UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-4929
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
ROBERT MASON UNDERWOOD, SR.,
Defendant - Appellant.
No. 19-4930
DEBORAH JEAN UNDERWOOD,
Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt. Theodore D. Chuang, District Judge. (8:18-cr-00201-TDC-1; 8:18-cr-00201-TDC-2)
Submitted: March 1, 2021 Decided: March 19, 2021 Before DIAZ and THACKER, Circuit Judges, and TRAXLER, Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
James Wyda, Federal Public Defender, Cullen Macbeth, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Greenbelt, Maryland; Michael Montemarano, MICHAEL D. MONTEMARANO, PA, Ellicott City, Maryland, for Appellants. Robert K. Hur, United States Attorney, Daniel A. Loveland, Jr., Assistant United States Attorney, David I. Salem, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2 PER CURIAM:
Robert Mason Underwood, Sr., and his wife Deborah Jean Underwood were named
in a five-count indictment charging them with conspiracy to defraud the United States, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, and four counts of filing false tax returns, in violation of 26
U.S.C. § 7206(a). Specifically, the indictments charged the Underwoods with knowingly
failing to report on their federal income tax returns between 2009 and 2013 substantial
income earned from their business, B. Underwood’s Used Auto Parts. A jury convicted
the Underwoods of all counts and the district court sentenced each to a below-Guidelines
term of six months’ imprisonment and ordered them to pay restitution in the amount of
$560,000. The Underwoods appeal, asserting three errors.
First, the Underwoods argue that the evidence was insufficient to support their
convictions on the conspiracy conviction and, therefore, the district court erred in denying
their motions for judgment of acquittal under Fed. R. Crim. P. 29. We review a district
court’s decision to deny a Rule 29 motion for a judgment of acquittal de novo. United
States v. Smith, 451 F.3d 209, 216 (4th Cir. 2006). “A defendant challenging the
sufficiency of the evidence faces a heavy burden.” United States v. Banker, 876 F.3d 530,
540 (4th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). In assessing whether the evidence
is sufficient to support a conviction, this court determines “whether there is substantial
evidence in the record, when viewed in the light most favorable to the government, to
support the conviction.” United States v. Palacios, 677 F.3d 234, 248 (4th Cir. 2012)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Substantial evidence is “evidence that a reasonable
finder of fact could accept as adequate and sufficient to support the defendant’s guilt . . .
3 beyond a reasonable doubt.” Banker, 876 F.3d at 540 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Furthermore, “[d]eterminations of credibility are within the sole province of the jury and
are not susceptible to judicial review.” Palacios, 677 F.3d at 248 (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Count One charged what is known as a “Klein conspiracy.” See United States v.
Klein, 247 F.2d 908, 915 (2d Cir. 1957). The elements of a Klein conspiracy are not in
dispute. They consist of: (1) an agreement between two or more persons, (2) with the
intent to impede or obstruct the IRS in the collection of revenue and performance of its
duties, and (3) the performance of an overt act to further that agreement. United States v.
Vogt, 910 F.2d 1184, 1202-03 (4th Cir. 1990).
Our review of the record discloses that the Government presented sufficient
evidence from which a jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that the Underwoods
conspired to reduce their federal income tax liability by deliberately understating the gross
cash receipts from their business. The existence of an agreement and intent may be inferred
from the actions and statements of the conspirators or from the circumstances of the
scheme. United States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d 849, 857 (4th Cir. 1996). The jury could infer
such an agreement between the Underwoods. The Underwoods’ reliance on United States
v. Adkinson, 158 F.3d 1147 (11th Cir. 1998), is misplaced. That case involved numerous
unrelated defendants and the court noted that “there was no direct evidence of an agreement
by all for each to evade his income taxes.” Id. at 1154. Here, the Underwoods are a married
couple and filed a joint tax return; therefore, an agreement to evade taxes by failing to
report substantial amounts of income was a permissible inference for the jury to reach.
4 Second, nothing in Adkinson suggests that the government cannot prove a conspiracy
through circumstantial evidence. Therefore, the district court did not err in denying the
Underwoods’ Rule 29 motion.
Next, Robert Underwood argues that the district court abused its discretion by
granting the Government’s request for a willful blindness instruction with respect to counts
Two through Five (filing false tax returns). We review a trial court’s jury instruction for
abuse of discretion. BMG Rights Mgmt. (US) LLC, v. Cox Commc’ns., Inc., 881 F.3d 293,
305 (4th Cir. 2018). Where a party alleges that a jury instruction incorrectly states the law,
review is de novo. Id. When an instruction is erroneous, a jury verdict will be set aside if
there is a reasonable probability the error affected the jury’s verdict. Id.
