to report an accident or flight control malfunction was dismissed.
-3- 3
from Spectrum Aviation's director of maintenance and
Nantucket station agent, as well as two Spectrum pilots, one
of whom was near petitioner's plane at the time of the
incident, and a FAA aviation safety inspector who once worked
for Spectrum.
Testimony indicated that it is critical to the
stability of a Cessna 402B that the weight of passengers and
baggage be towards the front of the plane. Passengers
testified that in past flights they were routinely asked to
provide their weights, were given assigned seats based on
their weights, and gave their luggage to airline personnel to
load in the plane's nose compartment. Prior to the flight in
question, however, nobody compiled the passengers' weights,
at Hite's direction baggage was loaded in the rear of the
plane's passenger section, and passengers were not assigned
seats.
After the passengers were seated, as Hite was
boarding, the plane tilted backward, causing the tail section
to strike the tarmac. Hite and three passengers got off the
plane, allowing it to level off again. Hite examined the
plane, and then reboarded with the three passengers. At no
time did he reassign anybody's seat.
The Hyannis air traffic controller testified that
he noticed the plane having difficulty ascending, and thought
that it would not clear 50-foot tall trees located 5000 feet
-4- 4
from the end of the runway. A team member testified that
about ten seconds after takeoff, with the plane at an
altitude of 200 to 400 feet, the plane's nose tilted steeply
upward at an angle of 45 degrees or more. He then saw a red
light illuminate and heard a buzzer, followed by Hite
shouting an expletive and ordering everyone in the plane to
move forward. Everyone complied, with those seated in the
rear "sardined up in the front." Meanwhile, as the plane
tilted back, Hite was having trouble with the controls, which
appeared to be stuck. After the passenger movement, the
plane levelled off and Hite, without further incident,
returned to the Hyannis airport. According to another
witness, Hite said after the flight that the passengers
survived only because their youth and agility enabled them to
quickly move to the front of the plane. Had they been older,
Hite said, according to the testimony, they would not have
survived. Hite doesn't dispute the magnitude of the
situation. Indeed, his appellate brief suggests that he
should "have gotten a medal" for his handling of the
situation.
The Administrator's expert testified that the plane
struck the ground because Hite overloaded the plane and
improperly distributed the weight of the passengers and
baggage. Further testimony indicated that the plane's
striking the ground bent a piece of the internal frame of the
-5- 5
tail, which in turn caused damage to the plane's elevator
control, which would affect the plane's ability to move up
and down in flight.3
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United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit
No. 92-2226
THOMAS D. HITE,
Petitioner,
v.
NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD, ET AL.,
Respondents.
ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER OF THE NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD.
Before
Boudin, Circuit Judge,
Campbell, Senior Circuit Judge,
and Stahl, Circuit Judge.
Lawrence B. Smith for petitioner.
Harry S. Gold with whom Peter J. Lynch was on brief for
respondents.
April 22, 1993
STAHL, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Thomas D. Hite
("Hite") appeals the National Transportation Safety Board's
("NTSB") decision to uphold an Administrative Law Judge's
("ALJ") affirmance of the Federal Aviation Administration's
("FAA") revocation of his airman certificate. Our
jurisdiction is premised on 49 U.S.C. app. 1429(a).
Finding Hite's appellate arguments without merit, we affirm.
Background1 Background
On February 4, 1989, Hite was the pilot of a
Spectrum Airlines charter flight from Hyannis to Nantucket,
Massachusetts. Aboard the charter were Hyannis High School
basketball players and their coach, travelling to a game in
Nantucket. Shortly after takeoff, the plane (a Cessna 402B),
experienced control difficulty. The nose of the plane
suddenly rose, bringing the aircraft to a nearly vertical
1. Hite's appellate arguments are essentially legal in nature, rather than an attack on the factual findings of the ALJ or Board. Indeed, his challenge to the previous factual findings consists of little more than highlighting irrelevant inconsistencies in certain testimony. It is not our function, however, to weigh evidence or evaluate credibility. Hill v. National Transp. Safety Bd., 886 F.2d 1275, 1278
(10th Cir. 1989). Instead, we "simply determine whether the agency could fairly and reasonably find the facts as it did." Chritton v. National Transp. Safety Bd., 888 F.2d 854, 856
(D.C. Cir. 1989); see also 49 U.S.C. app. 1486(e) (court
bound by factual findings if there is substantial evidentiary support in the record). Our review of the record reveals nothing unreasonable relative to fact finding below. As such, we sketch the factual outline consistent with the findings of the Board.
-2- 2
position. Hite regained control of the plane and returned to
Hyannis without further incident.
