REVISED - May 8, 2000
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 98-51225
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JENELL GOODLEY TAYLOR, Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas
April 14, 2000 Before POLITZ, GIBSON,* and HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judges.
POLITZ, Circuit Judge:
Jenell Goodley Taylor appeals her conviction and sentence, contending that
the trial court committed various evidentiary errors that, considered either
separately or cumulatively, resulted in unfair prejudice and require a reversal.
* The Honorable John R. Gibson, Senior United States Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, sitting by designation. Taylor also raises two issues relevant to the calculation of her sentence. Finding
reversible error we reverse Taylor’s conviction and sentence and remand for a new
trial.
BACKGROUND
Taylor was charged, along with 16 other defendants in a 54 count indictment,
with one count of conspiracy to possess and distribute cocaine and cocaine base in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846; one count of aiding and abetting another to possess
cocaine base with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18
U.S.C. § 2; and two counts of money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
1956(a)(1).1 Taylor pleaded not guilty on all counts and her case was severed. The
drug charges were tried to a jury and the government gave notice that it would seek
a sentence enhancement based on the alleged involvement of over 50 grams of
cocaine base.
Taylor’s first trial ended in a mistrial.2 On retrial the jury returned guilty
verdicts on both counts. The Presentence Investigation Report characterized
1 The money laundering charges were dismissed prior to trial. Additionally, the evidence at trial was limited to cocaine base (crack). No evidence was offered respecting possession or distribution of cocaine powder. 2 The evidentiary rulings at issue in this appeal were essentially made by the court in the first trial and were deemed the law of the case for purposes of the second trial. United States v. O’Keefe, 169 F.3d 281 (5th Cir. 1999) (describing doctrine).
2 Taylor’s role as one of a manager/supervisor. Taylor’s objections to the
information contained in the PSI were rejected and the court imposed concurrent
sentences of imprisonment for 262 months and supervised release for eight years
on each count. Taylor timely appealed.
Taylor raises several issues on appeal. She first contends that the court
committed reversible error by admitting into evidence an organizational chart
prepared by the government, claiming that the chart was not an accurate depiction
of the testimony adduced at trial and that the jury was given an improper
instruction regarding its use. She further contends the court improperly admitted
two 1994 state court convictions of an alleged co-conspirator, Derrick Goodley,
ostensibly as overt acts in furtherance of the conspiracy. In addition, she asserts
that the court erroneously admitted evidence of her prior drug conviction and
claims the prosecutor made improper statements during closing argument. Taylor
maintains that each of these errors independently warrant reversal, and she urges
that their cumulative effect mandates same. She also contends that the district
court erred in imposing a three-level upward adjustment for her role as a
manager/supervisor in the criminal organization. Her final point of error is that
under the Supreme Court’s teachings in Jones v. United States,3 because the
3 119 S. Ct. 1215 (1999).
3 quantity of drugs involved increased the maximum penalty, that quantity should
have been set forth in the indictment and proven to the jury beyond a reasonable
doubt. We consider each of these issues in turn.
ANALYSIS
1. Admission of organizational chart.
We review the admission of evidence for abuse of discretion, considering any
errors under the harmless error doctrine.4 Evidentiary rulings will be affirmed
“unless they affect a substantial right of the complaining party.” 5
Throughout the trial the government made reference to a large organizational
chart that purported to list the players in the drug conspiracy, and their relevant
positions within the hierarchy. The chart was approximately 3' x 3' 6" in size and
included photographs of each of the alleged conspirators. Colored lines connecting
the photographs represented the flow of drugs. Taylor’s picture was placed directly
below the alleged leader of the conspiracy and the lines purported to show that she
supplied crack cocaine to eight other co-conspirators, four of whom supposedly
distributed the drugs to others within the lower ranks.
The chart was first used by the government in its opening statement to the
4 United States v. Haese, 162 F.3d 359 (5th Cir. 1998). 5 Id. at 364 (citing United States v. Skipper, 74 F.3d 608 (5th Cir. 1996)).
4 jury as reflective of that which the prosecutor intended to prove. It also was used
as an aid to assist the jury in distinguishing between the alleged conspirators, most
of whom were related and had the same last name. The chart was placed before the
jury during opening statements and when witnesses were questioned about it. At
other times the chart was turned away from the jury. At the close of the
government’s case the chart was admitted into evidence as a summary of
testimony. As such, the chart was before the jury during closing arguments and
was in the jury room during deliberations. Defense counsel objected to the chart
both before opening statements and when the prosecutor sought its admission into
evidence.
