Opinion of the Court
HomeR Ferguson, Judge:
Charges were preferred against the accused on August 17, 1959, for an unauthorized absence, in violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, Article 86, 10 USC § 886. They were referred for trial to a special court-martial appointed by Appointing Order Serial 7268, dated August 17, 1958. On August 21, 1959, the accused and ten other defendants were brought before the court-martial. All eleven were present during the administration of oaths to court personnel and the convening procedure. Thereafter, ten of the accused were excused and the individual trial of the eleventh commenced. Following its termination in findings of guilty and adjudication of sentence, six of the other accused had their cases separately presented. All were convicted and sentenced. After completion of the seventh case, the trial counsel, following a conference with the Receiving Station Legal Officer, withdrew the remaining four cases, including that of the accused, from consideration by the court-martial on the ground that its sentences in the cases already tried had been consistently too lenient. Affidavits filed by the Government on this appeal indicate that the withdrawal was approved by the convening authority. None of these statements, however, mention any reason for such action. Indeed, the convening authority’s affidavit pertinently sets forth only the fact that he was informed by the legal officer that the court-martial had tried seven cases and that permission was requested to withdraw the remaining cases before it. Such permission was granted. The convening authority makes no mention of a letter to him from the accused which set forth the claim that the withdrawal of the charges was predicated upon improper grounds. It is admitted, nonetheless, that all parties were prepared to proceed with accused’s case at the time of the withdrawal of charges from the first court-martial.
On August 25, 1959, the accused was arraigned and tried before a special court-martial appointed by Appointing Order Serial 7517, dated August 24, 1959. At the outset of the proceedings, the defense counsel presented in evidence the aforementioned letter, signed by the accused and directed to the convening authority, in which the foregoing matters were set out. The following colloquy then occurred:
“DC: The defense now places a motion before the court to dismiss the charge in this case on the basis of the information contained in Defense Exhibits ‘A’ through ‘C’.
“PRES: The motion is denied.
“DC: At this time the defense requests continuance of trial until' final action on Defense Exhibit ‘A’, the accused’s letter requesting dismissal of the charge; until action [461]*461on that letter is final on the part of the Commanding Officer.
“PRES: The continuance is denied.
“DC: The defense has no further motions or request for relief to be made at this time.”
Thereafter, the accused pleaded guilty. Following findings consonant with that plea, evidence of three previous convictions was received, and he was sentenced to bad-conduct discharge, forfeiture of seventy dollars per month for six months, confinement at hard labor for six months, and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. The entire trial, from the time the court was called to order .'until the announcement of sentence, consumed only twenty minutes.
Intermediate appellate authorities affirmed. Inexplicably, neither the staff legal officer’s review nor the opinion of the board of review mentioned the problem now confronting us. We granted review on the issues whether the withdrawal of accused’s case from the original court-martial and denial of the defense motion for a continuance were prejudicial. Our action on the first question precludes the necessity of discussing the latter proposition.
The Uniform Code of Military Justice makes no mention of the effect of reference of charges for trial by a special court-martial. Code, supra, Article 33, 10 USC § 833, only indirectly discusses the procedure and then merely with respect to the necessity for a pretrial advice in cases tried by general court-martial. The Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1951, is more explicit. It provides that reference for trial is had by execution of an indorsement on page 3 of the charge sheet and notes that a new reference is “customarily accomplished by means of a new in-dorsement affixed to the charge sheet” —a procedure which was not followed in the instant case. Manual, supra, paragraph 33?. More pointedly,, it extensively discusses the subject of •withdrawal of charges, with respect to such action both after evidence is introduced and its initiation before the commencement of the prosecution’s case:
“b. Grounds for withdrawal.— Proper grounds for the withdrawal of a specification include substantial defect in the specification, insufficiency of available evidence to prove the specification, and the fact that it is proposed to use one of the accused as a witness.
“If evidence on the issue of guilt or innocence has been received after a plea has been entered, a withdrawal of a specification because of a failure of available evidence or witnesses, without any fault of the accused, amounts to jeopardy and constitutes a trial in the sense of Article 44. However, withdrawal of a specification because .of manifest necessity in the interest of justice is not a bar to further prosecution. Thus, if urgent and unforeseen military necessity requires that a trial be terminated, and it does not appear that the military situation will permit resumption of the trial within a reasonable time, the withdrawal of a specification will not prevent a later trial for the same offense. Similarly, if inadmissible information, highly prejudicial to either the Government or the accused, has been brought to the attention of the court, and it appears to the convening authority that the members of the court cannot be reasonably expected to remain uninfluenced thereby, he may withdraw the case from that court and refer it to another court. The power to withdraw a case after evidence has been taken on the issue of guilt or innocence will be exercised only with the greatest caution, under urgent circumstances, and for very plain and obvious causes. A specification will not be withdrawn arbitrarily or unfairly to the accused in any case.” [Emphasis supplied] [Manual for Courts-Martial, supra, paragraph 56&.]
