FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT February 28, 2019 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 18-1292 (D.C. Nos. 1:17-CV-02044-PAB & DAVID W. TUNGET, 1:10-CR-00458-PAB-1) (D. Colo.) Defendant - Appellant. _________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY _________________________________
Before HOLMES, BACHARACH, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
David Tunget, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, seeks a certificate of
appealability (COA) to challenge the district court’s denial of his motion under
28 U.S.C § 2255 to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence. He also seeks leave to
proceed in forma pauperis (IFP). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we
deny his requests for a COA and to proceed IFP and dismiss this matter.
BACKGROUND
In November 2010, Tunget pleaded guilty to one count of possession of child
pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B) and (b)(2). The district court
This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. sentenced him to 188 months in prison and entered judgment of conviction on March 16,
2011. Tunget did not appeal.
More than four years later, in August 2015, Tunget filed a motion to reopen his
case under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6), asserting prosecutorial misconduct, ineffective
assistance of counsel, improper application of sentencing enhancements, and other
grounds for relief. Tunget also alleged equitable tolling applied to these claims because
he had suffered almost two years of mental confusion and other symptoms of withdrawal
from Xanax after prison officials discontinued his prescription to the medication when he
entered prison. The district court dismissed Tunget’s motion for lack of jurisdiction. In
so doing, it declined to recharacterize it as a motion for relief under § 2255, noting such a
motion would, at least facially, be time-barred under § 2255(f)’s one-year statute of
limitations.
Meanwhile, in July 2013, Tunget wrote the attorney who had represented him
during plea negotiations and sentencing, asking that she send him specified court records
and “[a]ny other records which may be of aid to me in my pursuit of a just sentence
reduction.” Supp. R. at 122. She did not respond, and Tunget made no further attempt to
obtain records relating to his case until September 2015, shortly after his failed motion to
reopen, when he alleges he sent his former attorney a letter requesting his case file.
Tunget reports this letter was returned as undeliverable, but the record shows he reached
his attorney by letter later that year and requested a copy of his case file. This time
Tunget persisted in his efforts, but after numerous delays his attorney reported she could
not locate his case file. By this time the district court had appointed counsel to help
2 Tunget secure his case file, and newly appointed counsel was able to obtain the court
records, discovery, and presentence reports for his case from the U.S. Attorney’s office.
She sent these materials to Tunget in May 2017.
On August 24, 2017, Tunget filed his § 2255 motion, asserting three grounds for
relief from his sentence: ineffective assistance of counsel, prosecutorial misconduct, and
errors by the district court in applying several sentencing enhancements. He also argued
in a separate motion that he was entitled to equitable tolling of the one-year statute of
limitations to bring a § 2255 motion as a result of his Xanax withdrawal and his
attorney’s failure to produce his case file. The district court denied the latter motion,
holding Tunget was not entitled to equitable tolling because he had not diligently pursued
his claims. The court further denied Tunget’s § 2255 motion as untimely, and denied a
COA. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
Before he may appeal, Tunget must obtain a COA. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(1)(B). To obtain a COA, Tunget must make “a substantial showing of the
denial of a constitutional right.” Id. § 2253(c)(2). Where a district court denies the
petitioner’s claims on procedural grounds, as was the case here, this requires two
showings: that reasonable jurists would debate (1) whether the applicant’s motion “states
a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right,” and (2) “whether the district court
was correct in its procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
Tunget argues reasonable jurists would find his constitutional claims to be at least
3 debatable, but we need not reach this issue because reasonable jurists could not debate
that the district court correctly held his § 2255 motion was untimely.1
A defendant ordinarily must file a § 2255 motion within one year of the date his
conviction becomes final. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1). Tunget’s conviction became final
on March 30, 2011, when the fourteen-day period for filing a direct appeal expired.
See United States v. Burch, 202 F.3d 1274, 1278 (10th Cir. 2000) (explaining conviction
is final under § 2255 when appeal is no longer available); Fed. R. App. P. 4(b) (stating
deadline for notice of appeal). Tunget’s motion was untimely under § 2255(f)(1) because
it was filed more than five years after this date.
The district court also considered whether Tunget’s motion might be timely under
§ 2255(f)(4), based on his insistence that he could not bring his § 2255 motion until he
received his case file from his former attorney.2 Section 2255(f)(4) provides a
§ 2255 motion can be brought within one year of “the date on which the facts supporting
the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due
1 Because Tunget is acting pro se, we construe his filings liberally, but do not act as his advocate. Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir. 2005). 2 The district court was skeptical of this assertion for several reasons, including that information in his attorney’s case file was not relevant to Tunget’s prosecutorial misconduct and sentencing enhancement claims or essential to the specific ineffective assistance of counsel claims he asserted, as evidenced by his ability to present these claims in his § 2255 motion without having reviewed his attorney’s case file.
