United States v. Reed

878 F. Supp. 2d 1199, 2012 WL 2989942, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102028
CourtDistrict Court, D. Nevada
DecidedJuly 23, 2012
DocketNos. 2:11-CV-01394-PMP-VCF, 2:10-MJ-00196-LRL
StatusPublished
Cited by1 cases

This text of 878 F. Supp. 2d 1199 (United States v. Reed) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering District Court, D. Nevada primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Reed, 878 F. Supp. 2d 1199, 2012 WL 2989942, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102028 (D. Nev. 2012).

Opinion

OPINION

PHILIP M. PRO, District Judge.

Presently before the Court is Appellant Cameron K. Reed’s (“Reed”) appeal of the Magistrate Judge’s denial of his Motion to Dismiss Counts Five and Six of the Amended Complaint. Specifically, Reed challenges the Magistrate Judge’s conclu-’ sion that the Assimilative Crimes Act (“ACA”), which incorporates state criminal law when a crime occurs on federal land, assimilates two provisions of Nevada state law, which criminalize driving with certain levels of marijuana or marijuana metabolite in the blood.

I. BACKGROUND

The facts are not in dispute for purposes of this appeal. On March 27, 2010, while on routine patrol within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, National Park Service (“NPS”) Ranger Kenneth Barend (“Ranger Barend”) observed a Chevrolet traveling at a high rate of speed. (ER 13-17, 22.) Ranger Barend paced the vehicle at 40 miles per hour in a posted 15 miles per hour zone and watched the Chevrolet turn into the exit of a one-way loop, passing two “Do Not Enter” signs. (ER 14, 22.) After initiating a traffic stop, Ranger Barend identified the driver as Reed. (ER 14-15, 22.)

Ranger Barend smelled “a strong odor of burnt marijuana emanating from, the vehicle” and saw an open container of “Mikes Hard Lemonade” in the center console. (ER 22.) Reed’s speech was slurred and he “admitted to smoking one marijuana joint and to drinking a ‘sip’ of alcohol while driving.” (Id.) Ranger Bar-end administered Field Sobriety Tests to Reed. (ER 15-16, 22-23.) Reed failed three of four Field Sobriety Tests, passing the preliminary breath test with 0.00 percent blood alcohol in his. system. (Id.) Ranger Barend determined Reed had been operating a motor vehicle in violation of 36 C.F.R. § 4.23(a)(1) (the “federal impairment regulation”), which prohibits a person from operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs “to a degree that renders the operator incapable of safe operation.” (ER 16.) Ranger Barend arrested Reed. (Id.)

Ranger Barend searched Reed’s vehicle and found on the front passenger floorboard a “Kool” cigarette box containing 2.2 grams of a substance that Ranger Barend suspected to be marijuana. (ER 23.) Ranger Barend transported Reed to the North Las Vegas Detention Center where a sample of Reed’s blood was acquired. (Id.) A Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Forensic Scientist identified 3.7 ng/ml of A-tetrahydrocannabinol (marijuana) and 15 ng/ml THC carboxylic acid (marijuana metabolite) in Reed’s blood. (Id.) Reed’s blood did not contain any concentration of alcohol. (Id.) The substance from the “Kool” cigarette box found in Reed’s car was identified as 1.33 grams of marijuana. (ER 23-24.)

[1202]*1202On March 29, 2010, the United States filed a four-count Complaint against Reed in this Court, which was amended on October 12, 2010. (ER 8-11, 19-24.) In the original Complaint, Reed was charged with operating a motor vehicle under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol in violation of 36 C.F.R. § 4.23(a)(1) (Count One), unsafe operation in violation of 36 C.F.R. § 4.22(b)(1) (Count Two), possession of a controlled substance in violation of 36 C.F.R. § 2.35(b)(2) (Count Three), and open container in violation of 36 C.F.R. § 4.14(b) (Count Four). (ER 8-11.) The Amended Complaint charged Reed with two additional counts: operating a motor vehicle with an amount of marijuana in his blood in violation of Nevada Revised Statutes § 484C.110(3)(g) (Count Five) and operating a motor vehicle with an amount of marijuana metabolite in his blood in violation of Nevada Revised Statutes § 484C.110(3)(h)1 (Count Six). (ER 21.)

Under Nevada’s prohibited substance statute, operating a motor vehicle with a threshold amount of a certain drug in one’s system is a per se driving under the influence violation. See Nev. Rev. Stat. § 484C.110(3). Section 484C.110(3)(g) (the “Nevada per se marijuana statute”) prohibits a person from driving a vehicle with marijuana in his or her blood that is equal to or greater than 2 blood nanograms per milliliter. Section 484C.110(3)(h) (the “Nevada per se marijuana metabolite statute”) prohibits a person from driving a vehicle with marijuana metabolite in his or her blood that is equal to or greater than 5 blood nanograms per milliliter. The Government charged Reed with these state law crimes by using the ACA to incorporate the Nevada per se statutes to cover Reed’s conduct at the Lake Mead National Recreation Area.

Reed filed a Motion to Dismiss Counts Five and'Six of the Amended Complaint, arguing the Nevada per se statutes should not be assimilated under the ACA. (ER 25^41.) The Magistrate Judge denied Reed’s Motion, concluding that because no federal regulation prohibited the conduct of operating a motor vehicle with a certain level of drugs in a person’s blood, the ACA would assimilate the Nevada per se statutes. (ER 1-7.) The Magistrate Judge found a gap in federal law because although 36 C.F.R. § 4.23(a)(2) (the “federal per se alcohol regulation”) prohibits an individual from driving with a certain level of alcohol in the blood, there is not a similar federal per se regulation regarding drugs. (ER 6.) By finding that the federal per se alcohol regulation is a separate and distinct offense from the federal impairment regulation, the Magistrate Judge similarly concluded the federal impairment regulation did not punish the same conduct as the Nevada per se marijuana statute because the two were distinct offenses. (Id.) Because the Magistrate Judge concluded that neither the Nevada per se marijuana statute nor the Nevada per se marijuana metabolite statute were covered by the federal impairment regulation, the ACA assimilated the two statutes. (ER 7.) The Magistrate Judge therefore denied Reed’s Motion to Dismiss Counts Five and Six of the Amended Complaint. (Id.)

Reed then entered into a conditional Petty Offense Agreement, agreeing to plead guilty to Count Two (Unsafe Operation) and Count Five (Operating a Motor Vehicle with Prohibited Substance in Blood). (ER 118-19.) While the initial plea agreement reserved Reed’s right to [1203]*1203appeal both Counts Five and Six, at his plea hearing Reed waived his right to appeal Count Six. (ER 121,127-28.)

Reed now appeals. Reed contends the Magistrate Judge erred in assimilating the Nevada per se marijuana statute and the Nevada per se marijuana metabolite statute. Reed asserts the Nevada statutes cover the same core criminal conduct as the federal impairment regulation, which Reed originally was charged with under Count One. Reed argues the Nevada per se marijuana statute merely provides another way to establish impairment instead of creating a new crime.

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Related

Cameron Reed v. United States
734 F.3d 881 (Ninth Circuit, 2013)

Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
878 F. Supp. 2d 1199, 2012 WL 2989942, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 102028, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-reed-nvd-2012.