[462]*462[461]*461While we express no opinion on [462]*462the validity of all the propositions set forth in the foregoing extract, particularly those relating to the doctrine of former jeopardy with which we are not now concerned, we are sure it indicates that the drafters of the Manual thought it necessary to restrict withdrawal of charges prior to arraignment to those limited occasions on which good cause existed for that unusual action. Thus, it speaks of the necessity “to use one of the accused as a witness” or of a “substantial defect” in the pleadings. These matters are normally determined prior to the presentation of evidence, and it would be indeed unusual to make reference to such grounds for withdrawal if the authors of these procedural regulations intended the explanation to apply only to removal of counts from the court after it had heard testimony.
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Opinion of the Court
HomeR Ferguson, Judge:
Charges were preferred against the accused on August 17, 1959, for an unauthorized absence, in violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, Article 86, 10 USC § 886. They were referred for trial to a special court-martial appointed by Appointing Order Serial 7268, dated August 17, 1958. On August 21, 1959, the accused and ten other defendants were brought before the court-martial. All eleven were present during the administration of oaths to court personnel and the convening procedure. Thereafter, ten of the accused were excused and the individual trial of the eleventh commenced. Following its termination in findings of guilty and adjudication of sentence, six of the other accused had their cases separately presented. All were convicted and sentenced. After completion of the seventh case, the trial counsel, following a conference with the Receiving Station Legal Officer, withdrew the remaining four cases, including that of the accused, from consideration by the court-martial on the ground that its sentences in the cases already tried had been consistently too lenient. Affidavits filed by the Government on this appeal indicate that the withdrawal was approved by the convening authority. None of these statements, however, mention any reason for such action. Indeed, the convening authority’s affidavit pertinently sets forth only the fact that he was informed by the legal officer that the court-martial had tried seven cases and that permission was requested to withdraw the remaining cases before it. Such permission was granted. The convening authority makes no mention of a letter to him from the accused which set forth the claim that the withdrawal of the charges was predicated upon improper grounds. It is admitted, nonetheless, that all parties were prepared to proceed with accused’s case at the time of the withdrawal of charges from the first court-martial.
On August 25, 1959, the accused was arraigned and tried before a special court-martial appointed by Appointing Order Serial 7517, dated August 24, 1959. At the outset of the proceedings, the defense counsel presented in evidence the aforementioned letter, signed by the accused and directed to the convening authority, in which the foregoing matters were set out. The following colloquy then occurred:
“DC: The defense now places a motion before the court to dismiss the charge in this case on the basis of the information contained in Defense Exhibits ‘A’ through ‘C’.
“PRES: The motion is denied.
“DC: At this time the defense requests continuance of trial until' final action on Defense Exhibit ‘A’, the accused’s letter requesting dismissal of the charge; until action [461]*461on that letter is final on the part of the Commanding Officer.
“PRES: The continuance is denied.
“DC: The defense has no further motions or request for relief to be made at this time.”
Thereafter, the accused pleaded guilty. Following findings consonant with that plea, evidence of three previous convictions was received, and he was sentenced to bad-conduct discharge, forfeiture of seventy dollars per month for six months, confinement at hard labor for six months, and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. The entire trial, from the time the court was called to order .'until the announcement of sentence, consumed only twenty minutes.
Intermediate appellate authorities affirmed. Inexplicably, neither the staff legal officer’s review nor the opinion of the board of review mentioned the problem now confronting us. We granted review on the issues whether the withdrawal of accused’s case from the original court-martial and denial of the defense motion for a continuance were prejudicial. Our action on the first question precludes the necessity of discussing the latter proposition.
The Uniform Code of Military Justice makes no mention of the effect of reference of charges for trial by a special court-martial. Code, supra, Article 33, 10 USC § 833, only indirectly discusses the procedure and then merely with respect to the necessity for a pretrial advice in cases tried by general court-martial. The Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1951, is more explicit. It provides that reference for trial is had by execution of an indorsement on page 3 of the charge sheet and notes that a new reference is “customarily accomplished by means of a new in-dorsement affixed to the charge sheet” —a procedure which was not followed in the instant case. Manual, supra, paragraph 33?. More pointedly,, it extensively discusses the subject of •withdrawal of charges, with respect to such action both after evidence is introduced and its initiation before the commencement of the prosecution’s case:
“b. Grounds for withdrawal.— Proper grounds for the withdrawal of a specification include substantial defect in the specification, insufficiency of available evidence to prove the specification, and the fact that it is proposed to use one of the accused as a witness.
