Case: 19-13237 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-13237 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:17-cr-00372-VMC-TGW-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
TYRONE DEVLIN,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(September 16, 2020)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, ROSENBAUM and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-13237 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 2 of 7
Tyrone Devlin appeals his 116-month total prison sentence for conspiracy to
defraud the United States, theft of government property, access-device fraud, and
aggravated identity theft. He argues that the district court exceeded the scope of our
mandate, which ordered resentencing without an enhancement under U.S.S.G. §
2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i), when it enhanced his sentence under § 2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i) on
remand.
We review de novo whether the district court violated our mandate from a
previous appeal. United States v. Amedeo, 487 F.3d 823, 829 (11th Cir. 2007). The
mandate rule, which is “simply an application of the law of the case doctrine to a
specific set of facts,” requires the district court to strictly apply our mandate from a
prior appeal. Id. at 830. The mandate rule applies to our rulings made under the
Sentencing Guidelines. Id. When a district court operates under our mandate, it
“cannot vary it, or examine it for any other purpose than execution; or give any other
or further relief; or review it, even for apparent error, upon a matter decided on
appeal; or intermeddle with it, further than to settle so much as has been remanded.”
Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, the district court “must
implement both the letter and spirit of the mandate” and take into consideration our
opinion and “the circumstances it embraces.” United States v. Mesa, 247 F.3d 1165,
1170 (11th Cir. 2001).
2 Case: 19-13237 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 3 of 7
A mandate that generally vacates a sentence by default allows for resentencing
de novo, such as when we vacate a defendant’s criminal conviction. United States
v. Martinez, 606 F.3d 1303, 1304 (11th Cir. 2010). In contrast, if we issue a limited
mandate instructing the district court to perform a particular task, the district court
is “restricted in the range of issues it may consider on remand.” United States v.
Davis, 329 F.3d 1250, 1252 (11th Cir. 2003); see also United States v. Tamayo,
80 F.3d 1514, 1519-20 (11th Cir. 1996) (holding that the district court could not
revisit the entire sentence on remand because we vacated the sentence and remanded
only to reconsider a single sentencing issue in light of new precedent).
Here, Devlin argues that our mandate from his last appeal, United States v.
Devlin, 769 F. App’x 709 (11th Cir. 2019), required the district court to engage in a
very limited resentencing of him. In particular, he asserts that our mandate required
the district court to recalculate his Sentencing Guidelines range, using all of the
figures it previously relied on—and only those figures—except the two-point
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i), which we held that the district
court had erroneously applied in Devlin’s first sentencing. The government
responds that our mandate authorized a new sentencing that allowed it to seek and
the district court to impose a sentence based on a newly calculated Guidelines range
that figured into it a two-point enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i)—
3 Case: 19-13237 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 4 of 7
an enhancement that the government had not sought and the district court had not
considered in Devlin’s first sentencing.
We need not resolve this dispute. Even assuming that the district court
violated the mandate by allowing the government to argue and by itself recalculating
Devlin’s Guidelines range calculated, in part, including the two-point §
2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i) enhancement,1 on this record, any error was harmless. The
district court explained that, based on the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) considerations, it
would have imposed the exact same sentence, even without including the newly
added Guidelines enhancement.
Under United States v. Keene, 470 F.3d 1347, 1349 (11th Cir. 2006), “we need
not review an issue when (1) the district court states it would have imposed the same
sentence, even absent an alleged error, and (2) the sentence is substantively
reasonable.” United States v. Goldman, 953 F.3d 1213, 1221 (11th Cir. 2020). In
those circumstances, any error in the Guidelines calculation is harmless. See id.
Since the district court noted that it would have imposed the same sentence
here, regardless of the Guidelines calculation, we turn to the question of substantive
1 By not raising it in his brief, Devlin abandoned any argument on appeal that the application of an enhancement under § 2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i), based on the production of access devices, was inappropriate. See United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003). Consequently, Devlin’s only challenge on appeal is whether the district court exceeded the scope of our mandate when it applied that enhancement when resentencing him. Of course, for the same reasons we need not determine whether the district court exceeded our mandate on remand, even had Devlin not abandoned any argument on appeal challenging the applicability of § 2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i), we would not have needed to resolve that challenge, either. 4 Case: 19-13237 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 5 of 7
reasonableness. We review substantive reasonableness for an abuse of discretion.
