NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 11 2026 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-3861 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 2:22-cr-00597-RGK-1 v. MEMORANDUM* JOSE MANUEL PEREZ,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California R. Gary Klausner, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted December 9, 2025 Pasadena, California
Before: M. SMITH, CHRISTEN, and FORREST, Circuit Judges.
Jose Manuel Perez challenges his conviction and sentence for three counts of
being a felon in possession of firearms, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). We
have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm in part, reverse in part,
and remand.
1. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Perez’s second
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. request to replace his trial counsel.1 To determine whether a denial of a request for
substitute counsel is an abuse of discretion, we consider “(1) the adequacy of the
district court’s inquiry; (2) the extent of the conflict between the defendant and
counsel; and (3) the timeliness of defendant’s motion.” United States v. Velazquez,
855 F.3d 1021, 1034 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting United States v. Reyes-Bosque, 596
F.3d 1017, 1033 (9th Cir. 2010)).
Typically, “courts cannot properly resolve substitution motions without
probing why a defendant wants a new lawyer.” Martel v. Clair, 565 U.S. 648, 664
(2012). In this case, the district court did not make any inquiry into Perez’s second
request for new counsel. Contrary to the government’s suggestion, a court cannot
assume that a request for new counsel is unreasonable simply because it is not the
first such request; there must be some inquiry into the relationship between the
defendant and counsel. See Velazquez, 855 F.3d at 1035.
The lack of inquiry is not dispositive where, as here, the defendant does not
claim that “there was a serious breach of trust and a significant breakdown in
1 Perez asks us to construe his complaints on the first day of trial regarding his counsel’s representation as a request for new counsel. A preserved challenge to a denial of a request for substitute counsel is reviewed for abuse of discretion, United States v. Prime, 431 F.3d 1147, 1154 (9th Cir. 2005); an unpreserved challenge is reviewed for plain error, see United States v. Myers, 804 F.3d 1246, 1253 (9th Cir. 2015). Because we conclude that Perez’s challenge fails under the less stringent abuse of discretion standard, we assume without deciding that his complaints amounted to a request for new counsel.
2 23-3861 communication that substantially interfered with the attorney-client relationship.”
Id. at 1035–36 (quoting United States v. Adelzo-Gonzalez, 268 F.3d 772, 779 (9th
Cir. 2001)). In his briefing, Perez denied that any such breakdown existed as of
the first day of trial; instead, he complained that his counsel “fail[ed] to
investigate” his criminal case and adequately defend him. Disagreement as to trial
strategy, without more, does not amount to an irreconcilable conflict. United
States v. Smith, 282 F.3d 758, 763 (9th Cir. 2002) (explaining that “[l]itigation
tactics are decisions generally left to defense counsel”).
In addition, Perez’s motion, made on the first day of trial, was untimely. If
his motion were granted, it would certainly have resulted in some delay, possibly
substantial, as a new attorney became familiar enough with the case to proceed
with trial. See United States v. McClendon, 782 F.2d 785, 789 (9th Cir. 1986) (“It
is within the trial judge’s discretion to deny a motion to substitute made during or
on the eve of trial if the substitution would require a continuance.”).
Because two of the three factors weigh in favor of the district court’s
decision not to grant Perez’s request for new counsel, and, importantly, Perez did
not allege a breakdown in his relationship with counsel, we hold that the district
court did not abuse its discretion by denying his second request for new counsel.
See United States v. Cassel, 408 F.3d 622, 638 (9th Cir. 2005).
2. The same cannot be said of Perez’s third request for new counsel. The
3 23-3861 post-plea motion filed on Perez’s behalf asked for new counsel to be appointed
because that there was “a complete breakdown in attorney-client communication
and the attorney-client relationship.” The attorney declaration further explained
that the attorney did not “believe such breakdown to be salvageable.”
At the hearing on the motion, Perez explained that he had reason to believe
that his attorney had not been truthful regarding the evidence in the government’s
possession. Perez explained that had he known about the evidence alleged to be in
the government’s possession, he “would have continued with trial.” The district
court did not ask Perez any follow-up questions regarding his concerns. Instead,
the court denied the motion, reasoning that it would not “make any difference what
attorney would be appointed” because Perez “would not be happy with that
attorney” given his prior requests for new counsel.
We have said that “[f]or an inquiry regarding substitution of counsel to be
sufficient, the trial court should question the attorney or defendant ‘privately and in
depth.’” United States v. Nguyen, 262 F.3d 998, 1004 (9th Cir. 2001) (citation
omitted). At the post-plea hearing, “[t]he court conducted no inquiry of [Perez] or
his lawyer regarding the conflict between them.” United States v. D’Amore, 56
F.3d 1202, 1205 (9th Cir. 1995) overruled in part on other grounds by United
States v. Garrett, 179 F.3d 1143, 1145 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc). This lack of
inquiry into the alleged breakdown in the attorney-client relationship weighs in
4 23-3861 Perez’s favor.
