FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS May 7, 2014 Elisabeth A. Shumaker TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 13-8083 v. (D.C. Nos. 2:13-CV-00010-NDF and 2:06-CR-00157-CAB-1) JAIME MANUEL PEÑA, (D. Wyo.) Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *
Before GORSUCH, MURPHY, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.
Jaime Manuel Peña, proceeding pro se, 1 seeks a certificate of appealability
(“COA”) to contest the district court’s denial of his motion to vacate, set aside, or
correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Because reasonable jurists
could not debate the correctness of the district court’s decision, we deny Mr.
* This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1. 1 Because Mr. Peña appears pro se, we afford his filings a liberal construction. See Garza v. Davis, 596 F.3d 1198, 1201 n.2 (10th Cir. 2010); Yang v. Archuleta, 525 F.3d 925, 927 n.1 (10th Cir. 2008). Peña’s application, deny in forma pauperis (“IFP”) status, and dismiss this matter.
I
In July 2006, a federal grand jury indicted Mr. Peña on one count of
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute methamphetamine,
in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. Mr. Peña proceeded to trial and
was convicted. The district court sentenced him to serve 325 months’
imprisonment followed by five years of supervised release. In doing so, the court
applied a two-level enhancement under the United States Sentencing Guidelines
(“U.S.S.G.” or “Guidelines”), because of the presence of a firearm during the
offense of conviction. A panel of this court affirmed Mr. Peña’s conviction and
sentence. See United States v. Peña, 279 F. App’x 702, 710 (10th Cir. 2008).
Mr. Peña subsequently 2 sought § 2255 relief in the District of Wyoming,
alleging that: (1) 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a) and (b) are unconstitutionally vague as
applied to his case; (2) he received ineffective assistance of counsel; (3) his
sentence violates the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual
punishment; and (4) three Supreme Court cases were potentially relevant to the
2 Although Mr. Peña originally filed his § 2255 motion in 2009, the matter “was never formally opened by the district court.” R. at 11 (Order, filed Jan. 24, 2013). Presumably, the error came to light when Mr. Peña sought this court’s permission to file a second or successive § 2255 motion. The district court opened Mr. Peña’s first § 2255 motion on January 14, 2013, and the Tenth Circuit Clerk issued an order dismissing his second-or-successive application on January 24, 2013.
2 determination of his case. Without holding an evidentiary hearing, the district
court rejected all of his claims on the merits and did not issue a COA.
On January 9, 2014, Mr. Peña filed a combined opening brief and
application for a COA in this court. He requested IFP status in a separate,
contemporaneous filing.
II
A
A COA is a jurisdictional prerequisite to our review of the district court’s
denial of a § 2255 motion. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B); Clark v. Oklahoma,
468 F.3d 711, 713 (10th Cir. 2006). It will issue only if the applicant makes “a
substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” Woodward v. Cline,
693 F.3d 1289, 1292 (10th Cir.) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2)) (internal
quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 133 S. Ct. 669 (2012). “To
make such a showing, an applicant must demonstrate ‘that reasonable jurists
could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have
been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to
deserve encouragement to proceed further.’” Harris v. Dinwiddie, 642 F.3d 902,
906 (10th Cir. 2011) (quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)).
B
Mr. Peña requests a COA in order to challenge the district court’s
determinations regarding: (1) his “as-applied” vagueness challenge to 21 U.S.C.
3 §§ 841(a) and (b); (2) his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim; (3) his Eighth
Amendment claim; and (4) the relevance of three Supreme Court cases. We take
up his arguments in turn and reject them.
All criminal statutes “must give a person of ordinary intelligence fair notice
that his contemplated conduct is forbidden.” United States v. Lovern, 590 F.3d
1095, 1103 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]hose that fail
this test are treated as no laws at all: they are ‘void for vagueness.’” Id. (quoting
Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379, 390 (1979)). Void-for-vagueness objections
“rest on [a] lack of notice, and hence may be overcome in any specific case where
reasonable persons would know that their conduct is at risk.” Maynard v.