United States v. Kirby, 938 F.3d 1254, 1257 (11th Cir. 2019). As the Supreme Court
has explained, “The sentencing judge has access to, and greater familiarity with, the
individual case and the individual defendant before him than . . . the appeals court.”
Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 357 (2007).
In evaluating the substantive reasonableness of the sentence under a Keene
analysis, we assume the Guidelines error the defendant alleges and reduce the
Guidelines calculation and its corresponding sentencing range accordingly. Keene,
470 F.3d at 1349; United States v.
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Case: 19-13237 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-13237 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:17-cr-00372-VMC-TGW-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
TYRONE DEVLIN,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(September 16, 2020)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, ROSENBAUM and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-13237 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 2 of 7
Tyrone Devlin appeals his 116-month total prison sentence for conspiracy to
defraud the United States, theft of government property, access-device fraud, and
aggravated identity theft. He argues that the district court exceeded the scope of our
mandate, which ordered resentencing without an enhancement under U.S.S.G. §
2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i), when it enhanced his sentence under § 2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i) on
remand.
We review de novo whether the district court violated our mandate from a
previous appeal. United States v. Amedeo, 487 F.3d 823, 829 (11th Cir. 2007). The
mandate rule, which is “simply an application of the law of the case doctrine to a
specific set of facts,” requires the district court to strictly apply our mandate from a
prior appeal. Id. at 830. The mandate rule applies to our rulings made under the
Sentencing Guidelines. Id. When a district court operates under our mandate, it
“cannot vary it, or examine it for any other purpose than execution; or give any other
or further relief; or review it, even for apparent error, upon a matter decided on
appeal; or intermeddle with it, further than to settle so much as has been remanded.”
Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, the district court “must
implement both the letter and spirit of the mandate” and take into consideration our
opinion and “the circumstances it embraces.” United States v. Mesa, 247 F.3d 1165,
1170 (11th Cir. 2001).
2 Case: 19-13237 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 3 of 7
A mandate that generally vacates a sentence by default allows for resentencing
de novo, such as when we vacate a defendant’s criminal conviction. United States
v. Martinez, 606 F.3d 1303, 1304 (11th Cir. 2010). In contrast, if we issue a limited
mandate instructing the district court to perform a particular task, the district court
is “restricted in the range of issues it may consider on remand.” United States v.
Davis, 329 F.3d 1250, 1252 (11th Cir. 2003); see also United States v. Tamayo,
80 F.3d 1514, 1519-20 (11th Cir. 1996) (holding that the district court could not
revisit the entire sentence on remand because we vacated the sentence and remanded
only to reconsider a single sentencing issue in light of new precedent).
Here, Devlin argues that our mandate from his last appeal, United States v.
Devlin, 769 F. App’x 709 (11th Cir. 2019), required the district court to engage in a
very limited resentencing of him. In particular, he asserts that our mandate required
the district court to recalculate his Sentencing Guidelines range, using all of the
figures it previously relied on—and only those figures—except the two-point
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i), which we held that the district
court had erroneously applied in Devlin’s first sentencing. The government
responds that our mandate authorized a new sentencing that allowed it to seek and
the district court to impose a sentence based on a newly calculated Guidelines range
that figured into it a two-point enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i)—
3 Case: 19-13237 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 4 of 7
an enhancement that the government had not sought and the district court had not
considered in Devlin’s first sentencing.
We need not resolve this dispute. Even assuming that the district court
violated the mandate by allowing the government to argue and by itself recalculating
Devlin’s Guidelines range calculated, in part, including the two-point §
2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i) enhancement,1 on this record, any error was harmless. The
district court explained that, based on the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) considerations, it
would have imposed the exact same sentence, even without including the newly
added Guidelines enhancement.
Under United States v. Keene, 470 F.3d 1347, 1349 (11th Cir. 2006), “we need
not review an issue when (1) the district court states it would have imposed the same
sentence, even absent an alleged error, and (2) the sentence is substantively
reasonable.” United States v. Goldman, 953 F.3d 1213, 1221 (11th Cir. 2020). In
those circumstances, any error in the Guidelines calculation is harmless. See id.