The court gave two instructions regarding the chart’s use. After the
government’s opening statement the court instructed the jury that the chart
reflected what the government believed the facts to be, but that it would be up to
them to evaluate whether it was an accurate depiction of the events. The second
instruction, given after the chart was admitted into evidence, advised that the chart
should be evaluated just like any other evidence and should be given whatever
weight the jury deemed appropriate.
The admission of organizational charts and summary evidence is governed
by Federal Rules of Evidence 611(a) and 1006. We previously have stated that
5 allowing the use of charts as “ ‘pedagogical’ devices intended to present the
government’s version of the case” is within the bounds of the trial court’s discretion
to control the presentation of evidence under Rule 611(a).6 Such demonstrative
aids typically are permissible to assist the jury in evaluating the evidence, provided
the jury is forewarned that the charts are not independent evidence.7 Additionally,
such charts are not admitted into evidence and should not go to the jury room
absent consent of the parties.8 In contrast, Rule 1006 applies to summary charts
based on evidence previously admitted but which is so voluminous that in-court
review by the jury would be inconvenient.9 Although the plain language of Rule
1006 does not apply to summaries of testimonial evidence, we have permitted such
use in conspiracy cases to aid the jury “[in] put[ting] the myriad of complex and
intricate pieces of testimonial and documentary evidence comprising the puzzle
6 United States v. Posada-Rios, 158 F.3d 832, 869 (5th Cir. 1998); Pierce v. Ramsey Winch Co., 753 F.2d 416 (5th Cir. 1985). Rule 611(a) pro vides, “[t]he court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of interrogating witnesses and presenting evidence so as to (1) make the interrogation and presentation effective for the ascertainment of the truth, [and] (2) avoid needless consumption of time....” FED. R. EVID. 611(a). 7 Posada-Rios, 158 F.3d at 869; Pierce, 753 F.2d at 431. 8 Pierce, 753 F.2d at 431. 9 United States v. Tannehill, 49 F.3d 1049 (5th Cir. 1995); United States v. Duncan, 919 F.2d 981 (5th Cir. 1990) (citing United States v. Stephens, 779 F.2d 232 (5th Cir. 1985)). Rule 1006 provides in relevant part, “[t]he contents of voluminous writings, recordings, or photographs which cannot conveniently be examined in court may be presented in the form of a chart, summary, or calculation.” FED. R. EVID. 1006.
6 together....”10 The government contends that the district court did not err in
admitting the organizational chart because there was testimony both supporting and
not supporting the way the pictures were placed and the lines drawn. It also asserts
that the testimony revealed numerous alleged participants with various familial
relationships and a variety of relevant dates. As such, the chart enabled the jury to
understand the conspiracy’s structure and the nature and extent of Taylor’s
involvement. We are not persuaded.
A necessary precondition to the admission of summary charts is that they
accurately reflect the underlying records or testimony, particularly when they are
based, in part, on the government’s factual assumptions.11 In this case, the
organizational chart did not accurately reflect the underlying testimony. For
example, the government never alleged and there was no evidence to support the
assertion that Taylor supplied cocaine base to Hilliard Goodley. The lines of the
chart would show that she did. The chart also reflects that Taylor supplied crack
10 United States v. Winn, 948 F.2d 145, 157 (5th Cir. 1991); Duncan, 919 F.2d at 988 (“We cannot rationally expect an average jury to compile summaries and to create sophisticated flow charts to reveal patterns that provide important inferences about the defendants’ guilt.”). 11 Stephens, 779 F.2d at 238-39 (5th Cir. 1985) (no abuse of discretion in admitting summary charts where all the records on which the charts were based were in evidence); United States v. Jennings, 724 F.2d 436, 442 (5th Cir. 1984) (summary charts premised on the government’s assumptions permissible as long as supporting evidence has been presented to the jury and the jury is instructed that they determine what weight the evidence should be given) (quoting United States v. Means, 695 F.2d 811 (5th Cir. 1983)).
7 cocaine directly to Patricia Miller and Clarence Blaylock, both of whom testified
that they never received such.12 Additionally, the chart would show that Freddie
Goodman, the government’s star witness, received crack cocaine only from Taylor
and that he never supplied drugs to anyone else in the alleged conspiracy. His
testimony, however, established that he received drugs from Carla Goodley Brady
and Derrick Goodley, the purported head of the conspiracy, as well as from Taylor.
