NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 19a0514n.06
No. 18-5521 FILED Oct 11, 2019 DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) Plaintiff–Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT v. ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE PATRICK HARRIS, ) ) OPINION Defendant–Appellant. ) )
Before: MOORE, MCKEAGUE, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Patrick Harris pleaded guilty to possessing
child pornography, and the district court sentenced him to eighty months of imprisonment. Harris
now appeals this sentence on the grounds that it is procedurally and substantively unreasonable.
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we AFFIRM the sentence of the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
In November 2014, an FBI detective was working to identify individuals possessing and
sharing known images of child pornography using peer-to-peer file sharing software. R. 85
(Change of Plea Hr’g Tr. at 18) (Page ID #378).1 The detective identified a computer associated
with a certain Internet protocol (IP) address as having one such image available for download. Id.
Pursuant to an administrative subpoena, the detective identified the subscriber to this IP address
1 Harris stipulated to the facts as recited herein at his change of plea hearing. R. 85 (Change of Plea Hr’g Tr. at 19) (Page ID #379). No. 18-5521, United States v. Harris
as Patrick Harris of Collierville, Tennessee. Id. Upon agents’ execution of a search warrant at his
residence, Harris admitted to using the Internet and peer-to-peer file sharing programs to look for,
obtain, and share child pornography. Id. at 19 (Page ID #379); R. 40 (PSR ¶ 9) (Page ID #108).
Agents seized numerous electronic devices from Harris’s home, which included more than 1,000
image files of prepubescent and pubescent minors engaging in sexually explicit conduct. R. 85
(Change of Plea Hr’g Tr. at 19) (Page ID #379).
Harris pleaded guilty to one count of possession of child pornography. R. 85 (Change of
Plea Hr’g Tr. at 13, 21) (Page ID #373, 381). At his sentencing, he made one material objection
to the presentence report: a proposed, five-level sentencing enhancement for distribution of
material with an expectation of value in return. R. 40 (PSR ¶ 24) (Page ID #125); R. 56
(Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 89, 13) (Page ID #193–94, 198). The district court agreed with Harris that
this sentencing enhancement should not apply, and instead applied a two-level enhancement for
“knowingly engag[ing] in distribution,” without objection from Harris. R. 56 (Sentencing Hr’g
Tr. at 12) (Page ID #197); U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(F). The parties confirmed there were no other
objections to the presentence report, and the court adopted all matters in this report as findings of
fact. R. 56 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 12) (Page ID #197). The court then explained that in addition
to a base offense level of 18 and the two-level distribution enhancement, it would add two levels
for material involving minors under the age of 12 (§ 2G2.2(b)(2)), four levels for images involving
sadistic or masochistic activities (§ 2G2.2(b)(4)), two levels for the use of a computer
(§ 2G2.2(b)(6)), and five levels for the offense’s involvement of over 600 images
(§ 2G2.2(b)(7)(D)). R. 56 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 12) (Page ID #197). The court also applied a
2 No. 18-5521, United States v. Harris
three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility. Id. The court then provided a lengthy
explanation of the basis for its sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and sentenced Harris to
eighty months of imprisonment, followed by a five-year term of supervised release. Id. at 46 (Page
ID #231). After the sentence was imposed, Harris’s attorney did not object to the judgment. Id.
at 51 (Page ID #236).
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We review criminal sentences for procedural and substantive reasonableness. Gall v.
United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). Typically, this review is conducted under an abuse-of-
discretion standard. United States v. Novales, 589 F.3d 310, 314 (6th Cir. 2009). If, however, a
party fails to object to the sentence pronounced by the district court when given an opportunity, a
claim of procedural unreasonableness is reviewed only for plain error. United States v. Vonner,
516 F.3d 382, 385–86 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc). As this court explained in United States v. Bostic,
371 F.3d 865 (6th Cir. 2004):
[D]istrict courts, after pronouncing the defendant’s sentence but before adjourning the sentencing hearing, [must] ask the parties whether they have any objections to the sentence just pronounced that have not previously been raised. If the district court fails to provide the parties with this opportunity, they will not have forfeited their objections and thus will not be required to demonstrate plain error on appeal.
Id. at 872 (footnote omitted). The parties appear to agree that Harris did not object at his sentencing
hearing when given the opportunity, and that plain-error review therefore applies to his procedural
reasonableness challenge. Plain error requires (1) an “error or defect,” (2) that is “clear or
obvious,” and (3) that “affect[s] the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means
3 No. 18-5521, United States v. Harris
he must demonstrate that it ‘affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.’” Puckett v.