Cartwright, 486 U.S. 356, 361 (1988).
As is relevant here, Mr. Peña disputes the constitutionality of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1), which states, in relevant part, that “it shall be unlawful for any
person knowingly or intentionally . . . [to] distribute, or . . . possess with intent
to . . . distribute . . . a controlled substance.” He also challenges 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b), which provides that “any person who violates subsection (a) . . . shall be
sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may not be less than 10 years or more
than life.” However, the crux of his argument is a disagreement with the
sentencing court’s consideration of his possession of a firearm and other “relevant
4 conduct” contemplated by the Guidelines. 3 More specifically, Mr. Peña contends
that the applicable statutory provisions nowhere mention a firearm or “relevant
conduct” and, therefore, could not have provided notice that his actions would be
unlawful. We disagree.
“[T]he authority of a judge to exercise broad discretion in imposing a
sentence within a statutory range” cannot be gainsaid. United States v. Booker,
543 U.S. 220, 233 (2005). Guided by that principle, in United States v. Ramirez
we rejected a vagueness challenge to 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 846 wherein the
defendant (who also was assessed a sentencing enhancement) insisted he “could
not have known that he would be subject to criminal liability for . . . conduct
recognized by sentencing enhancements.” 479 F.3d 1229, 1256 (10th Cir. 2007)
(internal quotation marks omitted), abrogated on other grounds as recognized in
United States v. Bagby, 696 F.3d 1074, 1081 (10th Cir. 2012). We observed in so
doing that “sentencing courts may exercise[ ] discretion . . . in imposing sentence
within statutory limits in the individual case. Where the guidelines are merely
advisory, as they were at the time of [the defendant’s] sentencing, the maximum
sentence is the statutory limit, not the upper bound of the calculated guidelines
range.” Id. at 1257 (first alteration and omission in original) (citations omitted)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Importantly, we concluded that the statutory
3 Mr. Peña does not dispute the district court’s finding that his 325- month sentence does not exceed statutory limits or the advisory range indicated by the Guidelines.
5 provisions were not unconstitutionally vague, because “[t]he sentencing
enhancements were not required to be included in the statute as elements of the
crime.” Id. (emphasis added). Ramirez remains controlling precedent on this
issue and makes clear that Mr. Peña’s as-applied vagueness challenge has no heft.
Our pre- and post-Booker case law bolsters this conclusion. Notably, in
United States v. Magallanez, we stated that “[e]ven prior to the Sentencing
Reform Act, . . . a sentencing court had broad discretion to consider information
concerning the defendant’s life and characteristics, including conduct on which he
had not been convicted.” 408 F.3d 672, 684 (10th Cir. 2005). And, in United
States v. Crockett, we noted that “[u]nder an advisory Guidelines regime, a
conviction, by itself, authorizes a sentence up to the statutory maximum.” 435
F.3d 1305, 1319 (10th Cir. 2006).
Thus, as we concluded in Crockett, “the facts guiding the district court’s
exercise of discretion need not be found beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.; see
also United States v. Eagan, 965 F.2d 887, 892 (10th Cir. 1992) (affirming
firearm-possession enhancement even where the jury had acquitted on “using-and-
carrying” charge); United States v. Coleman, 947 F.2d 1424, 1429 (10th Cir.
1991) (same). These cases, along with Guidelines commentary—i.e., that
“[c]onduct that is not formally charged or is not an element of the offense of
conviction may enter into the determination of the applicable guideline sentencing
range,” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, cmt. background (2006)—lead ineluctably to the
6 conclusion that the district court was correct to reject Mr. Peña’s vagueness
challenge. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of his § 2255 motion
on this basis.