Further, he testified that he provided cocaine base to at least four other individuals
pictured on the chart, yet there are no lines drawn to reflect same. Thus, admission
of the chart allowed the government to assume that which it was required to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt as operative facts of the alleged offense.13 The
admission of the chart into evidence was error.
We further conclude that this error was not harmless. As noted, the chart was
viewed by the jury throughout virtually the entire trial and it was available to them
during deliberations. Taylor’s picture was placed directly below the alleged leader
of the conspiracy. By omitting connections between the other alleged participants,
and including connections to Taylor that did not exist, the chart gave Taylor a more
12 Clarence Blaylock testified that he received drugs directly from Freddie Goodman and assumed that they came from Taylor. 13 Baines v. United States, 426 F.2d 833, 840 (5th Cir. 1970).
8 central role in the conspiracy than the testimony supported and stretched the bounds
of permissible government assumptions well beyond the breaking point.14 Under
these circumstances, we must conclude that Taylor’s substantial rights were
affected by the presence of and repeated references to the government’s
organizational chart.15 Although we have held that proper jury instructions
regarding the function of summary charts may neutralize their potential prejudicial
effect,16 the instructions herein do not pass muster. We therefore hold that
admission of the chart unduly prejudiced Taylor’s trial and requires a reversal. We
deem it appropriate to address other issues raised in this appeal.
2. Admission of co-conspirator’s prior convictions.
In her second point of error, Taylor contends that the district court erred in
admitting into evidence two 1994 state court convictions of Derrick Goodley, the
purported head of the conspiracy. Taylor complains that Goodley’s convictions are
14 We also note that the pictures of the defendants are like mug shots, contributing to the chart’s prejudicial impact. 15 United States v. Castillo, 77 F.3d 1480, 1500 (admission of summary witness’ testimony harmless error because witness “did not misstate or put an unfair ‘spin’ on the testimony repeated or paraphrased and it was uncontradicted”); Jennings, 724 F.2d at 442 (that defendant was convicted of only four out of twelve counts necessarily implies that the jury did not take at face value the government’s summary chart, thereby indicating no unfair prejudice occurred); United States v. Apodaca, 666 F.2d 89 (5th Cir. 1982) (defendant not prejudiced by summary charts where he was not convicted of all counts in the indictment). 16 Winn, 948 F.2d at 158 (quoting Duncan, 919 F.2d at 988); United States v. Tannehill, 49 F.3d 1049, 1056 (5th Cir. 1995); Means, 695 F.2d at 817.
9 irrelevant in determining her guilt and were highly prejudicial because they
wrongly insinuated guilt by association. We must agree. It is well-settled that a
codefendant’s prior convictions are not relevant in the determination of a
defendant’s guilt, and are inadmissible as substantive proof of a defendant’s
involvement in the crime charged.17 A codefendant’s prior convictions may only
be admitted when two or more codefendants are tried together, or when the
codefendant is a witness against the defendant. In neither case, however, is such
evidence admissible against the defendant.18 In the case at bar, Goodley was not
tried with Taylor and was not called as a witness against her. Thus, “there was no
legitimate reason for offering this evidence,”19 and it should have been excluded.
The government claims, however, that Goodley’s 1994 convictions were intrinsic
evidence because the underlying conduct occurred during the life of the charged
conspiracy. We are not persuaded.
17 United States v. Leach, 918 F.2d 464 (5th Cir. 1990); Bridge v. Lynaugh, 838 F.2d 770 (5th Cir. 1988); United States v. Miranda, 593 F.2d 590 (5th Cir. 1979). 18 Leach, 918 F.2d at 466-67 (district court committed reversible error by admitting conspiracy conviction of a codefendant where co defendant did not testify and his conviction was not part of defendant’s trial strategy) (citations omitted); United States v. Cihak, 137 F.3d 252, 258 (evidence of conviction for acts similar to crime charged admitted where codefendants were tried together, but jury instructed that conviction of one defendant could not be used as proof of other defendant’s guilt); United States v. Marroquin, 885 F.2d 1240, 1246 (5th Cir. 1989) (convictions of codefendant may be used by defendant to impeach codefendant where he is a witness and may be introduced by prosecutor to “ ‘blunt the sword’ of anticipated impeachment”). 19 Leach, 918 F.2d at 468.