United States, 556 U.S. 129, 135 (2009) (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732–34
(1993)). “[I]f the above three prongs are satisfied, the court of appeals has the discretion to remedy
the error—discretion which ought to be exercised only if the error ‘seriously affect[s] the fairness,
integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” Id. (quoting Olano, 570 U.S. at 736).
“Unlike objections to the procedural reasonableness of a sentence,” however, “the defendant need
not object to the substantive reasonableness of a sentence in the district court in order to preserve
the issue for appeal.” United States v. Massey, 663 F.3d 852, 857 (6th Cir. 2011).
B. Procedural Reasonableness
A sentencing court commits procedural error by “failing to calculate (or improperly
calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the
§ 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately
explain the chosen sentence—including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines
range.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. Harris argues that the district court committed procedural error in
1) applying a two-level enhancement in U.S. Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”) § 2G2.2(b)(3)(F)
based on insufficient evidence, and 2) applying other enhancements in U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b) that
were “out of proportion with the offense conduct.” Appellant Br. at 26. We consider these
arguments in turn.
1. Application of U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(F)
Harris first argues that the application of U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(F)—which adds a two-
level enhancement if the defendant “knowingly engaged in distribution” of child pornography—
4 No. 18-5521, United States v. Harris
was improper as there was no evidence in the record of his “knowing” exchange or sharing of
illicit material with other users. Appellant Br. at 18. Although Harris’s attorney successfully
challenged the application of a more severe enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3), see R. 56
(Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 89, 13) (Page ID #193–94, 198), she did not dispute the applicability of
the enhancement Harris now challenges. The following colloquy from the sentencing hearing
illuminates this point:
The Court: What’s your position on the two-level enhancement?
Ms. McClusky: If I had to make a choice between five and two, I would certainly go for two. My preference is nothing, but I can certainly see that there were the exchanges and—but—
The Court: But it’s, you know, 2G2.2B3F does appear to me . . . to otherwise apply; would you agree?
Ms. McClusky: Yes. Yes, Your Honor.
R. 56 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 11) (Page ID #196). On appeal, Harris argues for the first time that
this enhancement was improper due to a lack of evidence in the record regarding his “knowing[]
. . . distribution” of child pornography. U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(3)(F). In support of this argument,
he cites his agreement at the change of plea hearing with the government’s statement that he
“admitted to using the Internet and peer-to-peer file sharing programs to look for and obtain child
pornography,” R. 85 (Change of Plea Hr’g Tr. at 19) (Page ID #379), in an apparent attempt to
highlight the absence of any reference to “distribution” in this statement.
As Harris himself acknowledges, however, the presentence report—the accuracy of which
he did not dispute at sentencing—indicates that Harris admitted not only to obtaining child
pornography but also to sharing it with others. Specifically, the presentence report states that
5 No. 18-5521, United States v. Harris
“Harris admitted to downloading child pornography from peer-to-peer file sharing programs, such
as eMule and Bit Torrent, to search, obtain, and share child pornography.” R. 40 (PSR ¶ 9) (Page
ID #108). Even more to the point: “Harris further stated some individuals obtained images and
movies from him.” Id. ¶ 9 (Page ID #108). On appeal, Harris criticizes the district court’s reliance
on “unsworn, second hand information” from the presentence report, which he argues was “inferior
in quality.” Appellant Br. at 18. It is well established under Sixth Circuit precedent, however, that
“when facts in the presentence report are undisputed, the district court can rely on them for
purposes of sentencing.” United States v. Brandon, 736 F. App’x 573, 575 (6th Cir. 2018); see
Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(A) (“At sentencing, the court . . . may accept any undisputed portion of
the presentence report as a finding of fact.”). Harris does not contend that the district court should
have made factual findings under a preponderance of the evidence standard, nor could he. “[T]he
defendant must actively raise the dispute during the sentencing hearing before the district court’s
duty to find facts arises.” United States v. White, 492 F.3d 380, 415 (6th Cir. 2007). As we have
previously explained, “[w]e can find no reason to require a district court to make independent
findings outside the PSR when the facts are undisputed.” United States v. Treadway, 328 F.3d
878, 886 (6th Cir. 2003).