Here, Underwood does not claim that the instruction at issue misstated the law.
Rather, he argues that the evidence did not support the issuance of a willful blindness
instruction. The willful blindness doctrine “is premised on the idea that defendants should
not be permitted to escape the reach of criminal statutes that require proof that a defendant
acted knowingly or willfully by deliberately shielding themselves from clear evidence of
critical facts that are strongly suggested by the circumstances.” United States v. Oloyede
933 F.3d 302, 316 (4th Cir. 2019) (internal citations and quotations omitted). In order to
ensure that the willful blindness doctrine retains “an appropriately limited scope that
surpasses recklessness and negligence, its application has two basic requirements: (1) the
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UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-4929
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
ROBERT MASON UNDERWOOD, SR.,
Defendant - Appellant.
No. 19-4930
DEBORAH JEAN UNDERWOOD,
Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt. Theodore D. Chuang, District Judge. (8:18-cr-00201-TDC-1; 8:18-cr-00201-TDC-2)
Submitted: March 1, 2021 Decided: March 19, 2021 Before DIAZ and THACKER, Circuit Judges, and TRAXLER, Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
James Wyda, Federal Public Defender, Cullen Macbeth, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Greenbelt, Maryland; Michael Montemarano, MICHAEL D. MONTEMARANO, PA, Ellicott City, Maryland, for Appellants. Robert K. Hur, United States Attorney, Daniel A. Loveland, Jr., Assistant United States Attorney, David I. Salem, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2 PER CURIAM:
Robert Mason Underwood, Sr., and his wife Deborah Jean Underwood were named
in a five-count indictment charging them with conspiracy to defraud the United States, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, and four counts of filing false tax returns, in violation of 26
U.S.C. § 7206(a). Specifically, the indictments charged the Underwoods with knowingly
failing to report on their federal income tax returns between 2009 and 2013 substantial
income earned from their business, B. Underwood’s Used Auto Parts. A jury convicted
the Underwoods of all counts and the district court sentenced each to a below-Guidelines
term of six months’ imprisonment and ordered them to pay restitution in the amount of
$560,000. The Underwoods appeal, asserting three errors.
First, the Underwoods argue that the evidence was insufficient to support their
convictions on the conspiracy conviction and, therefore, the district court erred in denying
their motions for judgment of acquittal under Fed. R. Crim. P. 29. We review a district
court’s decision to deny a Rule 29 motion for a judgment of acquittal de novo. United
States v. Smith, 451 F.3d 209, 216 (4th Cir. 2006). “A defendant challenging the
sufficiency of the evidence faces a heavy burden.” United States v. Banker, 876 F.3d 530,
540 (4th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). In assessing whether the evidence
is sufficient to support a conviction, this court determines “whether there is substantial
evidence in the record, when viewed in the light most favorable to the government, to
support the conviction.” United States v. Palacios, 677 F.3d 234, 248 (4th Cir. 2012)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Substantial evidence is “evidence that a reasonable
finder of fact could accept as adequate and sufficient to support the defendant’s guilt . . .
3 beyond a reasonable doubt.” Banker, 876 F.3d at 540 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Furthermore, “[d]eterminations of credibility are within the sole province of the jury and
are not susceptible to judicial review.” Palacios, 677 F.3d at 248 (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Count One charged what is known as a “Klein conspiracy.” See United States v.
Klein, 247 F.2d 908, 915 (2d Cir. 1957). The elements of a Klein conspiracy are not in
dispute. They consist of: (1) an agreement between two or more persons, (2) with the
intent to impede or obstruct the IRS in the collection of revenue and performance of its
duties, and (3) the performance of an overt act to further that agreement. United States v.
Vogt, 910 F.2d 1184, 1202-03 (4th Cir. 1990).
Our review of the record discloses that the Government presented sufficient
evidence from which a jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that the Underwoods
conspired to reduce their federal income tax liability by deliberately understating the gross
cash receipts from their business. The existence of an agreement and intent may be inferred
from the actions and statements of the conspirators or from the circumstances of the
scheme. United States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d 849, 857 (4th Cir. 1996). The jury could infer
such an agreement between the Underwoods. The Underwoods’ reliance on United States
v. Adkinson, 158 F.3d 1147 (11th Cir. 1998), is misplaced. That case involved numerous
unrelated defendants and the court noted that “there was no direct evidence of an agreement
by all for each to evade his income taxes.” Id. at 1154. Here, the Underwoods are a married
couple and filed a joint tax return; therefore, an agreement to evade taxes by failing to
report substantial amounts of income was a permissible inference for the jury to reach.
