PER CURIAM:
Rodrigo Rodriguez pled guilty to two counts of unlawfully transporting illegal aliens within the United States by means of a motor vehicle for private financial gain in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(l)(A)(ii). The district court found that Rodriguez had recklessly endangered the lives of the illegal aliens he was transporting and enhanced his sentence pursuant to § 2Ll.l(b)(6) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines. Rodriguez’s sole challenge on appeal is to the district court’s application of the reckless-endangerment enhancement. We conclude that the district court erred by applying the reckless-endangerment enhancement, vacate Rodriguez’s sentence, and remand for resentencing.
I.
A gold-colored Ford Explorer was traveling north on Interstate Highway 35 approximately twenty-four miles north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Customs and Border
Protection agents observed the vehicle cross over the median, make a U-turn, and pull to a stop on the southbound shoulder of the highway. Five people exited the Explorer and took off running. The Explorer quickly drove off. One agent remained at the site where the Explorer had stopped. He pursued and ultimately detained the five people who had gotten out of the Explorer. All five were illegal aliens. Other agents gave pursuit to and eventually pulled over the Ford. Rodriguez was the driver. Two of the aliens who had been riding in the car gave statements to the agents verifying that they had paid money to be smuggled into the United States. A two-count indictment charged Rodriguez with unlawfully transporting aliens within the United States for financial gain. Rodriguez pled guilty to both counts.
Because the sole issue on appeal is the district court’s decision to apply the reckless-endangerment enhancement of § 2L1.1(b)(6),
we explain the court’s reasons for doing so in some detail. The presentence report (“the PSR”) listed three reasons for concluding that the reckless-endangerment enhancement should apply: (1) “there were eight adults riding in the vehicle with a maximum seating capacity of five;” (2) “three of them were stacked in the cargo area of the vehicle;” and (3) “[t]wo women were also left alone all day in the vehicle without food, water, or bathroom facilities.” At sentencing, the district court expressly rejected the first and third of these reasons. As to the first, the district court found — based on the reported observations of the agents on the scene — that Rodriguez had only been transporting five aliens in his Explorer. As to the third reason, the district court found that Rodriguez was not responsible for the two women being left alone. On appeal, the government does not argue that either of these two proffered reasons supports application of the enhancement.
The district court’s treatment of the allegation that there were three aliens “stacked” in the cargo area of the Explorer is unclear. At sentencing, the government appeared to disclaim any reliance on the fact that there were multiple aliens in the cargo area of the vehicle. However, the district court never made a factual finding that there were not aliens stacked in the cargo area. Because the district court expressly accepted the findings of the PSR, we treat the finding that there were three aliens stacked in the Explorer’s cargo area as one of two factual findings that could possibly support the district court’s application of § 2L1.1(b)(6).
The second factual finding on which the district court appears to have relied was argued for the first time by the government at the sentencing hearing. The government contended that the manner in which Rodriguez drove the Explorer — specifically, the fact that he made a U-turn across a median on an interstate high
way — created a substantial risk that others would suffer death or serious bodily injury. By making a U-turn across the highway, the government argued, Rodriguez created a risk of a collision with oncoming traffic, recklessly endangering everyone in his car and everyone in the cars traveling southbound on the highway. Rodriguez responded that there was no evidence in the record that there was any traffic coming southbound at the time he made the U-turn. The district court did not make any express finding of fact on this issue, either at the sentencing hearing or in its statement of reasons.
The district court ultimately concluded — over Rodriguez’s objection — that the reckless-endangerment sentence enhancement was applicable. Rodriguez’s criminal-history category was I, and the district court calculated Rodriguez’s total offense level as thirteen. The district court determined the Guidelines’ advisory sentencing range was twelve-to-eighteen months and imposed an eighteen-month sentence.
II.
We review
de novo
the district court’s application and interpretation of § 2Ll.l(b)(6) of the Guidelines.
A district court cannot impose a sentence enhancement such as § 2Ll.l(b)(6) unless the government has proven any facts necessary to support the enhancement by a preponderance of the evidence.
We review for clear error the factual findings a district court makes in support of its decision to apply the § 2Ll.l(b)(6) enhancement.
The clear-error standard of review is a deferential one.
Clear-error review only requires a factual finding to be plausible in light of the record as a whole.
We will not conclude that a district court’s finding of fact was clearly erroneous based only on our belief that, “ ‘had [we] been sitting as the trier of fact, [we] would have weighed the evidence differently’ ” and made a different finding.
Rather, we will conclude that a finding of fact is clearly erroneous only if a review of all the evidence leaves us “ ‘with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’ ”
Section 2Ll.l(b)(6) increases the base offense level of any defendant who transported illegal aliens in a manner that “involved intentionally or recklessly creat
ing a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury to another person.” We have acknowledged that § 2Ll.l(b)(6) “is intended to apply to ‘a wide variety of conduct’ ”
but also cautioned that “its words must be given some restrictive meaning.”