In any event, it is unclear how the quoted portions of the presentence report are
“contradictory” to Harris’s admission at the change of plea hearing that he “use[d] . . . peer-to-peer
file sharing programs to look for and obtain child pornography.” R. 85 (Change of Plea Hr’g Tr.
at 19) (Page ID #379); Appellant Br. at 34. At no point during the change of plea hearing did
Harris deny distributing child pornography to other individuals; his statements to the FBI agents
6 No. 18-5521, United States v. Harris
confirming that he shared child pornography with others thus supplement—but do not
“contradict”—his more limited admission about “look[ing] for and obtain[ing] child pornography”
at the change of plea hearing. R. 85 (Change of Plea Hr’g Tr. at 19) (Page ID #379).
For the foregoing reasons, the district court did not commit error in applying the two-level
enhancement for knowing distribution.
2. Application of other enhancements in U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)
Harris next argues that the district court erred in its application of four other enhancements
under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b): the two-level enhancement for material involving minors under the
age of 12 (§ 2G2.2(b)(2)), the four-level enhancement for images involving sadistic or masochistic
activities (§ 2G2.2(b)(4)), the two-level enhancement for the use of a computer (§ 2G2.2(b)(6)),
and the five-level enhancement for the offense’s involvement of over 600 images
(§ 2G2.2(b)(7)(D)).
Harris argues that the “rote application” of these enhancements “not only serves to
drastically increase sentences of even first time offenders with non-contact offenses, [but also]
consequently fails to comport with the overarching sentencing principle of 18 U.S.[C.] § 3553(a)”
to impose a sentence that is sufficient but not greater than necessary to further the purposes of
sentencing. Appellant Br. at 23. Harris appears to argue that the application itself of these
enhancements was erroneous. Id. at 24 (“He was clearly prejudiced by the application of these
enhancements.”). He also argues that it was error “for the sentencing court to select the sentence
of 80 months based, in part, on the application of guidelines that rendered an even higher
7 No. 18-5521, United States v. Harris
recommended sentence because the selected sentence did not ‘promote respect for the law’ nor did
it ‘provide just punishment for the offense.’” Id. at 24–26.
These arguments are unpersuasive. First, to the extent Harris claims that the district court
erred in ignoring the Sentencing Commission’s criticism of U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b) and applying its
enhancements in calculating the proper Guidelines range, he misunderstands the nature of
procedural reasonableness. Although the Supreme Court’s decisions following United States v.
Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), “make clear that a district court may in appropriate cases impose a
non-Guidelines sentence based on a disagreement with the Commission’s views,” Pepper v.
United States, 562 U.S. 476, 501 (2011), “[p]roper calculation of a defendant’s Guidelines range
is a threshold procedure that the district court must undertake before it can vary from those
Guidelines.” United States v. Wagner, 429 F. App’x 596, 602 n.4 (6th Cir. 2011). Second, even
if Harris had preserved the argument that the district court should have varied downward more
significantly for policy reasons, “the district court is not required to do so when it does not share
the Defendant’s particular policy concerns.” Id. at 603. Because we conclude that there was no
error in the district court’s application of these enhancements, there is no need to complete the
plain-error analysis.
We do note, however, that even if the enhancements in U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b) were updated,
as Harris desires, to “differentiate[] between offenders based on specific characteristics of their
offense and their persons,” Appellant Br. at 21, such an update may not have benefited him. As
Harris notes, the Sentencing Commission’s 2012 report recommending modifications to the
existing guidelines explains that § 2G2.2(b) should be updated to account for “other aspects of an
8 No. 18-5521, United States v. Harris
offender’s collecting behavior reflecting his culpability.” United States Sentencing Commission,
Federal Child Pornography Offenses at 323 (2012), https://www.ussc.gov/research/congressional-
reports/2012-report-congress-federal-child-pornography-offenses. For example, the report
mentions “the extent to which an offender catalogued his child pornography collection by topics
such as age, gender, or type of sexual activity depicted.” Id. In this case, Harris searched for
subject matter matching several of these topics, mirroring the type of “catalogu[ing]” the 2012
report describes. R. 40 (PSR ¶ 10) (Page ID #108) (search terms); R. 56 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at
12) (Page ID #197) (confirming no objection to the presentence report). The Commission’s
recommendations also emphasize “the duration of an offender’s collecting behavior,” 2012 Report
at 323, and although the presentence report does not indicate precisely how long Harris had
possessed and distributed child pornography, it does include his acknowledgment that he was
addicted to child pornography and that this addiction “come[s] and goes.” R. 40 (PSR ¶ 9) (Page
ID #108). Harris also acknowledged at his plea allocution that he had been viewing child
pornography for a lengthy period of time. R. 85 (Change of Plea Hr’g Tr. at 19–20) (Page ID
#379–80); R. 56 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 34) (Page ID #219) (noting that Harris had admitted “to
being addicted to child pornography on and off for years”). In all, it is unclear that Harris would
have fared any better under potential, updated sentencing enhancements for child pornography
offenders.