4 Second, nothing in Adkinson suggests that the government cannot prove a conspiracy
through circumstantial evidence. Therefore, the district court did not err in denying the
Underwoods’ Rule 29 motion.
Next, Robert Underwood argues that the district court abused its discretion by
granting the Government’s request for a willful blindness instruction with respect to counts
Two through Five (filing false tax returns). We review a trial court’s jury instruction for
abuse of discretion. BMG Rights Mgmt. (US) LLC, v. Cox Commc’ns., Inc., 881 F.3d 293,
305 (4th Cir. 2018). Where a party alleges that a jury instruction incorrectly states the law,
review is de novo. Id. When an instruction is erroneous, a jury verdict will be set aside if
there is a reasonable probability the error affected the jury’s verdict. Id.
Here, Underwood does not claim that the instruction at issue misstated the law.
Rather, he argues that the evidence did not support the issuance of a willful blindness
instruction. The willful blindness doctrine “is premised on the idea that defendants should
not be permitted to escape the reach of criminal statutes that require proof that a defendant
acted knowingly or willfully by deliberately shielding themselves from clear evidence of
critical facts that are strongly suggested by the circumstances.” United States v. Oloyede
933 F.3d 302, 316 (4th Cir. 2019) (internal citations and quotations omitted). In order to
ensure that the willful blindness doctrine retains “an appropriately limited scope that
surpasses recklessness and negligence, its application has two basic requirements: (1) the
defendant must subjectively believe that there is a high probability that a fact exists and (2)
the defendant must take deliberate actions to avoid learning of that fact.” Id. (internal
citations and quotations omitted). Thus, a willful blindness instruction may be appropriate
5 “when the defendant claims lack of guilty knowledge in the face of evidence supporting an
inference of deliberate ignorance.” Id. (internal citation and quotation omitted).
Underwood testified that he threw away cash receipts for vehicles sold for scrap and
did not know how much cash his business made. Even after an audit and after his
accountant advised him of the IRS’s requirements that he maintain a cash log, Underwood
failed to do so. Underwood’s testimony that he did not look at his tax returns before signing
them is further evidence that he deliberately avoided learning what income was being
reported on his tax returns. Accordingly, we find that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in giving the willful blindness instruction.
Finally, the Underwoods challenge the $560,000 restitution order. The Mandatory
Victims Restitution Act of 1996 (MVRA), Pub. L. No. 104-132, §§ 201-11, 110 Stat. 1214,
1227-41 (codified in relevant parts at 18 U.S.C. §§ 3663A, 3664) obligates a district court
to order restitution in the full amount of the victim’s loss caused by certain offenses,
including offenses where an identifiable victim has suffered pecuniary loss. 18 U.S.C.
§§ 3663A(c)(1)(B), 3664(f)(1)(A). The Government bears the burden of demonstrating
the “amount of the loss sustained by a victim as a result of the offense.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3664(e). We review a restitution order for abuse of discretion. United States v. Ritchie,
858 F.3d 201, 206 (4th Cir. 2017).
In the absence of an “affirmative showing that the information is inaccurate, [a
district] court is free to adopt the specific findings of the [PSR] without more specific
inquiry or explanation.” United States v. Love, 134 F.3d 595, 606 (4th Cir. 1998) (internal
quotation marks omitted). Here, the PSR calculated the tax loss as follows: gross receipts
6 that were not reported (estimated) of $2.5 million multiplied by the tax rate of 28% equaled
$700,000. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2T1.1(c)(1)(A) (providing that, for
offenses involving tax evasion or false or fraudulent returns, “tax loss [is] treated as equal
to 28% of the unreported gross income”). At sentencing, the parties disputed the amount
that should be deducted from gross receipts for cost of goods sold. The district court,
rejecting the Underwoods’ accountant’s calculation arrived at by extrapolating from known
data, ultimately reduced the PSR calculation by $500,000, which did not affect the
Underwoods’ base offense level but changed the amount of tax loss to $560,000 (28% of
$2 million). We find that the district court made a reasonable estimate of the loss, given
the information available. See United States v. Savage, 885 F.3d 212, 227 (4th Cir. 2018)
(noting that a sentencing court “need only make a reasonable estimate of loss, given the
available information, as supported by a preponderance of the evidence) (internal citation
and quotations omitted). Therefore, we find no abuse of discretion.
Accordingly, we affirm the Underwoods’ convictions and sentences. We dispense
with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the
materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED