Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 1 of 9
[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11253 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 3:15-cr-00175-TJC-JRK-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, versus
KYLE ADAM KIRBY,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida _______________________
(September 17, 2019)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges, and ROBRENO,* District Judge.
WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judge:
* Honorable Eduardo C. Robreno, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation. Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 2 of 9
This appeal requires us to decide whether the United States Sentencing
Guidelines cap an otherwise recommended sentence of life imprisonment at 470
months when the statute of conviction does not allow a sentence of a life term. A
jury convicted Kyle Adam Kirby of five counts relating to the production and
possession of child pornography. At sentencing, Kirby’s total offense level was 43,
which means that the Guidelines ordinarily recommended a sentence of a life term.
But because the statutory maximum punishment for Kirby’s crimes was less than a
life term, the district court concluded that the Guidelines recommended
consecutive terms of the maximum sentence for each count of conviction. The
district court then adopted this recommendation and sentenced Kirby to 1440
months of imprisonment. Kirby argues that the correct sentence is 470 months of
imprisonment because the United States Sentencing Commission equates a life
sentence to that term for statistical purposes. He also contends that his sentence
was substantively unreasonable. We disagree and affirm Kirby’s sentence.
I. BACKGROUND State and federal law enforcement officers traced 28 video files and 90
images depicting child pornography to the Internet protocol address of Kyle Adam
Kirby, a sergeant with the Live Oak Police Department. A later investigation by
the Federal Bureau of Investigation uncovered over 200 images of children being
sexually abused on the laptop computer assigned to Kirby’s patrol vehicle. Kirby,
2 Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 3 of 9
who was by then suspended from his job, responded by asking Sergeant Derick
Slaughter to erase the files from his account on the department’s desktop computer.
Instead of deleting Kirby’s files, Slaughter searched Kirby’s account and found an
image of a nude, prepubescent boy. Slaughter reported the image to the police
chief, who approved a search of the computer. A forensic analysis of the computer
produced at least 80 images of child pornography or child erotica. Most of these
images were of Kirby’s thirteen-year-old stepdaughter, either captured by hidden
cameras in bathrooms or taken while Kirby was assisting his stepdaughter with
stretches due to a sports injury. The computer also contained a pornographic image
of a friend of Kirby’s stepdaughter.
A grand jury charged Kirby with three counts of sexual exploitation of
children for the purpose of producing child pornography, 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a), (e),
and two counts of possessing with intent to view material involving minors
engaged in sexually explicit conduct, 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B), (b)(2). Following
trial, a jury found Kirby guilty on all counts.
Using the 2016 edition of the United States Sentencing Guidelines, the
probation officer assigned Kirby a total offense level of 43 and a criminal-history
category of I. The district court accepted this calculation without objection from
either party. As the district court explained, the Guidelines ordinarily recommend a
life sentence for this offense level. See United States Sentencing Guidelines
3 Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 4 of 9
Manual ch. 5 pt. A (Nov. 2016). But because none of the counts of conviction
allowed for life imprisonment, the district court concluded that the Guidelines
recommended “taking the maximum for each count . . . and adding them together
for a sentence.” Again without objection, the district court then calculated the
guidelines sentence as 1440 months. And after considering the statutory sentencing
factors, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court sentenced Kirby to 1440 months of
imprisonment.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review an interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo. United
States v. Whyte, 928 F.3d 1317, 1327 (11th Cir. 2019). We review the substantive
reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Duperval,
777 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2015). We will reverse for abuse of discretion only
if “we are left with the definite and firm conviction that the district court
committed a clear error of judgment in weighing the [section] 3553(a) factors by
arriving at a sentence that lies outside the range of reasonable sentences dictated by
the facts of the case.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
III. DISCUSSION
For the first time on appeal, Kirby argues that the district court committed
procedural error by calculating the guidelines sentence as consecutive terms of the
maximum sentence for each count of conviction. As a fallback position, he
4 Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 5 of 9
contends that his sentence was substantively unreasonable. We address each
argument in turn.
A. The District Court Did Not Err When It Calculated the Guidelines Sentence. Kirby argues for the first time on appeal that the district court incorrectly
calculated the guidelines sentence. His failure to object in the district court would
ordinarily mean that we review for plain error, United States v. Corbett, 921 F.3d
1032, 1037 (11th Cir. 2019), but because no error occurred we need not decide
whether the alleged error was plain or affected Kirby’s substantial rights.
As Kirby concedes, his total offense level and criminal-history category
would ordinarily call for life imprisonment. U.S.S.G. ch. 5 pt. A. But none of
Kirby’s offenses carried a possible life sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 2251(e)
(imposing a maximum sentence of 30 years); id. § 2252(b)(2) (imposing maximum
sentences of 10 and 20 years). So the district court applied section 5G1.2(d) of the
Guidelines, which explains what to do in that circumstance:
If the sentence imposed on the count carrying the highest statutory maximum is less than the [ordinary guidelines recommendation], then the sentence imposed on one or more of the other counts shall run consecutively, but only to the extent necessary to produce a combined sentence equal to the [ordinary guidelines recommendation].