For the foregoing reasons, the district court did not commit error in applying various
enhancements under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b).
9 No. 18-5521, United States v. Harris
C. Substantive Reasonableness
Because we conclude there was no procedural error below, we turn to Harris’s contention
that the district court’s sentence was substantively unreasonable. Harris argues that a sentence of
eighty months was “out of proportion with what is necessary” to further the statutory sentencing
goals. Appellant Br. at 26, 34.
“The essence of a substantive-reasonableness claim is whether the length of the sentence
is ‘greater than necessary’ to achieve the sentencing goals set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United
States v. Tristan-Madrigal, 601 F.3d 629, 632–33 (6th Cir. 2010). In considering whether the
§ 3553(a) factors justify the sentence, we apply a presumption of reasonableness to within-
Guidelines sentences. Vonner, 516 F.3d at 389–90. “‘[I]t follows from simple logic’ that a below-
Guidelines sentence is ‘presumed not to be unreasonably severe.’” United States v. Curry, 536
F.3d 571, 573 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Bailey, 264 F. App’x 480, 485 (6th Cir.
2008)). “The sentencing court, of course, is required to ‘impose a sentence sufficient, but not
greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes set forth in § 3553(a)(2).’ 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a). On review, however, the appellate court’s task is different—it must determine whether
a different sentence was ‘required.’” United States v. Reilly, 662 F.3d 754, 761 n.3 (6th Cir. 2011)
(alterations omitted) (quoting Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 354 (2007)); see also United
States v. Brown, 579 F.3d 672, 687 (6th Cir. 2009) (“Ultimately, Defendant’s arguments appear to
contend that, given his personal characteristics, a different sentence was justified. While we might
agree, he has not shown that a different sentence was required.”).
10 No. 18-5521, United States v. Harris
We cannot conclude that a different sentence was required here. The district court made
on-the-record observations regarding the nature, circumstances, and seriousness of the offense,
Harris’s history and characteristics, the need for adequate deterrence, the protection of the public,
promoting respect for the rule of law, providing just punishment, and the need for substance abuse
and mental health treatment. R. 56 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 34–45) (Page ID #219–230). Harris
does not appear to argue that the district court failed to explain its sentence in terms of the
§ 3553(a) factors, but rather that it “should have weighed” certain factors more heavily than others.
Appellant Br. at 34. Yet the district court recounted Harris’s positive attributes and background
in great detail, stating, “Mr. Harris, I don’t see you as a monster. . . . In fact, the letters that I
read . . . describe you as ethical, hard working, . . . [and] a good father.” R. 56 (Sentencing Hr’g
Tr. at 37) (Page ID #222). Only after discussing Harris’s history and characteristics, including the
trauma he experienced as a child, the upstanding conduct he had demonstrated in other areas of
his life, and the professional, psychological, and emotional difficulties he faced as an adult, as well
as the other factors of § 3553(a), did the court sentence him to a below-guidelines sentence of
eighty months. R. 56 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 44) (Page ID #229). The court provided detailed
reasons for this sentence and the variance, id. at 44 (Page ID #229), and informed Harris that it
had “view[ed] . . . statements [he had] made in the light most favorable to [him], frankly.” Id. at
45 (Page ID #230). Harris believes a more lenient sentence was justified based on these factors,
but the district court properly exercised its discretion in weighing them against other factors
favoring a significant custodial sentence.
11 No. 18-5521, United States v. Harris
Nor are Harris’s various attempts to criticize the lack of data-driven analysis in the district
court’s sentence convincing. We have acknowledged that in the context of child pornography
sentencing enhancements, “the [Sentencing] Commission’s usual statistical methods have taken a
backseat to Congress’s ‘desire to cast a wider criminal net[] and impose harsher punishments.’”
United States v. Lynde, 926 F.3d 275, 280 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting United States v. McNerney,
636 F.3d 772, 776 (6th Cir. 2011)). Notwithstanding their lesser reliance on empirical support,
these enhancements are valid. Id. It follows that a district court need not justify its sentence in a
child pornography case with precise data. See United States v. Widmer, 511 F. App’x 506, 510
(6th Cir. 2013) (rejecting a defendant’s claim that the “market theory” of general deterrence was
inapplicable to him, as he had downloaded but not distributed child pornography).
Harris has failed to rebut the presumption of substantive reasonableness accorded to his
below-Guidelines sentence. The district court did not abuse its discretion here.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Harris’s sentence.