PER CURIAM.
Robert R. Curtis appeals his 169-month sentence for the distribution of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841. Curtis entered a guilty plea without a plea agreement, which the district court accepted. At sentencing, the court calculated Curtis’s base offense level on the basis of (1) his three prior convictions for the sale of cocaine, which qualified him for career offender status under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, and (2) the fact that Curtis’s instant offense of conviction carried a maximum sentence of 20 years.
See
U.S.S.G. § 4Bl.l(b) (instructing that the offense level be set at the greater of either the offense level for a career offender under § 4B1.1 or the offense level otherwise applicable).
Curtis argued at sentencing that
Blakely v. Washington
prohibits federal courts from sentencing defendants based on uncharged relevant conduct that is neither stipulated to by the defendant nor proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.
See
542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004). Thus, he argues, the guideline provisions that allow for such enhancements are unconstitutional. Curtis further argues that the reasoning behind exempting prior convictions from the holding in
Apprendi v. New Jersey,
530 U.S. 466, 120
S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), and
Almendarez-Torres v. United States,
523 U.S. 224, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998), has been undermined by subsequent cases. Curtis thus claims that even if the fact of a prior conviction is exempted from the
Blakely
rule, the career offender provision in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 does not survive constitutional scrutiny because his sentence was increased based on additional facts that were not charged in the indictment or stipulated to at the plea hearing. The facts with which he takes issue are: (1) he was at least 18 years old when he committed the instant offense, (2) the instant offense was a felony involving a controlled substance, and (3) Curtis had two prior felony convictions that were either crimes of violence or controlled substance offenses. Curtis also argues that, apart from his sentencing enhancement, the sentencing court erroneously believed that it had no authority to impose a lesser sentence than the guidelines required and, thus, sentenced Curtis under an incorrect legal standard.
In the
post-Booker
era, we have explained that there are two types of
Booker
error: (1) a Sixth Amendment error — that is, imposing a sentencing enhancement based on judicial findings that go beyond the facts admitted by the defendant or found by the jury, and (2) statutory error — being sentenced under a sentencing guidelines scheme that is mandatory.
United States v. Shelton,
400 F.3d 1325, 1330—31 (11th Cir.2005).
A.
Sixth Amendment Error
U.S.S.G. § 4Bl.l(a) states: “A defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant was at least eighteen years old at the time the defendant committed the instant offense of conviction; (2) the instant offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense; and (3) the defendant has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.” If a court finds a defendant to be a career offender under § 4Bl.l(a), the defendant’s offense level is enhanced under § 4Bl.l(b).
See
U.S.S.G. § 4Bl.l(b) (setting the base offense level at the greater of either the offense level for a career offender under § 4B1.1 or the offense level otherwise applicable).
In
Booker,
the Supreme Court “left undisturbed its holding in
[Almendarez-Torres
], that recidivism is
not
a separate element of an offense that the government is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt.”
United States v. Orduno-Mireles,
405 F.3d 960, 962 (11th Cir.2005);
see also United States v. Camacho-Ibarquen,
404 F.3d 1283, 1290 (11th Cir.2005). Moreover, the Court reaffirmed Apprendi’s holding that “[a]ny fact
(other than a prior
conviction), which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Orduno-Mireles,
at 962. Accordingly, in
Orduno-Mireles
we observed that “the Court’s holding in
Booker
... is not implicated when a defendant’s sentence is enhanced based on a prior conviction.”
Id.; see also United States v. Marseille,
377 F.3d 1249, 1257 (11th Cir.2004).
Because
Almendarez-Torres
remains good law, the sentencing court did not err in finding that Curtis should receive an enhancement pursuant to § 4B1.1 as a career offender based on his prior convictions.
To the extent that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in
Shepard
arguably undermined
Almendarez-Torres,
that decision does not undermine our outcome here.
See Shepard v. United States,
—
U.S. -, 125 S.Ct. 1254, 161 L.Ed.2d 205 (2005). Curtis stated at sentencing that he had “no factual objections” to the presentence investigation report. Therefore, the sentencing court did not resolve disputed facts, but based its sentence on admitted facts.
See Shepard,
125 S.Ct. at 1263;
see also United States v. Burge,
407 F.3d 1183, 1190 (11th Cir.2005) (noting that the defendant had waived his objections to the factual statements in the presentence investigation report and, therefore, had “admitted” those facts). Moreover, there is no doubt that the prior offenses, of which there were many more than the two required, were felonies involving controlled substances. Suffice it to say that, in this case, we are not presented with an opportunity to determine the implications and reach of
Shepard.
Thus, we conclude that the district court’s use of prior convictions to enhance Curtis’s sentence did not violate the Sixth Amendment.
B.
Statutory Error
Due to the nature of the Supreme Court’s
Booker
remedy, we have concluded that a district court has committed
Booker
error whenever it sentences a defendant under a mandatory guidelines scheme, even in the absence of a Sixth Amendment error.
Shelton,
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PER CURIAM.
Robert R. Curtis appeals his 169-month sentence for the distribution of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841. Curtis entered a guilty plea without a plea agreement, which the district court accepted. At sentencing, the court calculated Curtis’s base offense level on the basis of (1) his three prior convictions for the sale of cocaine, which qualified him for career offender status under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, and (2) the fact that Curtis’s instant offense of conviction carried a maximum sentence of 20 years.
See
U.S.S.G. § 4Bl.l(b) (instructing that the offense level be set at the greater of either the offense level for a career offender under § 4B1.1 or the offense level otherwise applicable).
Curtis argued at sentencing that
Blakely v. Washington
prohibits federal courts from sentencing defendants based on uncharged relevant conduct that is neither stipulated to by the defendant nor proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.
See
542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004). Thus, he argues, the guideline provisions that allow for such enhancements are unconstitutional. Curtis further argues that the reasoning behind exempting prior convictions from the holding in
Apprendi v. New Jersey,
530 U.S. 466, 120
S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), and
Almendarez-Torres v. United States,
523 U.S. 224, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998), has been undermined by subsequent cases. Curtis thus claims that even if the fact of a prior conviction is exempted from the
Blakely
rule, the career offender provision in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 does not survive constitutional scrutiny because his sentence was increased based on additional facts that were not charged in the indictment or stipulated to at the plea hearing. The facts with which he takes issue are: (1) he was at least 18 years old when he committed the instant offense, (2) the instant offense was a felony involving a controlled substance, and (3) Curtis had two prior felony convictions that were either crimes of violence or controlled substance offenses. Curtis also argues that, apart from his sentencing enhancement, the sentencing court erroneously believed that it had no authority to impose a lesser sentence than the guidelines required and, thus, sentenced Curtis under an incorrect legal standard.
In the
post-Booker
era, we have explained that there are two types of
Booker
error: (1) a Sixth Amendment error — that is, imposing a sentencing enhancement based on judicial findings that go beyond the facts admitted by the defendant or found by the jury, and (2) statutory error — being sentenced under a sentencing guidelines scheme that is mandatory.
United States v. Shelton,
400 F.3d 1325, 1330—31 (11th Cir.2005).
A.
Sixth Amendment Error
U.S.S.G. § 4Bl.l(a) states: “A defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant was at least eighteen years old at the time the defendant committed the instant offense of conviction; (2) the instant offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense; and (3) the defendant has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.” If a court finds a defendant to be a career offender under § 4Bl.l(a), the defendant’s offense level is enhanced under § 4Bl.l(b).
See
U.S.S.G. § 4Bl.l(b) (setting the base offense level at the greater of either the offense level for a career offender under § 4B1.1 or the offense level otherwise applicable).
In
Booker,
the Supreme Court “left undisturbed its holding in
[Almendarez-Torres
], that recidivism is
not
a separate element of an offense that the government is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt.”
United States v. Orduno-Mireles,
405 F.3d 960, 962 (11th Cir.2005);
see also United States v. Camacho-Ibarquen,
404 F.3d 1283, 1290 (11th Cir.2005). Moreover, the Court reaffirmed Apprendi’s holding that “[a]ny fact
(other than a prior
conviction), which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Orduno-Mireles,
at 962. Accordingly, in
Orduno-Mireles
we observed that “the Court’s holding in
Booker
... is not implicated when a defendant’s sentence is enhanced based on a prior conviction.”
Id.; see also United States v. Marseille,
377 F.3d 1249, 1257 (11th Cir.2004).
Because
Almendarez-Torres
remains good law, the sentencing court did not err in finding that Curtis should receive an enhancement pursuant to § 4B1.1 as a career offender based on his prior convictions.
To the extent that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in
Shepard
arguably undermined
Almendarez-Torres,
that decision does not undermine our outcome here.
See Shepard v. United States,
—
U.S. -, 125 S.Ct. 1254, 161 L.Ed.2d 205 (2005). Curtis stated at sentencing that he had “no factual objections” to the presentence investigation report. Therefore, the sentencing court did not resolve disputed facts, but based its sentence on admitted facts.
See Shepard,
125 S.Ct. at 1263;
see also United States v. Burge,
407 F.3d 1183, 1190 (11th Cir.2005) (noting that the defendant had waived his objections to the factual statements in the presentence investigation report and, therefore, had “admitted” those facts). Moreover, there is no doubt that the prior offenses, of which there were many more than the two required, were felonies involving controlled substances. Suffice it to say that, in this case, we are not presented with an opportunity to determine the implications and reach of
Shepard.
Thus, we conclude that the district court’s use of prior convictions to enhance Curtis’s sentence did not violate the Sixth Amendment.
B.
Statutory Error
Due to the nature of the Supreme Court’s
Booker
remedy, we have concluded that a district court has committed
Booker
error whenever it sentences a defendant under a mandatory guidelines scheme, even in the absence of a Sixth Amendment error.
Shelton,
400 F.3d at 1330—31.
Next we consider whether the error was harmless. When an error is nonconstitutional, it is harmless if it does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.
See
28 U.S.C. § 2111;
United States v. Guzman,
167 F.3d 1350, 1353 (11th Cir.1999). “[A] nonconstitutional error requires reversal only if it resulted in actual prejudice because it had substantial and injurious effect.”
Guzman,
167 F.3d at 1353 (internal quotations and citation omitted). The government bears the burden of showing that the error did not affect Curtis’s substantial rights.
United States v. Hernandez,
160 F.3d 661, 670 (11th Cir.1998). The government has met its burden.
First, the district court imposed a sentence in the middle of the guidelines range. The court could have sentenced Curtis to a sentence on the low end of the spectrum, but did not do so. Second, the court could have departed from the guidelines pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3, but declined defense counsel’s invitation to do so. When defense counsel asked the court to find that Curtis’s criminal history category overrepresented his actual criminal history, which counsel characterized as “consistent with somebody who is simply trying to support their own habit,” the court declined. Citing the pattern of criminal activity beginning in 1984 and progressing since then, the court denied defense counsel’s motion to depart downward. The record establishes that, even though the district court committed statutory
Booker
error, that error was harmless because it did not have a substantial and injurious effect on Curtis’s sentence.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s sentence.
AFFIRMED.