Our analysis regarding the extent of the conflict between Perez and his
counsel is hampered by the sparse record. See United States v. Musa, 220 F.3d
1096, 1102–03 (9th Cir. 2000) (“The absence of any inquiry by the district court
also deprives this court of a sufficient basis to conduct our review of [the
defendant’s] request.”). And unlike Perez’s second request, his third request for
new counsel was timely. Perez asked his counsel to request new counsel on his
behalf more than five weeks before his sentencing date.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 11 2026 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-3861 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 2:22-cr-00597-RGK-1 v. MEMORANDUM* JOSE MANUEL PEREZ,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California R. Gary Klausner, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted December 9, 2025 Pasadena, California
Before: M. SMITH, CHRISTEN, and FORREST, Circuit Judges.
Jose Manuel Perez challenges his conviction and sentence for three counts of
being a felon in possession of firearms, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). We
have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm in part, reverse in part,
and remand.
1. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Perez’s second
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. request to replace his trial counsel.1 To determine whether a denial of a request for
substitute counsel is an abuse of discretion, we consider “(1) the adequacy of the
district court’s inquiry; (2) the extent of the conflict between the defendant and
counsel; and (3) the timeliness of defendant’s motion.” United States v. Velazquez,
855 F.3d 1021, 1034 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting United States v. Reyes-Bosque, 596
F.3d 1017, 1033 (9th Cir. 2010)).
Typically, “courts cannot properly resolve substitution motions without
probing why a defendant wants a new lawyer.” Martel v. Clair, 565 U.S. 648, 664
(2012). In this case, the district court did not make any inquiry into Perez’s second
request for new counsel. Contrary to the government’s suggestion, a court cannot
assume that a request for new counsel is unreasonable simply because it is not the
first such request; there must be some inquiry into the relationship between the
defendant and counsel. See Velazquez, 855 F.3d at 1035.
The lack of inquiry is not dispositive where, as here, the defendant does not
claim that “there was a serious breach of trust and a significant breakdown in
1 Perez asks us to construe his complaints on the first day of trial regarding his counsel’s representation as a request for new counsel. A preserved challenge to a denial of a request for substitute counsel is reviewed for abuse of discretion, United States v. Prime, 431 F.3d 1147, 1154 (9th Cir. 2005); an unpreserved challenge is reviewed for plain error, see United States v. Myers, 804 F.3d 1246, 1253 (9th Cir. 2015). Because we conclude that Perez’s challenge fails under the less stringent abuse of discretion standard, we assume without deciding that his complaints amounted to a request for new counsel.
2 23-3861 communication that substantially interfered with the attorney-client relationship.”
Id. at 1035–36 (quoting United States v. Adelzo-Gonzalez, 268 F.3d 772, 779 (9th
Cir. 2001)). In his briefing, Perez denied that any such breakdown existed as of
the first day of trial; instead, he complained that his counsel “fail[ed] to
investigate” his criminal case and adequately defend him. Disagreement as to trial
strategy, without more, does not amount to an irreconcilable conflict. United
States v. Smith, 282 F.3d 758, 763 (9th Cir. 2002) (explaining that “[l]itigation
tactics are decisions generally left to defense counsel”).
In addition, Perez’s motion, made on the first day of trial, was untimely. If
his motion were granted, it would certainly have resulted in some delay, possibly
substantial, as a new attorney became familiar enough with the case to proceed
with trial. See United States v. McClendon, 782 F.2d 785, 789 (9th Cir. 1986) (“It
is within the trial judge’s discretion to deny a motion to substitute made during or
on the eve of trial if the substitution would require a continuance.”).
Because two of the three factors weigh in favor of the district court’s
decision not to grant Perez’s request for new counsel, and, importantly, Perez did
not allege a breakdown in his relationship with counsel, we hold that the district
court did not abuse its discretion by denying his second request for new counsel.
See United States v. Cassel, 408 F.3d 622, 638 (9th Cir. 2005).
2. The same cannot be said of Perez’s third request for new counsel. The
3 23-3861 post-plea motion filed on Perez’s behalf asked for new counsel to be appointed
because that there was “a complete breakdown in attorney-client communication
and the attorney-client relationship.” The attorney declaration further explained
that the attorney did not “believe such breakdown to be salvageable.”
At the hearing on the motion, Perez explained that he had reason to believe
that his attorney had not been truthful regarding the evidence in the government’s
possession. Perez explained that had he known about the evidence alleged to be in
the government’s possession, he “would have continued with trial.” The district
court did not ask Perez any follow-up questions regarding his concerns. Instead,
the court denied the motion, reasoning that it would not “make any difference what
attorney would be appointed” because Perez “would not be happy with that
attorney” given his prior requests for new counsel.
We have said that “[f]or an inquiry regarding substitution of counsel to be
sufficient, the trial court should question the attorney or defendant ‘privately and in
depth.’” United States v. Nguyen, 262 F.3d 998, 1004 (9th Cir. 2001) (citation
omitted). At the post-plea hearing, “[t]he court conducted no inquiry of [Perez] or
his lawyer regarding the conflict between them.” United States v. D’Amore, 56
F.3d 1202, 1205 (9th Cir. 1995) overruled in part on other grounds by United
States v. Garrett, 179 F.3d 1143, 1145 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc). This lack of
inquiry into the alleged breakdown in the attorney-client relationship weighs in
4 23-3861 Perez’s favor.