10 Evidence of prior acts is intrinsic to the charged conspiracy if the prior acts
are “inextricably intertwined” with the acts underlying the charged offense, if both
acts are part of a “single criminal episode,” or the prior acts were “necessary
preliminaries” to the crime charged.20 Such evidence is admissible “to complete
the story of the crime by proving the immediate context of events in time and
place.”21 The convictions admitted herein resulted from Goodley’s delivery of
cocaine on two occasions in 1993. The only evidence adduced at trial, with respect
to these convictions, however, were the judgments of conviction. These judgments
may not be construed as inextricably intertwined with, related to as part of a single
criminal episode, or necessary preliminaries to the conspiracy of which Taylor was
charged. Criminal judgments are not acts in furtherance of a conspiracy. The
government’s reliance on cases in which we have allowed the admission of prior
conduct of a codefendant as intrinsic to the charged offense is misplaced. The
relevant cases involve evidence of either uncharged conduct or acts which resulted
in a conviction.22 None involved admission of the judgment of conviction alone.
20 United States v. Powers, 168 F.3d 741, 749 (5th Cir. 1999) (quoting United States v. Williams, 900 F.2d 823, 825 (5th Cir. 1990)); United States v. Coleman, 78 F.3d 154, 156 (5th Cir. 1996). 21 Coleman, 78 F.3d at 156 (citations omitted). 22 See, e.g., United States v. Krout, 66 F.3d 1420 (5th Cir. 1995); United States v. Maceo, 947 F.2d 1191 (5th Cir. 1995).
11 Even if Goodley’s state court convictions constituted proper intrinsic
evidence, which they do not, they nonetheless should have been excluded as unduly
prejudicial under Federal Rule of Evidence 403.23 When considered in conjunction
with the government’s organizational chart depicting Taylor as Goodley’s chief
lieutenant, the propensity for error in admitting these convictions is twofold. First,
the jury may infer that Taylor must be guilty of the charged offenses because she
associated with convicted felons. We repeatedly have held that such “guilt by
association evidence” should be excluded.24 Second, it allows the jury to assume
that if Goodley delivered drugs, he must have delivered them to Taylor. There is
no evidence that such was the case herein. Because of the nonexistent probative
value and highly prejudicial nature, the district court clearly abused its discretion
in admitting Goodley’s prior convictions.
3. Admission of Taylor’s prior drug conviction.
Taylor next complains that the district court abused its discretion in admitting
23 Rule 403 provides: Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. FED. R. EVID. 403. 24 United States v. Polasek, 162 F.3d 878, 885 (5th Cir. 1998); United States v. Parada- Talamantes, 32 F.3d 168, 170 (5th Cir. 1994) (“Because evidence of ‘guilt by association’ is typically highly prejudicial, it should be excluded.”) (citation omitted).
12 as extrinsic evidence her prior conviction for possession of cocaine base with intent
to deliver. Conceding that this evidence is relevant to prove her intent to
participate in the charged conspiracy and her intent to distribute cocaine base under
Rule 404(b), she asserts that its probative value was far outweighed by its
prejudicial effect. We consistently have held that evidence of a defendant’s prior
conviction for a similar crime is more probative than prejudicial and that any
prejudicial effect may be minimized by a proper jury instruction.25 In this case, the
district court twice admonished the jury that Taylor’s prior conviction was to be
considered only for the limited purpose of determining her intent or state of mind
and not as evidence that she committed the offenses charged.26 We find no abuse
of discretion in the admission of this evidence.
4. Prosecutor’s comments.
Taylor also claims that the prosecutor made improper comments during
closing argument which compromised her right to a fair trial. The government
contends that the prosecutor’s argument was an entirely proper response to defense
counsel’s attack on the credibility of the government’s witnesses. As Taylor did
25 United States v. Harris, 932 F.2d 1529 (5th Cir. 1991) (citing cases); United States v. Bermea, 30 F.3d 1539 (5th Cir. 1994). 26 Harris, 932 F.2d at 1534.
13 not object to the prosecutor’s statements at trial, we review for plain error.27 An
error is plain if it affects the defendant’s substantial rights.28 In this context, plain
error results if the prosecutor’s comments “seriously affected the fairness, integrity,
or public reputation of a judicial proceeding and resulted in a miscarriage of
justice.”29 To determine whether plain error has occurred, we must view the
statements in the context of the entire record.30
As a general rule, the prosecutor may not bolster the credibility of its
witnesses by personally attesting to their truthfulness, as “doing so may imply that
the prosecutor has additional personal knowledge about the witness and facts that
confirm such witness’ testimony, or may add credence to such witness’
testimony.”31 Where defense counsel insinuates that the government’s witnesses
perjured themselves because they entered into plea-bargains and were hoping to
receive lighter sentences, a prosecutor may rebut those accusations, even if those
27 United States v. Washington, 44 F.3d 1271 (5th Cir. 1995); United States v. Goff, 847 F.2d 149 (5th Cir. 1988). 28 FED. R. CRIM. P. 52(b). 29 Goff, 847 F.2d at 162 (citing United States v. Livingston, 816 F.2d 184 (5th Cir. 1987)). 30 United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1 (1985). 31 Washington, 44 F.3d at 1278 (footnote omitted); Bermea, 30 F.3d at 1563.