“If evidence on the issue of guilt or innocence has been received after a plea has been entered, a withdrawal of a specification because of a failure of available evidence or witnesses, without any fault of the accused, amounts to jeopardy and constitutes a trial in the sense of Article 44. However, withdrawal of a specification because .of manifest necessity in the interest of justice is not a bar to further prosecution. Thus, if urgent and unforeseen military necessity requires that a trial be terminated, and it does not appear that the military situation will permit resumption of the trial within a reasonable time, the withdrawal of a specification will not prevent a later trial for the same offense. Similarly, if inadmissible information, highly prejudicial to either the Government or the accused, has been brought to the attention of the court, and it appears to the convening authority that the members of the court cannot be reasonably expected to remain uninfluenced thereby, he may withdraw the case from that court and refer it to another court. The power to withdraw a case after evidence has been taken on the issue of guilt or innocence will be exercised only with the greatest caution, under urgent circumstances, and for very plain and obvious causes. A specification will not be withdrawn arbitrarily or unfairly to the accused in any case.” [Emphasis supplied] [Manual for Courts-Martial, supra, paragraph 56&.]
[462]*462[461]*461While we express no opinion on [462]*462the validity of all the propositions set forth in the foregoing extract, particularly those relating to the doctrine of former jeopardy with which we are not now concerned, we are sure it indicates that the drafters of the Manual thought it necessary to restrict withdrawal of charges prior to arraignment to those limited occasions on which good cause existed for that unusual action. Thus, it speaks of the necessity “to use one of the accused as a witness” or of a “substantial defect” in the pleadings. These matters are normally determined prior to the presentation of evidence, and it would be indeed unusual to make reference to such grounds for withdrawal if the authors of these procedural regulations intended the explanation to apply only to removal of counts from the court after it had heard testimony. Moreover, the requirement that good cause be shown for removal of the charges after the court is convened is consonant with the command that specifications not be withdrawn “arbitrarily or unfairly ... in any case,” and accords with our prior characterization of the reference for trial as a judicial act. Manual, supra, paragraph 566; United States v Bunting, 4 USCMA 84, 15 CMR 84; United States v Roberts, 7 USCMA 322, 22 CMR 112. Finally, we have had occasion to express our disapproval of schemes by which the Government seeks to obtain a hearing before a body partial to its views. United States v Sears, 6 USCMA 661, 20 CMR 377; United States v Whitley, 5 USCMA 786, 19 CMR 82. We are certain the authors of the Manual, supra, in.providing for the withdrawal of charges, realized the accused was entitled to a fair hearing before an impartially constituted court and that the Government was not entitled to obtain a new forum simply because the trial counsel was dissatisfied with the results previously obtained. Accordingly, and in view of paragraph 566 of the Manual, supra, we hold that, once a court-martial has been convened to try previously referred charges, they may not be withdrawn by the convening authority without good cause.
Conceding arguendo that the withdrawal in this case was predicated upon the inadequacy of previously adjudged sentences, the Government nevertheless urges that good cause for the action is thereby shown, for it was the duty of the convening authority to see that crimes occurring within his command were punished appropriately. The short answer to this argument is the command of Code, supra, Article 37, 10 USC § 837, that no superior authority attempt to supplant the final determination of the court members concerning sentence with his own views. See United States v Littrice, 3 USCMA 487, 13 CMR 43; United States v Estrada, 7 USCMA 635, 23 CMR 99.
We are satisfied that the accused’s statement in the record, unrebutted both at the trial and by the Government affidavits filed here, establishes that the charges against him were withdrawn from the original court-martial because of a fear on the part of legal personnel that it would not adjudge an “adequate sentence.” As this is the very antithesis of good cause, it is apparent that the withdrawal was prejudicially erroneous. If the Government believed that the coui't members were predisposed to-leniency, it was entitled to challenge them individually at the appropriate place in the trial. Thus, it was not required to resort to a subterfuge which involved criticism of the member in violation of the mandate of Code, supra, Article 37.
The decision of the board of review is reversed, and the record of trial is returned to The Judge Advocate General of the Navy. A rehearing on the sentence may be ordered.
Chief Judge Quinn concurs.