Since the district court noted that it would have imposed the same sentence
here, regardless of the Guidelines calculation, we turn to the question of substantive
1 By not raising it in his brief, Devlin abandoned any argument on appeal that the application of an enhancement under § 2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i), based on the production of access devices, was inappropriate. See United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003). Consequently, Devlin’s only challenge on appeal is whether the district court exceeded the scope of our mandate when it applied that enhancement when resentencing him. Of course, for the same reasons we need not determine whether the district court exceeded our mandate on remand, even had Devlin not abandoned any argument on appeal challenging the applicability of § 2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i), we would not have needed to resolve that challenge, either. 4 Case: 19-13237 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 5 of 7
reasonableness. We review substantive reasonableness for an abuse of discretion.
United States v. Kirby, 938 F.3d 1254, 1257 (11th Cir. 2019). As the Supreme Court
has explained, “The sentencing judge has access to, and greater familiarity with, the
individual case and the individual defendant before him than . . . the appeals court.”
Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 357 (2007).
In evaluating the substantive reasonableness of the sentence under a Keene
analysis, we assume the Guidelines error the defendant alleges and reduce the
Guidelines calculation and its corresponding sentencing range accordingly. Keene,
470 F.3d at 1349; United States v. Lozano, 490 F.3d 1317, 1324 (11th Cir. 2007).
Then we evaluate the substantive reasonableness of the sentence actually imposed,
in light of the reduced sentencing range. Keene, 470 F.3d at 1349.
Here, including the two-point enhancement under § 2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i), the
district court calculated Devlin’s offense level at 23. With a criminal-history
category of VI, this translated to a Guidelines range of 92 to 115 months’
imprisonment, plus 24 months’ consecutive imprisonment for the aggravated-
identity-theft conviction (for a total sentencing range of 116 to 139 months). If the
district court incorrectly included the § 2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i) enhancement because it
violated our mandate to conduct an entirely new resentencing, Devlin’s offense level
would have been 21. With a criminal-history category of VI, this would have
amounted to a Guidelines range of 77 to 96 months’ imprisonment, plus the 24-
5 Case: 19-13237 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 6 of 7
month consecutive sentence for the aggravated-identity-theft conviction.
Here, the district court sentenced Devlin to 92 months’ imprisonment, plus
the 24-month consecutive sentence for the aggravated-identity theft conviction, for
a total sentence of 116 months’ imprisonment. In imposing this sentence, the district
court announced that it had considered the § 3553(a) factors and explained its basis
for imposing the 92-month sentence. It noted that Devlin’s crimes involved
“multiple instances of identity theft and access-device fraud.” In addition, the court
observed that Devlin was found with about 2,000 pieces of others’ personal-
identification information and numerous debit cards. Roughly 453 tax returns were
filed in the names of victims, seeking fraudulent tax refunds. Indeed, Devlin was
found with an H&R Block card in his name, loaded with the proceeds of two
fraudulently filed tax returns. The district court also emphasized Devlin’s lengthy
criminal history.
The total 116-month sentence was substantively reasonable. First, as we have
explained, the district court adequately accounted for the § 3553(a) factors and
explained the basis for its sentence. Second, the sentence of 116 total months’
imprisonment fell within the Guidelines range of 96 to 120 months’ imprisonment
that would be applicable if the district court violated our mandate by imposing the
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(11)(B)(i). We have explained that “[w]e
ordinarily expect a sentence within the Guidelines range to be reasonable.” United
6 Case: 19-13237 Date Filed: 09/16/2020 Page: 7 of 7
States v. Gonzalez, 550 F.3d 1319, 1324 (11th Cir. 2008). And third, the district
court’s sentence was also significantly below the maximum sentence that the district
court could have imposed. Indeed, on the theft-of-government-property conviction
alone, Devlin faced a statutory maximum term of imprisonment of 120 months (in
addition to the mandatory consecutive 24-month term on the aggravated-identity-
theft conviction, for a total of 144 months’ imprisonment on those two convictions
alone). We have held that a sentence substantially below the statutory maximum is
also “a consideration favoring reasonableness.” United States v. Rosales-Bruno, 789
F.3d 1249, 1256-57 (11th Cir. 2015).
For all these reasons, even assuming that the district court violated our
mandate by considering and imposing an enhancement on resentencing that it had
not considered in Devlin’s original sentencing, any error was harmless under Keene.
We therefore affirm the district court’s sentence.
AFFIRMED.