The FAA Administrator ("the Administrator") charged
that the above incident was due to Hite's misfeasance. In an
order dated June 23, 1989, the Administrator revoked Hite's
airman's (pilot's) certificate after determining that Hite
had violated numerous Federal Aviation Regulations ("FAR").2
Hite appealed the revocation order to the Board. 49 U.S.C.
app. 1429(a).
A hearing before ALJ Coffman was held in Boston on
February 8-9, 1990. The Administrator presented testimony
from two passengers, a Hyannis Airport air traffic
controller, an aircraft mechanic who examined the plane after
the incident, and a FAA aviation safety inspector. In
addition, the Administrator presented 38 evidentiary
exhibits, including statements by passengers, parts of the
aircraft, and documents concerning the weight and balance of
the aircraft. Petitioner testified, and introduced testimony
2. Specifically, Hite was charged with violating FAR 91.9, 14 C.F.R. 91.9 (1989) (operating an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner); FAR 91.31(a), 14 C.F.R. 91.31(a) (1989) (operating an aircraft without complying with the operating limitations specified in the approved manual); FAR 135.25(a)(2), 14 C.F.R. 135.25(a)(2) (1989) (operating an aircraft that was not airworthy); and FAR 135.65(b), 14 C.F.R. 135.65(b) (1989) (failing, as pilot-in-command, to enter or have entered in the aircraft maintenance log a mechanical irregularity that came to his attention during a flight). A charge of failing to report an accident or flight control malfunction was dismissed.
-3- 3
from Spectrum Aviation's director of maintenance and
Nantucket station agent, as well as two Spectrum pilots, one
of whom was near petitioner's plane at the time of the
incident, and a FAA aviation safety inspector who once worked
for Spectrum.
Testimony indicated that it is critical to the
stability of a Cessna 402B that the weight of passengers and
baggage be towards the front of the plane. Passengers
testified that in past flights they were routinely asked to
provide their weights, were given assigned seats based on
their weights, and gave their luggage to airline personnel to
load in the plane's nose compartment. Prior to the flight in
question, however, nobody compiled the passengers' weights,
at Hite's direction baggage was loaded in the rear of the
plane's passenger section, and passengers were not assigned
seats.
After the passengers were seated, as Hite was
boarding, the plane tilted backward, causing the tail section
to strike the tarmac. Hite and three passengers got off the
plane, allowing it to level off again. Hite examined the
plane, and then reboarded with the three passengers. At no
time did he reassign anybody's seat.
The Hyannis air traffic controller testified that
he noticed the plane having difficulty ascending, and thought
that it would not clear 50-foot tall trees located 5000 feet
-4- 4
from the end of the runway. A team member testified that
about ten seconds after takeoff, with the plane at an
altitude of 200 to 400 feet, the plane's nose tilted steeply
upward at an angle of 45 degrees or more. He then saw a red
light illuminate and heard a buzzer, followed by Hite
shouting an expletive and ordering everyone in the plane to
move forward. Everyone complied, with those seated in the
rear "sardined up in the front." Meanwhile, as the plane
tilted back, Hite was having trouble with the controls, which
appeared to be stuck. After the passenger movement, the
plane levelled off and Hite, without further incident,
returned to the Hyannis airport. According to another
witness, Hite said after the flight that the passengers
survived only because their youth and agility enabled them to
quickly move to the front of the plane. Had they been older,
Hite said, according to the testimony, they would not have
survived. Hite doesn't dispute the magnitude of the
situation. Indeed, his appellate brief suggests that he
should "have gotten a medal" for his handling of the
situation.
The Administrator's expert testified that the plane
struck the ground because Hite overloaded the plane and
improperly distributed the weight of the passengers and
baggage. Further testimony indicated that the plane's
striking the ground bent a piece of the internal frame of the
-5- 5
tail, which in turn caused damage to the plane's elevator
control, which would affect the plane's ability to move up
and down in flight.3
At the conclusion of the two-day hearing, the ALJ
issued an oral decision and order, affirming the
Administrator's revocation order. Pursuant to 49 U.S.C. app.
1429(a) and 49 C.F.R. 821.47, petitioner appealed the
ALJ's decision to the full Board. After both parties
submitted briefs, the Board, on August 25, 1992, issued a
written opinion and order affirming the orders of the ALJ and
FAA. This appeal followed.