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FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT February 28, 2019 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 18-1292 (D.C. Nos. 1:17-CV-02044-PAB & DAVID W. TUNGET, 1:10-CR-00458-PAB-1) (D. Colo.) Defendant - Appellant. _________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY _________________________________
Before HOLMES, BACHARACH, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
David Tunget, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, seeks a certificate of
appealability (COA) to challenge the district court’s denial of his motion under
28 U.S.C § 2255 to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence. He also seeks leave to
proceed in forma pauperis (IFP). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we
deny his requests for a COA and to proceed IFP and dismiss this matter.
BACKGROUND
In November 2010, Tunget pleaded guilty to one count of possession of child
pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B) and (b)(2). The district court
This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. sentenced him to 188 months in prison and entered judgment of conviction on March 16,
2011. Tunget did not appeal.
More than four years later, in August 2015, Tunget filed a motion to reopen his
case under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6), asserting prosecutorial misconduct, ineffective
assistance of counsel, improper application of sentencing enhancements, and other
grounds for relief. Tunget also alleged equitable tolling applied to these claims because
he had suffered almost two years of mental confusion and other symptoms of withdrawal
from Xanax after prison officials discontinued his prescription to the medication when he
entered prison. The district court dismissed Tunget’s motion for lack of jurisdiction. In
so doing, it declined to recharacterize it as a motion for relief under § 2255, noting such a
motion would, at least facially, be time-barred under § 2255(f)’s one-year statute of
limitations.
Meanwhile, in July 2013, Tunget wrote the attorney who had represented him
during plea negotiations and sentencing, asking that she send him specified court records
and “[a]ny other records which may be of aid to me in my pursuit of a just sentence
reduction.” Supp. R. at 122. She did not respond, and Tunget made no further attempt to
obtain records relating to his case until September 2015, shortly after his failed motion to
reopen, when he alleges he sent his former attorney a letter requesting his case file.
Tunget reports this letter was returned as undeliverable, but the record shows he reached
his attorney by letter later that year and requested a copy of his case file. This time
Tunget persisted in his efforts, but after numerous delays his attorney reported she could
not locate his case file. By this time the district court had appointed counsel to help
2 Tunget secure his case file, and newly appointed counsel was able to obtain the court
records, discovery, and presentence reports for his case from the U.S. Attorney’s office.
She sent these materials to Tunget in May 2017.
On August 24, 2017, Tunget filed his § 2255 motion, asserting three grounds for
relief from his sentence: ineffective assistance of counsel, prosecutorial misconduct, and
errors by the district court in applying several sentencing enhancements. He also argued
in a separate motion that he was entitled to equitable tolling of the one-year statute of
limitations to bring a § 2255 motion as a result of his Xanax withdrawal and his
attorney’s failure to produce his case file. The district court denied the latter motion,
holding Tunget was not entitled to equitable tolling because he had not diligently pursued
his claims. The court further denied Tunget’s § 2255 motion as untimely, and denied a
COA. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
Before he may appeal, Tunget must obtain a COA. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(1)(B). To obtain a COA, Tunget must make “a substantial showing of the
denial of a constitutional right.” Id. § 2253(c)(2). Where a district court denies the
petitioner’s claims on procedural grounds, as was the case here, this requires two
showings: that reasonable jurists would debate (1) whether the applicant’s motion “states
a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right,” and (2) “whether the district court
was correct in its procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
Tunget argues reasonable jurists would find his constitutional claims to be at least
3 debatable, but we need not reach this issue because reasonable jurists could not debate
that the district court correctly held his § 2255 motion was untimely.1
A defendant ordinarily must file a § 2255 motion within one year of the date his
conviction becomes final. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1). Tunget’s conviction became final
on March 30, 2011, when the fourteen-day period for filing a direct appeal expired.
See United States v. Burch, 202 F.3d 1274, 1278 (10th Cir. 2000) (explaining conviction
is final under § 2255 when appeal is no longer available); Fed. R. App. P. 4(b) (stating
deadline for notice of appeal). Tunget’s motion was untimely under § 2255(f)(1) because
it was filed more than five years after this date.