Turning next to Mr. Peña’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, we note
that he “must show both that his counsel’s performance ‘fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness’ and that ‘the deficient performance prejudiced the
defense.’” Byrd v. Workman, 645 F.3d 1159, 1167 (10th Cir. 2011) (quoting
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88 (1984)). “These two prongs may
be addressed in any order, and failure to satisfy either is dispositive.” Littlejohn
v. Trammell, 704 F.3d 817, 859 (10th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks
omitted). In assessing the challenged conduct, we consider “counsel’s
perspective at the time” and “strongly” presume counsel has “rendered adequate
assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable
professional judgment.” United States v. Challoner, 583 F.3d 745, 749 (10th Cir.
2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Mr. Peña contends that he was the victim of ineffective assistance of
counsel in several respects. With no supporting factual record, he asserts that his
attorney: (1) failed to explain the federal trial process; (2) presumed he would
plead guilty and thus inadequately prepared for trial; (3) did not “explore . . . his
desire to accept responsibility,” R. at 7 (Mot. to Vacate Sentence, filed Jan. 14,
7 2013); (4) disputed the appropriate quantum of necessary pretrial investigation;
(5) “failed to explain that [he] was unable to proceed to trial on the disputed facts
while conceding guilt on other facts,” id. at 60 (Mem. in Support of Mot. to
Vacate, filed June 27, 2013) (capitalization altered); (6) failed to explain the
sentencing process; (7) “failed to press [his] age, upbringing, and personal
surroundings” at sentencing, id. (capitalization altered); and (8) “failed to present
the undisputable fact that the drug guidelines are based on congressional
meddling,” id. (capitalization altered). The district court found that all eight
challenges failed under the Strickland rubric, and so do we.
As the Strickland Court explained, we need not address both aspects of an
ineffective-assistance claim if the defendant’s showing on one is insufficient. See
466 U.S. at 697; accord McGee v. Higgins, 568 F.3d 832, 839 (10th Cir. 2009).
Mr. Peña’s ineffective-assistance arguments plainly founder on Strickland’s
prejudice prong for failure to demonstrate a “reasonable probability”—or, indeed,
any probability—“that, but for counsel’s unprofessional error(s), the result of the
proceeding . . . would have been different.” Cargle v. Mullin, 317 F.3d 1196,
1202 (10th Cir. 2003). “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” McGee, 568 F.3d at 839 (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694) (internal quotation marks omitted).
For Mr. Peña, the “outcomes” in question are whether, but for counsel’s
performance, he would have (1) opted to plead guilty rather than go to trial; (2)
8 been acquitted rather than convicted; or (3) received a less onerous sentence. No
favorable reading of his filings brings such an argument to light. In fact, our
review of the record leaves us with no doubt that all of Mr. Peña’s ineffective-
assistance contentions are either impermissibly vague or patently wrong.
Ultimately, it is beyond cavil that conclusory allegations such as those advanced
by Mr. Peña do not satisfy Strickland’s prejudice inquiry. See Cummings v.
Sirmons, 506 F.3d 1211, 1233–34 (10th Cir. 2007) (noting that “[w]ithout a more
precise identification of what [deficiencies Defendant] is referring to,” no
prejudice can be found); see also Hinton v. Alabama, --- U.S. ----, 134 S. Ct.
1081, 1088 (2014) (noting that most choices of counsel are “virtually
unchallengeable” under Strickland (internal quotation marks omitted)).
In sum, because Mr. Peña offers only vague and conclusory allegations and
does not argue prejudice, his ineffective-assistance claim is thoroughly
unpersuasive. The district court was consequently justified in rejecting this claim
as grounds for habeas relief.
Next, Mr. Peña alleges that his sentence violates the Eighth Amendment’s
proscription of “inherently barbaric punishments under all circumstances and
punishments that are disproportionate to the crime committed.” United States v.