14 statements otherwise would amount to a bolstering argument.32 While defense
counsel at bar took this position, the government went beyond rebuttal of that
argument when the prosecutor stated:
And what it comes down to, if you want to believe [the defense’s] theory, is that myself, these two detectives, the members of the DEA who assisted, members of the Midland Police Department all got together to subborn [sic] perjury, to obstruct justice to make up a fairy tale about this Defendant, and if you believe that, ladies and gentlemen, let me be the first to tell you, you must acquit the Defendant.
Such comments repeatedly have been condemned as highly improper, if not
pernicious, for they raise the likelihood that a jury would believe that the only way
to acquit the defendant is by “abandon[ing] [their] confidence in the integrity of the
government.”33 Because the prosecution’s comment referred to all of the witnesses
who testified against Taylor its effect was to bolster the government’s entire case.
Although the argument was error, whether it constitutes plain error presents a
difficult question. Because we otherwise reverse this conviction, we need not
decide this question. We are confident that it will not be repeated in any new trial.
5. Sentence enhancement.
32 Washington, 44 F.3d at 1278; United States v. Dorr, 636 F.2d 117 (5th Cir. Unit A 1981). 33 Goff, 847 F.2d at 164; Young, 470 U.S. at 18-19 (the danger in such comments is that “the prosecutor’s opinion carries with it the imprimatur of the Government and may induce the jury to trust the Government’s judgment rather than its own view of the evidence”); Dorr, 636 F.2d at 120- 21; United States v. Garza, 608 F.2d 659 (5th Cir. 1979).
15 Because we reverse Taylor’s conviction, we do not consider whether the
district court properly enhanced her sentence for a role as a manager or supervisor.
6. Jones v. United States.
Finally, Taylor asks us to consider whether the recent Supreme Court
decision in Jones v. United States34 requires that drug quantity be alleged as an
element of the offense charged. Jones held that the provisions of the federal car-
jacking statute, which provides for different maximum penalties depending on the
presence of certain aggravating factors, must be construed as creating three distinct
offenses rather than a single crime with three different penalties.35 While the Court
stated that it reached this conclusion to resolve constitutional doubt on the issue of
statutory construction for which there was no dispositive precedent, it intimated
that constitutional guarantees may require that “any fact which increases the
maximum penalty for a crime must be charged in an indictment, submitted to a
jury, and proven beyond a reasonable doubt.”36 It is on this language that Taylor
grounds her contention that drug quantity is an element of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),
because the maximum penalty she could receive depends, in major part, on the
34 119 S. Ct. 1215 (1999). 35 Id. at 1228. 36 Id. at 1224 n.6.
16 amount of drugs involved in the offense.
Although Jones was decided while this appeal was pending, we recently
addressed this issue in United States v. Rios-Quintero.37 Rios-Quintero was
convicted of possession of heroin with the intent to distribute in violation of 21
U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and importation of heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a)
and 960(a)(1). Like Taylor, Rios-Quintero had not raised this issue in the district
court because Jones was decided after judgment and sentencing but before the
appellate briefs were filed. Consequently, our review was limited to whether the
failure to allege drug quantity in the indictment and subsequently prove it to the
jury amounted to plain error.
We held that “the impact of Jones is not sufficiently obvious or clear to
permit this panel to deviate from this Circuit’s existing precedent characterizing
drug quantity as a sentencing factor,” and thus any error was “not sufficiently plain
to merit relief.”38 We further reasoned that due attention to the complex issue
raised by the Jones decision can only be given when it has been “presented to and
preserved in the district court.”39 Thus, consistent with Rios-Quintero, we conclude
37 204 F.3d. 214 (5th Cir. 2000). 38 Id. at 215 (citations omitted). 39 Id. at 220.
17 that any error resulting from the government’s failure to allege drug quantity in the
indictment does not rise to the level of plain error. We recognize, however, that
Taylor is not foreclosed from raising this issue on remand, nor is the government
foreclosed from revisiting its indictment.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, we REVERSE Taylor’s conviction and
sentence and REMAND to the district court for further proceedings consistent
herewith.