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Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 1 of 9
[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11253 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 3:15-cr-00175-TJC-JRK-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, versus
KYLE ADAM KIRBY,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida _______________________
(September 17, 2019)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges, and ROBRENO,* District Judge.
WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judge:
* Honorable Eduardo C. Robreno, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation. Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 2 of 9
This appeal requires us to decide whether the United States Sentencing
Guidelines cap an otherwise recommended sentence of life imprisonment at 470
months when the statute of conviction does not allow a sentence of a life term. A
jury convicted Kyle Adam Kirby of five counts relating to the production and
possession of child pornography. At sentencing, Kirby’s total offense level was 43,
which means that the Guidelines ordinarily recommended a sentence of a life term.
But because the statutory maximum punishment for Kirby’s crimes was less than a
life term, the district court concluded that the Guidelines recommended
consecutive terms of the maximum sentence for each count of conviction. The
district court then adopted this recommendation and sentenced Kirby to 1440
months of imprisonment. Kirby argues that the correct sentence is 470 months of
imprisonment because the United States Sentencing Commission equates a life
sentence to that term for statistical purposes. He also contends that his sentence
was substantively unreasonable. We disagree and affirm Kirby’s sentence.
I. BACKGROUND State and federal law enforcement officers traced 28 video files and 90
images depicting child pornography to the Internet protocol address of Kyle Adam
Kirby, a sergeant with the Live Oak Police Department. A later investigation by
the Federal Bureau of Investigation uncovered over 200 images of children being
sexually abused on the laptop computer assigned to Kirby’s patrol vehicle. Kirby,
2 Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 3 of 9
who was by then suspended from his job, responded by asking Sergeant Derick
Slaughter to erase the files from his account on the department’s desktop computer.
Instead of deleting Kirby’s files, Slaughter searched Kirby’s account and found an
image of a nude, prepubescent boy. Slaughter reported the image to the police
chief, who approved a search of the computer. A forensic analysis of the computer
produced at least 80 images of child pornography or child erotica. Most of these
images were of Kirby’s thirteen-year-old stepdaughter, either captured by hidden
cameras in bathrooms or taken while Kirby was assisting his stepdaughter with
stretches due to a sports injury. The computer also contained a pornographic image
of a friend of Kirby’s stepdaughter.
A grand jury charged Kirby with three counts of sexual exploitation of
children for the purpose of producing child pornography, 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a), (e),
and two counts of possessing with intent to view material involving minors
engaged in sexually explicit conduct, 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B), (b)(2). Following
trial, a jury found Kirby guilty on all counts.
Using the 2016 edition of the United States Sentencing Guidelines, the
probation officer assigned Kirby a total offense level of 43 and a criminal-history
category of I. The district court accepted this calculation without objection from
either party. As the district court explained, the Guidelines ordinarily recommend a
life sentence for this offense level. See United States Sentencing Guidelines
3 Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 4 of 9
Manual ch. 5 pt. A (Nov. 2016). But because none of the counts of conviction
allowed for life imprisonment, the district court concluded that the Guidelines
recommended “taking the maximum for each count . . . and adding them together
for a sentence.” Again without objection, the district court then calculated the
guidelines sentence as 1440 months. And after considering the statutory sentencing
factors, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court sentenced Kirby to 1440 months of
imprisonment.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review an interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo. United
States v. Whyte, 928 F.3d 1317, 1327 (11th Cir. 2019). We review the substantive
reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Duperval,
777 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2015). We will reverse for abuse of discretion only
if “we are left with the definite and firm conviction that the district court
committed a clear error of judgment in weighing the [section] 3553(a) factors by
arriving at a sentence that lies outside the range of reasonable sentences dictated by
the facts of the case.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
III. DISCUSSION
For the first time on appeal, Kirby argues that the district court committed
procedural error by calculating the guidelines sentence as consecutive terms of the
maximum sentence for each count of conviction. As a fallback position, he
4 Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 5 of 9
contends that his sentence was substantively unreasonable. We address each
argument in turn.
A. The District Court Did Not Err When It Calculated the Guidelines Sentence. Kirby argues for the first time on appeal that the district court incorrectly
calculated the guidelines sentence. His failure to object in the district court would
ordinarily mean that we review for plain error, United States v. Corbett, 921 F.3d
1032, 1037 (11th Cir. 2019), but because no error occurred we need not decide
whether the alleged error was plain or affected Kirby’s substantial rights.
As Kirby concedes, his total offense level and criminal-history category
would ordinarily call for life imprisonment. U.S.S.G. ch. 5 pt. A. But none of
Kirby’s offenses carried a possible life sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 2251(e)
(imposing a maximum sentence of 30 years); id. § 2252(b)(2) (imposing maximum
sentences of 10 and 20 years). So the district court applied section 5G1.2(d) of the
Guidelines, which explains what to do in that circumstance:
If the sentence imposed on the count carrying the highest statutory maximum is less than the [ordinary guidelines recommendation], then the sentence imposed on one or more of the other counts shall run consecutively, but only to the extent necessary to produce a combined sentence equal to the [ordinary guidelines recommendation].