In
United States v. Zuniga-Amezquita,
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
PER CURIAM:
Rodrigo Rodriguez pled guilty to two counts of unlawfully transporting illegal aliens within the United States by means of a motor vehicle for private financial gain in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(l)(A)(ii). The district court found that Rodriguez had recklessly endangered the lives of the illegal aliens he was transporting and enhanced his sentence pursuant to § 2Ll.l(b)(6) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines. Rodriguez’s sole challenge on appeal is to the district court’s application of the reckless-endangerment enhancement. We conclude that the district court erred by applying the reckless-endangerment enhancement, vacate Rodriguez’s sentence, and remand for resentencing.
I.
A gold-colored Ford Explorer was traveling north on Interstate Highway 35 approximately twenty-four miles north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Customs and Border
Protection agents observed the vehicle cross over the median, make a U-turn, and pull to a stop on the southbound shoulder of the highway. Five people exited the Explorer and took off running. The Explorer quickly drove off. One agent remained at the site where the Explorer had stopped. He pursued and ultimately detained the five people who had gotten out of the Explorer. All five were illegal aliens. Other agents gave pursuit to and eventually pulled over the Ford. Rodriguez was the driver. Two of the aliens who had been riding in the car gave statements to the agents verifying that they had paid money to be smuggled into the United States. A two-count indictment charged Rodriguez with unlawfully transporting aliens within the United States for financial gain. Rodriguez pled guilty to both counts.
Because the sole issue on appeal is the district court’s decision to apply the reckless-endangerment enhancement of § 2L1.1(b)(6),
we explain the court’s reasons for doing so in some detail. The presentence report (“the PSR”) listed three reasons for concluding that the reckless-endangerment enhancement should apply: (1) “there were eight adults riding in the vehicle with a maximum seating capacity of five;” (2) “three of them were stacked in the cargo area of the vehicle;” and (3) “[t]wo women were also left alone all day in the vehicle without food, water, or bathroom facilities.” At sentencing, the district court expressly rejected the first and third of these reasons. As to the first, the district court found — based on the reported observations of the agents on the scene — that Rodriguez had only been transporting five aliens in his Explorer. As to the third reason, the district court found that Rodriguez was not responsible for the two women being left alone. On appeal, the government does not argue that either of these two proffered reasons supports application of the enhancement.
The district court’s treatment of the allegation that there were three aliens “stacked” in the cargo area of the Explorer is unclear. At sentencing, the government appeared to disclaim any reliance on the fact that there were multiple aliens in the cargo area of the vehicle. However, the district court never made a factual finding that there were not aliens stacked in the cargo area. Because the district court expressly accepted the findings of the PSR, we treat the finding that there were three aliens stacked in the Explorer’s cargo area as one of two factual findings that could possibly support the district court’s application of § 2L1.1(b)(6).
The second factual finding on which the district court appears to have relied was argued for the first time by the government at the sentencing hearing. The government contended that the manner in which Rodriguez drove the Explorer — specifically, the fact that he made a U-turn across a median on an interstate high
way — created a substantial risk that others would suffer death or serious bodily injury. By making a U-turn across the highway, the government argued, Rodriguez created a risk of a collision with oncoming traffic, recklessly endangering everyone in his car and everyone in the cars traveling southbound on the highway. Rodriguez responded that there was no evidence in the record that there was any traffic coming southbound at the time he made the U-turn. The district court did not make any express finding of fact on this issue, either at the sentencing hearing or in its statement of reasons.
The district court ultimately concluded — over Rodriguez’s objection — that the reckless-endangerment sentence enhancement was applicable. Rodriguez’s criminal-history category was I, and the district court calculated Rodriguez’s total offense level as thirteen. The district court determined the Guidelines’ advisory sentencing range was twelve-to-eighteen months and imposed an eighteen-month sentence.
II.
We review
de novo
the district court’s application and interpretation of § 2Ll.l(b)(6) of the Guidelines.
A district court cannot impose a sentence enhancement such as § 2Ll.l(b)(6) unless the government has proven any facts necessary to support the enhancement by a preponderance of the evidence.
We review for clear error the factual findings a district court makes in support of its decision to apply the § 2Ll.l(b)(6) enhancement.
The clear-error standard of review is a deferential one.
Clear-error review only requires a factual finding to be plausible in light of the record as a whole.
We will not conclude that a district court’s finding of fact was clearly erroneous based only on our belief that, “ ‘had [we] been sitting as the trier of fact, [we] would have weighed the evidence differently’ ” and made a different finding.
Rather, we will conclude that a finding of fact is clearly erroneous only if a review of all the evidence leaves us “ ‘with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’ ”
Section 2Ll.l(b)(6) increases the base offense level of any defendant who transported illegal aliens in a manner that “involved intentionally or recklessly creat
ing a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury to another person.” We have acknowledged that § 2Ll.l(b)(6) “is intended to apply to ‘a wide variety of conduct’ ”
but also cautioned that “its words must be given some restrictive meaning.”
In
United States v. Zuniga-Amezquita,
we identified five factors that determine the propriety of applying § 2Ll.l(b)(6)’s reckless-endangerment enhancement: “the availability of oxygen, exposure to temperature extremes, the aliens’ ability to communicate with the driver of the vehicle, their ability to exit the vehicle quickly, and the danger to them if an accident occurs.”
