United States v. Hoey
Opinion
16‐2738‐cr U.S. v. Hoey
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 8th day of March, two thousand eighteen.
PRESENT: GUIDO CALABRESI, DENNY CHIN,
SUSAN L. CARNEY,
Circuit Judges.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee,
v. 16‐2738‐cr
THOMAS HOEY, JR., Defendant‐Appellant.
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FOR APPELLEE: DANIEL B. TEHRANI, Assistant United States Attorney (Kristy J. Greenberg, Karl N.
Metzner, Assistant United States Attorneys, on the brief), for Geoffrey S. Berman, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Engelmayer, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED as to Hoeyʹs conviction and VACATED as to his sentence, the restitution order is AFFIRMED, and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.
Defendant‐appellant Thomas Hoey, Jr., appeals from a judgment of conviction and an order of restitution, both entered July 29, 2016. Hoey was convicted by a jury of embezzlement from an employee benefit plan, 18 U.S.C. § 664, interstate transport of stolen money, 18 U.S.C. § 2314, wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1343, and money laundering, 18 U.S.C. § 1957. On appeal, he challenges, inter alia, the district courtʹs evidentiary rulings, order of restitution, and sentence. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal.
Hoey is the owner of a New York‐based banana importation company (the ʺCompanyʺ). In 1991, the Company, at the time managed by Hoeyʹs father, instituted an employee profit sharing plan (the ʺPlanʺ), which was subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ʺERISAʺ). The Company, at its discretion, would place funds in the Plan, and the Companyʹs employees, upon vesting or leaving the company, could redeem their portion of the Planʹs proceeds. Hoey was
trustee of the Plan and therefore had a fiduciary duty to manage the Plan for the benefit of its participants. Additionally, Hoey was prohibited from borrowing money from the Plan by ERISA.
Beginning in 2009, as the Company was struggling financially, Hoey began to transfer money from the Plan into the Companyʹs accounts. In 2009, Hoey transferred $350,000 from the Plan to the Company, followed by another $415,000 in 2010. Later in 2011, Hoey repaid the Plan $75,548 only to take out another $73,000 in 2012. The remainder of the money has still not been repaid to the Plan.
In 2015, the Government, based on these transactions, indicted Hoey on four counts as set forth above. After a five‐day trial, on March 18, 2016, Hoey was found guilty on all four counts.
On July 25, 2016, the district court sentenced Hoey principally to sixty monthsʹ imprisonment on Count One and eighty‐four monthsʹ imprisonment on Counts Two, Three, and Four, all four to run concurrently with each other, but sixty‐six months of which were ordered to run consecutively to a separate sentence imposed in another prosecution. The district court also imposed restitution in the amount of $650,936.20, which represented the losses by the Plan participants except those who personally benefitted from Hoeyʹs criminal conduct (i.e., Hoey and his wife). Hoey did not challenge the restitution order before the district court.
On appeal Hoey attacks the district courtʹs judgment on several fronts, arguing that (1) the district court erred in admitting evidence of Hoeyʹs lavish spending habits, (2) the district court erred in rejecting Hoeyʹs requests for a Kastigar hearing, see Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441 (1972), and (3) the district court incorrectly awarded restitution based on acts that occurred outside the relevant statute of limitations. Hoey also contends that the sentence must be vacated and remanded for resentencing due to the recent reversal of his state court conviction. We will address each contention in turn.
1. Evidentiary Challenge Hoey contends that the district court erroneously admitted evidence of his personal spending habits, suggesting that the evidence was unduly prejudicial under Federal Rule of Evidence 403. ʺWe review a district courtʹs evidentiary rulings under a deferential abuse of discretion standard, and we will disturb an evidentiary ruling only where the decision to admit or exclude evidence was manifestly erroneous.ʺ United States v. Litvak, 808 F.3d 160, 179 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). When considering a challenge under Rule 403, ʺso long as the district court has conscientiously balanced the proffered evidenceʹs probative value with the risk for prejudice, its conclusion will be disturbed only if it is arbitrary or irrational.ʺ United States v. Awadallah, 436 F.3d 125, 131 (2d Cir. 2006). We apply a deferential standard because the district court is in a ʺsuperior position to assess relevancy and to weigh the
probative value of evidence against its potential for unfair prejudice.ʺ United States v. Abu‐Jihaad, 630 F.3d 102, 131 (2d Cir. 2010).
Here, the district courtʹs decision was not manifestly erroneous, arbitrary, or irrational. The district judge carefully considered Hoeyʹs Rule 403 challenge through a motion in limine and concluded that while evidence of Hoeyʹs lavish spending habits would be allowed, evidence of his spending on illegal activities (e.g., drugs and prostitutes) would be barred. Hoeyʹs spending habits coupled with the depletion of the Companyʹs funds due to financial struggles was highly probative of Hoeyʹs motive for taking money from the Plan and was used to rebut Hoeyʹs defense that he had a good faith belief that the money he took was being used for the benefit of the Plan beneficiaries. Though evidence of Hoeyʹs spending, particularly of payments to his girlfriend, undoubtedly was prejudicial, it was not manifestly erroneous for the district judge to find that this prejudice was greatly outweighed by the probative value of the evidence.
2. Kastigar Hearing
On three separate occasions Hoey argued that he was entitled to a hearing pursuant to Kastigar, 406 U.S. at 441, to determine whether the instant investigation and prosecution was tainted by law enforcementʹs exposure to privileged information from a separate, earlier criminal investigation that resulted in Hoey pleading guilty to narcotics violations. During this earlier investigation, law enforcement officials
obtained the investigative file of a private investigator hired by Hoey, which Hoey argued was protected by privilege and work product protections. At least one law enforcement official from the earlier narcotics case later became involved in the instant embezzlement case.
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