The parties agree that section 5G1.2(d) controls our decision. They dispute
what sentence is “equal to” life imprisonment. The district court adopted a
straightforward understanding of a life sentence—that is, indefinite in duration. So
5 Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 6 of 9
it concluded that the Guidelines recommended consecutive terms of the statutory
maximums for each count of conviction, the closest sentence to life that the law
allowed. The maximum terms for Kirby’s five counts of conviction collectively
produced a sentence of 1440 months of imprisonment. But Kirby contends that a
life sentence converts to 470 months. He explains that the United States Sentencing
Commission defines a “life sentence” for statistical purposes as 470 months, “a
length consistent with the average life expectancy of federal criminal offenders.”
U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics 166 (2017).
The district court correctly interpreted the Guidelines. “[T]he language of
the Sentencing Guidelines, like the language of a statute, must be given its plain
and ordinary meaning.” United States v. Whatley, 719 F.3d 1206, 1222 (11th Cir.
2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). And the meaning of life imprisonment is
clear: “Confinement of a person in prison for the remaining years of his or her
natural life.” Life Imprisonment, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). By
definition, life imprisonment lacks a fixed term. So the district court correctly
combined the statutory maximum for each count of conviction to set Kirby’s
guideline sentence at 1440 months of imprisonment, the closest available sentence
to indefinite incarceration. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(a) (“Where the statutorily
authorized maximum sentence is less than the minimum of the applicable guideline
range, the statutorily authorized maximum sentence shall be the guideline
6 Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 7 of 9
sentence.”); see also United States v. Sarras, 575 F.3d 1191, 1208–09, 1219–20 &
n.22 (11th Cir. 2009) (concluding that a sentence of 1200 months of imprisonment
fell within the Guidelines when the Guidelines called for a life sentence but the
counts of conviction did not permit life).
The definition of life imprisonment in the statistical sourcebook published
by the Sentencing Commission does not alter this conclusion. To start, the
statistical sourcebook is not part of the Sentencing Guidelines. The Commission
publishes the sourcebook based on its authority to collect and publish data on the
sentencing process. See Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics, supra, at s-1
(citing 28 U.S.C. § 995(a)(12)–(16)). The report also satisfies the Commission’s
obligation to provide an annual report of sentencing data to the United States
Attorney General. See id. (citing 28 U.S.C. § 994(w)(4)). But the sourcebook does
not amend or redefine the Guidelines in any way, which would require the
Commission to approve it by an affirmative vote and submit it to Congress for
review. See 28 U.S.C. § 994(a), (p). As the First Circuit has held, “[t]hough 470
months may be an accurate statistical representation of the actual length of many
life sentences—and may indeed be equivalent to a life sentence for many
individuals—there is no ‘cap’ within the Guidelines that limits life sentences to
470 months.” United States v. Breton, 740 F.3d 1, 22 (1st Cir. 2014). And although
one circuit has approved the use of 470 months as a baseline to calculate a
7 Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 8 of 9
reduction in a sentence for substantial assistance to the government, United States
v. Keller, 413 F.3d 706, 711 (8th Cir. 2005); see also United States v. Nelson, 491
F.3d 344, 349–50 (7th Cir. 2007) (suggesting the same in dicta), no circuit has
defined life imprisonment as 470 months.
The Supreme Court has described a life sentence as the “second most severe
[punishment] known to the law,” Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 996 (1991),
and we cannot accept Kirby’s invitation to hold that a 1440-month sentence is
worse. We instead conclude that when the Sentencing Guidelines recommend life
imprisonment, they mean life imprisonment. Accordingly, the district court did not
err procedurally when it calculated Kirby’s guidelines sentence as close to
indefinite incarceration as the law allowed.
B. The Sentence Is Not Substantively Unreasonable.
Kirby also contends that his sentence is substantively unreasonable, which
requires him to establish that the district court “fail[ed] to afford consideration to
relevant factors that were due significant weight, [gave] significant weight to an
improper or irrelevant factor, or commit[ed] a clear error of judgment in
considering the proper factors.” United States v. Dixon, 901 F.3d 1322, 1351 (11th
Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted). Substantively unreasonable
sentences are “rare.” Id. We also “ordinarily expect a sentence within the
guidelines range to be reasonable.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
8 Case: 18-11253 Date Filed: 09/17/2019 Page: 9 of 9
As an initial matter, Kirby’s argument is largely predicated on the erroneous
conclusion that the district court imposed an above-guidelines sentence.
Regardless, the sentence was not unreasonable. Before imposing the longest
sentence that it could, the district court thoroughly discussed Kirby’s particularly
heinous conduct and direct participation in the creation of child pornography, his
breach of public trust as a police officer, and his total failure to take responsibility
for his actions. We see no abuse of discretion.
IV. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM Kirby’s sentence.