Discussion
Petitioner raises two arguments on appeal, neither
of which merits more than brevis discussion. First, he
argues that the FAA has revoked his certificate for punitive
purposes, in contravention of Board decisions that
countenance revocation only when a certificate holder's
actions indicate a lack of qualifications necessary for
certification. He supports this argument by relying on a FAA
internal handbook that was superseded in 1988. The relevant
handbook unequivocally states that "[r]evocation of a
3. Hite argued that he was unaware of the fact that the plane struck the tarmac; that he loaded the baggage in the front of the plane; and that the misplacement of passengers was their own doing, in that they had already boarded by the time he had arrived. The ALJ resolved these credibility issues adversely to Hite, who has provided us with no reason to disturb the ALJ's findings. See supra note 1.
-6- 6
certificate is used as a remedial measure, when the
certificate holder lacks the necessary qualifications to hold
the certificate." Handbook for Handling Legal Aspects of FAA
Enforcement Program, FAA Order 2150.3A at 206(b) (Dec. 14,
1988). Paragraph 206(b)(1) indicates that "[r]evocation is
appropriate whenever the certificate holder demonstrates a
lack of care, judgment and responsibility required of the
holder of such a certificate." Examined in this light,
Hite's argument obviously fails.
Hite also argues for greater consideration of his
otherwise stellar record. The Board, however, has
consistently held that "conduct on a single flight, generally
in the form of recklessness or gross (or extreme)
carelessness, is considered sufficiently egregious to
demonstrate a lack of qualifications." Administrator v.
Wingo, 4 N.T.S.B. 1304, 1305 (1984). Moreover, the "Board is
not constrained to impose serious sanctions on pilots only
when tragedy occurs. Congress has delegated to the agency
wide discretion to take reasonable action to avert
preventable tragedies." Johnson v. National Transp. Safety
Bd., 979 F.2d 618, 623 (7th Cir. 1992).
Under our very narrow standard of review, we must
uphold the Board's decision if it is not "arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law." 5 U.S.C. 706(2)(A). Moreover, "the
-7- 7
strong policy concern for public safety requires that the
Board be given a wide range of discretion in imposing
sanctions." Johnson, 979 F.2d at 622. Given the danger into
which Hite placed his passengers, we cannot say that it was
an abuse of discretion to conclude that this incident
demonstrated Hite's lack of care, judgment, or responsibility
to hold an airman's certificate.4
Hite's second argument requires less discussion
than the first. Essentially, he asserts that the FAA's
failure to publish, in the Code of Federal Regulations, after
public notice and comment, a rule authorizing the revocation
of an airman's certificate is a violation of the
Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C. 552(a)(1) and 553.
Such failure, Hite's argument goes, constitutes an absolute
bar to the FAA's revocation.
This is not the first time Hite's counsel has made
this argument, either in this circuit, see Rochna v. National
Transp. Safety Bd., 929 F.2d 13 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 112
4. Hite also asserts that the FAA's later failure to veto Spectrum's appointment of him as Director of Operations, and the FAA's decision to issue an Air Taxi Certificate to his company, somehow undermines the conclusion that he lacks an airman's qualifications. This argument borders on the specious. The FAA revoked Hite's certificate to fly an
aircraft. Whether he is Spectrum's Director of Operations, or President of Meridien Airlines--to which the taxi certificate was issued--he is still prohibited from flying.
In a nutshell, these two FAA decisions are irrelevant to the matter at hand.
-8- 8
S. Ct. 305 (1991),5 or others. See Tearney v. National
Transp. Safety Bd., 868 F.2d 1451 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,
493 U.S. 937 (1989); Komjathy v. National Transp. Safety Bd.,
832 F.2d 1294 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (per curiam), cert. denied,
486 U.S. 1057 (1988). Each prior assertion has met with
rejection. In addition, one district court recently
sanctioned Hite's counsel under Fed. R. Civ. P. Rule 11 for
advancing this oft-rejected theory without reasonable
"argument that the Second Circuit would receive these
arguments with any more favor . . . ." See Knipe v. Skinner,
No. 91-CV-1338, 1993 U.S. Dist. Lexis 2203 at *3 (N.D.N.Y.
Feb. 20, 1993) (finding Rule 11 violation); see also Knipe v.
Skinner, No. 91-CV-1338, 1993 U.S. Dist. Lexis 3702 (N.D.N.Y.
March 20, 1993) (assessing sanction at $9,000). As we have
been given no reason to depart from this unbroken chain of
authority, further discussion of this issue is unnecessary.
The decision of the NTSB is affirmed. affirmed
5. Hite's appellate brief makes no mention of this First Circuit precedent. However, we find that while Rochna
addressed a case of suspension, and this case involves revocation, such variance is of no moment. In both cases, Hite relies on the same rationale to attack the FAA's sanction.
-9- 9