Applying those factors to the facts of this case leads us to conclude that the district court erred in determining that Rodriguez’s conduct falls within the ambit of § 2Ll.l(b)(6). The record as a whole suggests that the district court decided to apply the enhancement either because there were three aliens in the Explorer’s cargo area, or because Rodriguez made a U-turn across 1-35. The government does not argue — and there is no plausible basis in the record to conclude — that either of these facts indicates that the five aliens in Rodriguez’s car lacked access to oxygen, were exposed to temperature extremes, or could not communicate with Rodriguez. We conclude that neither of the district court’s reasons for applying § 2Ll.l(b)(6) supports the conclusion that the aliens lacked the ability to quickly exit the vehicle or would have been seriously endangered by an accident.
A.
The district court’s finding that there were three aliens “stacked” in the Explorer’s cargo area cannot sustain its decision to apply § 2Ll.l(b)(6). Our decision in
United States v.
Solis-Garcia
compels us to conclude that the fifth
Zuniga-Amezquita
factor, the danger to the aliens if an accident occurs, counsels against applying the enhancement here. In
Solis-Garcia,
four illegal aliens were lying side-by-side in the cargo area of a minivan driven by the defendant.
We reversed the district court’s application of § 2Ll.l(b)(6) because the defendant’s conduct “did not create a
substantial
risk of
death
or
serious
bodily injury:”
The only dangers we consider to be associated with riding in the cargo area of the minivan are generally the same dangers that arise from an individual not wearing a seatbelt in a moving vehicle. The § 2Ll.l(b)(5) enhancement as written, one would think, does not extend so far as to increase punishment for offenders simply for transporting illegal aliens without requiring them to wear seat-belts.
Post-Solis-Garcia,
“transporting aliens in the cargo area of a van, without more, does not justify the application of’ the
reckless-endangerment enhancement.
We are aware of no reason — and the government has not posited one — why riding in the cargo area of an SUV is any more dangerous than riding in the cargo area of a minivan. Accordingly, we are persuaded that
Solis-Garcia
establishes that “carrying passengers in the cargo area of a sport utility vehicle” does not justify a reckless-endangerment enhancement in the absence of other aggravating factors.
The government directs our attention to several cases in which we have upheld the application of § 2L1.1(b)(6) on the ground that the aliens’ ability to exit the vehicle was impeded (the fourth of
Zuniga-Amezquita’s
five factors). But each of those cases presented some kind of aggravating factor: the alien had contorted himself into a compartment,
was crammed into a tight space,
or had been surrounded by objects that were too heavy to move.
The district court did not find that any such aggravating factor was present here. The government points to the PSR’s characterization of the three aliens as having been “stacked” in the cargo area. But nothing in the record suggests that the aliens’ ability to quickly exit the vehicle was impeded. To the contrary — it is undisputed that when Rodriguez pulled over to the side of the highway, all five of the aliens immediately got out and began running. We thus conclude that the facts presented here do not warrant application of the § 2Ll.l(b)(6) enhancement based on the inability of the aliens in the cargo area to quickly exit the vehicle.
Transporting three aliens in the cargo area of an SUV in a manner that preserves their ability to quickly exit the vehicle does not increase the dangers associated with an accident so greatly as to constitute reckless endangerment. On the facts as found by the district court, it was error to apply § 2Ll.l(b)(6) based on the presence of three aliens in the cargo area of Rodriguez’s Explorer.
B.
As to the district court’s second possible basis for applying § 2Ll.l(b)(6), the government failed to carry its burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that Rodriguez endangered the five aliens in his car or other drivers on the road by making a U-turn across the highway. Rodriguez made the U-turn at approximately 11:00 p.m. As Rodriguez argued at sentencing, the government introduced no evidence showing that the highway was heavily trafficked at that time, that Rodriguez was driving recklessly, or that Rodriguez’s U-turn was illegal, dangerous, or even risky. It is not enough that the government argued as much at sentencing. The government had the burden of introducing evidence establishing that Rodriguez’s U-turn imperiled him, the aliens, or other drivers.
Having reviewed the entirety of the record,
we have found no evidence to substantiate this argument. Our review of the record thus leaves us with the definite and firm conviction that, to the extent the district court made a finding of fact that Rodriguez’s U-turn was dangerous or reckless,
that finding was mistaken.
We emphasize that our decision rests on a narrow, case-specific ground: the lack of evidence to sustain a finding that Rodriguez’s U-turn was dangerous. This court has never previously addressed the question of whether dangerous or reckless driving can support the application of the § 2Ll.l(b)(6) enhancement. Because we hold that the government failed to carry its burden of proving that Rodriguez engaged in such driving, we have no occasion to express any opinion on that broader legal question.
III.
The district court erred by enhancing Rodriguez’s sentence pursuant to § 2Ll.l(b)(6). We vacate Rodriguez’s sentence and remand to the district court for resentencing.