Our analysis regarding the extent of the conflict between Perez and his
counsel is hampered by the sparse record. See United States v. Musa, 220 F.3d
1096, 1102–03 (9th Cir. 2000) (“The absence of any inquiry by the district court
also deprives this court of a sufficient basis to conduct our review of [the
defendant’s] request.”). And unlike Perez’s second request, his third request for
new counsel was timely. Perez asked his counsel to request new counsel on his
behalf more than five weeks before his sentencing date. His counsel filed a motion
to withdraw twenty-two days in advance of the sentencing, and the district court
did not rely on the timing of Perez’s request in denying the motion to substitute
new counsel. See Velazquez, 855 F.3d at 1037.
On this record, we vacate the district court’s denial of the motion to
withdraw and remand for a further hearing on the motion.
3. Perez also challenges the district court’s interpretation and application of
the Sentencing Guidelines. Because resolving these issues may avoid a second
appeal, we reach these issues now. We review de novo the district court’s
identification of the applicable Guidelines, the court’s factual findings for clear
error, and its application of those Guidelines to the facts for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Gasca-Ruiz, 852 F.3d 1167, 1170 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc).
The applicable Guideline for a felon in possession charge provides a base
5 23-3861 offense level of 22 if (1) “the offense involved a . . . semiautomatic firearm that is
capable of accepting a large capacity magazine” and (2) “the defendant committed
any part of the instant offense subsequent to sustaining one felony conviction of
. . . a crime of violence.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(3).2 Perez challenges the district
court’s findings as to both elements.
The district court reasonably found the first element satisfied based on video
evidence taken from Perez’s phone and an identification of the make and model of
the firearm and magazine depicted in the videos by the government’s Firearms and
Ammunition Interstate Nexus Expert. See United States v. Kurns, 129 F.4th 589,
595–96 (9th Cir. 2025). As for the second element, Perez is correct that California
Penal Code § 245(a)(1) does not constitute a crime of violence for the purposes of
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a). United States v. Gomez, --- F.4th ---, No. 23-435, 2026 WL
90274, at *7 (9th Cir. Jan. 13, 2026) (en banc) (overruling prior circuit precedent
and holding that § 245(a)(1) is not a “crime of violence” under U.S.S.G. §
4B1.2(a)); see U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 app. n. 1 (explaining that “Crime of violence” has
the meaning given that term in § 4B1.2(a)). However, Perez failed to raise this
argument prior to his appeal and the district court’s holding otherwise was not
plain error. Gomez, --- F.4th ---, No. 23-435, 2026 WL 90274, at *8–*9 (holding
2 We cite to the 2023 edition of the Guidelines, which would have been in effect at the time of Perez’s sentencing. See United States v. Wang, 944 F.3d 1081, 1083 n.1 (9th Cir. 2019).
6 23-3861 that the district court’s conclusion that § 245(a)(1) is a “crime of violence” was
erroneous, but that the error was not plain and was instead a close and difficult
question).
Next, Perez argues for the first time on appeal that the district court erred in
applying an adjustment for an offense involving three or more firearms because
each count that he pleaded guilty to involved only one firearm.
Section 2K2.1(b)(1) directs the sentencing court to increase the base offense
level by two if the “offense involved” between three and seven firearms. The
Guidelines defines “offense” as the “offense of conviction and all relevant conduct
under §1B1.3.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1 app. n. 1(I). “Relevant conduct” aggregates
conduct across counts if the “offenses are of a character for which § 3D1.2(d)
would require grouping of multiple counts.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2). Firearm
offenses sentenced under § 2K2.1 are listed as offenses in § 3D1.2(d) that must be
grouped. Therefore, the district court did not plainly err by aggregating the three
firearm offenses to which Perez pled guilty in applying § 2K2.1(b)(1).
Perez contends that there was insufficient evidence to warrant application of
§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(A) because the government did not establish that Perez possessed a
firearm while leaving the United States. Section 2K2.1(b)(6)(A) provides for a
four-level increase when a defendant “possessed any firearm . . . while leaving or
attempting to leave the United States.” The government presented photographs
7 23-3861 and videos purporting to show Perez holding a pistol in California from August to
October in 2021 and a subsequent series of videos and a text message exchange
allegedly demonstrating that Perez possessed the same pistol in Mexico a month
later. Based on this evidence, the court’s application of the § 2K2.1(b)(6)(A)
enhancement was not an abuse of discretion.
We affirm the district court’s interpretation and application of the
Sentencing Guidelines. If, after inquiry into Perez’s third request for new counsel,
the district court finds no breakdown in the attorney-client relationship sufficient to
warrant substitution of counsel, the court need not resentence Perez. Otherwise,
the district court should appoint a new attorney for Perez and conduct a new
sentencing hearing. See Adelzo-Gonzalez, 268 F.3d at 781; Musa, 220 F.3d at
1102–03.
4. Finally, Perez’s argument that 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) is unconstitutional as
applied to him is foreclosed by our decision United States v. Duarte, 137 F.4th
743, 762 (9th Cir. 2025) (en banc).
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.
8 23-3861