Orona, 724 F.3d 1297, 1300 (10th Cir.) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert.
denied, --- U.S. ----, 134 S. Ct. 662 (2013). The entirety of this claim is that his
9 sentence offends the Eighth Amendment because it was allegedly “imposed absent
consideration of a maturing society.” R. at 7. Setting aside the established
principle that such a bare-bones allegation does not comprise a viable Eighth
Amendment claim, see Handy v. Price, 996 F.2d 1064, 1068 (10th Cir. 1993), we
find it pellucid that his sentence is proportionate. As discussed above, Mr. Peña’s
325-month (or roughly twenty-seven-year) sentence falls squarely within the
statutory range of ten years to life corresponding to his offense of conviction. See
21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). Because “[g]enerally, a sentence within the limits
imposed by statute is neither excessive nor cruel and unusual under the Eighth
Amendment,” United States v. Gillespie, 452 F.3d 1183, 1190 (10th Cir. 2006), it
is clear that no additional argument could revive Mr. Peña’s challenge.
We have held this view for decades and, absent compelling legal argument
to the contrary, do not stray from it here. See United States v. Kuck, 573 F.2d 25,
27–28 (10th Cir. 1978) (“Although the Eighth Amendment is a constitutional
limitation on congressionally prescribed penalties, legislative provision for a
penalty is some indication that it does not offend ‘the evolving standards of
decency that mark the progress of a maturing society.’” (quoting Trop v. Dulles,
356 U.S. 86, 101 (1958))); Andrus v. Turner, 421 F.2d 290, 292 (10th Cir. 1970)
(“[A] sentence will not be . . . considered as cruel and unusual punishment if it is
within the statutory limits.”); see also United States v. Angelos, 433 F.3d 738,
10 750 (10th Cir. 2006) (observing that the Supreme Court has only invalidated two
sentences on Eighth Amendment grounds in the past century).
When Mr. Peña filed his § 2255 motion, he hoped that three cases before
the Supreme Court—Johnson v. United States, 559 U.S. 133 (2010), United States
v. O’Brien, 560 U.S. 218 (2010), and Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48
(2010)—would beneficially impact his case. The district court noted that Mr.
Peña had not “expound[ed] upon how he expected these cases to affect his case,”
R. at 118 (Dist. Ct. Order, filed Sept. 24, 2013), and ultimately ruled that “[n]one
of these cases have any bearing on [Mr. Peña’s] case whatsoever,” id. at 119.
It is patent that reasonable jurists could not debate the correctness of the
district court’s determination on this point: Johnson held that a state battery
conviction was not a “violent felony” under the Armed Career Criminal Act, see
559 U.S. at 141–42; O’Brien held that whether a firearm is a “machinegun” must
be proved to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt, see 560 U.S. at 235; and
Graham held that the Eighth Amendment “prohibits the imposition of a life
without parole sentence on a juvenile offender who did not commit homicide,”
560 U.S. at 82. These cases are at best tangentially relevant to Mr. Peña’s case,
in that they involve sentencing enhancements, firearms, and the Eighth
Amendment, respectively. Moreover, Mr. Peña’s failure to lodge any argument in
11 support of this claim renders it fatally infirm. Accordingly, we reject his request
for a COA on this issue.
III
Mr. Peña also requests IFP status, an issue the district court did not
consider in ruling on his § 2255 motion. However, he has failed to demonstrate
“the existence of a reasoned, nonfrivolous argument on the law and facts in
support of the issues raised on appeal.” Watkins v. Leyba, 543 F.3d 624, 627
(10th Cir. 2008) (quoting McIntosh v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 115 F.3d 809, 812
(10th Cir. 1997)) (internal quotation marks omitted). As a result, he is not
entitled to proceed IFP.
IV
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that reasonable jurists could not
debate the correctness of the district court’s rulings. Thus, we DENY Mr. Peña’s
request for a COA and DENY his motion for IFP status. This matter is hereby
DISMISSED.
Entered for the Court
JEROME A. HOLMES Circuit Judge