The district court also considered whether Tunget’s motion might be timely under
§ 2255(f)(4), based on his insistence that he could not bring his § 2255 motion until he
received his case file from his former attorney.2 Section 2255(f)(4) provides a
§ 2255 motion can be brought within one year of “the date on which the facts supporting
the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due
1 Because Tunget is acting pro se, we construe his filings liberally, but do not act as his advocate. Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir. 2005). 2 The district court was skeptical of this assertion for several reasons, including that information in his attorney’s case file was not relevant to Tunget’s prosecutorial misconduct and sentencing enhancement claims or essential to the specific ineffective assistance of counsel claims he asserted, as evidenced by his ability to present these claims in his § 2255 motion without having reviewed his attorney’s case file. The district court further noted there is authority suggesting a petitioner’s inability to obtain his case file or court documents does not justify tolling the period for seeking habeas relief. See R. Vol. 1 at 340-41 & 343 n.8 (citing cases). We do not reach these additional issues because we deny Tunget’s COA application on other grounds. 4 diligence.” The district court held this provision did not apply because the facts
supporting the claims Tunget asserted in his § 2255 motion should have been known to
him when he was sentenced in 2011.3
Tunget does not challenge this conclusion, but essentially contends he did not
recognize the significance of these facts at the time of sentencing because he was on
Xanax or later because of the mental confusion he experienced during withdrawal from
the medication. But even if these circumstances could overcome his undisputed
knowledge of the relevant facts in 2011 (an issue we do not decide), Tunget represented
in the district court that his Xanax-related mental confusion cleared no later than July
2013, more than four years before he filed his § 2255 motion. Tunget also discussed key
facts underlying his § 2255 motion (such as that he pled nolo contendere instead of guilty
to the state court conviction relied upon by the district court in sentencing) in the motion
to reopen he filed two years before his § 2255 motion. Under these circumstances, it is
not debatable that Tunget knew the facts supporting the claims he presented in his § 2255
motion more than one year before its August 2017 filing date, rendering his motion
untimely under § 2255(f)(4) as well.
Tunget contends his § 2255 motion was nonetheless timely because he is entitled
to equitable tolling of the statute’s limitation period. “Generally, a litigant seeking
equitable tolling bears the burden of establishing two elements: (1) that he has been
3 Tunget’s claims in his § 2255 motion revolve around facts included in his plea agreement and/or the Presentence Report that he argues were misrepresented by the government, not properly challenged by his counsel, and/or misapplied by the court in its sentencing calculations. 5 pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his
way.” Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 418 (2005). Tunget argued below that
extraordinary circumstances existed because his Xanax withdrawal symptoms prevented
him from realizing he needed to file his own § 2255 motion until July 1, 2013, when he
made his first record request to his former attorney, and because his attorney failed to
provide those records or his case file as he later requested. But the district court held
after careful analysis that even assuming Tunget’s alleged withdrawal symptoms were
sufficient grounds to toll the limitations period until July 1, 2013, he was not entitled to
equitable tolling after this date because he failed to demonstrate he diligently pursued his
claims.
Tunget argues reasonable jurists could debate this decision, citing his motion to
reopen his case, filed in August 2015, and his efforts to obtain his case file as evidence
that he diligently pursued his claims. But there is no evidence in the record he took any
action to pursue his claims in the two years between his July 2013 document request to
his former attorney and his August 2015 motion to reopen and subsequent effort to obtain
his case file from her. Nor does Tunget offer any explanation for this period of inaction
or explain why he did not seek all or some of the documents he wished to review from
other sources, such as the district court or the U.S. Attorney’s office. As a result,
reasonable jurists could not debate that the district court acted within its discretion in
deciding Tunget failed to diligently pursue his record requests and claims throughout the
relevant period. See United States v. Denny, 694 F.3d 1185, 1189, 1191-92 (10th Cir.
2012) (rejecting claim that attorney’s delay in forwarding case records warranted
6 equitable tolling in part because petitioner did not show he diligently tried to obtain the
documents from the court or other sources). Hence, the district court’s denial of
equitable tolling is not debatable.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we deny Tunget’s request for a COA and dismiss
this matter. We also deny his motion to proceed IFP on appeal because he failed to show
“the existence of a reasoned, nonfrivolous argument on the law and facts in support of the
issues raised on appeal.” Watkins v. Leyba, 543 F.3d 624, 627 (10th Cir. 2008) (internal
quotation marks omitted). Tunget shall immediately pay the unpaid balance of the
appellate filing fee.
Entered for the Court
Gregory A. Phillips Circuit Judge