Appellate Case: 22-5055 Document: 010110779862 Date Filed: 12/09/2022 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 9, 2022 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 22-5055 v. (D.C. No. 4:16-CR-00061-JFH-1) (N.D. Okla.) CHRISTOPHER LEE GUNKEL,
Defendant - Appellant. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before PHILLIPS, MURPHY, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Appellant Christopher Lee Gunkel, proceeding pro se, asks us to reverse the
district court’s denial of his motion for compassionate release under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(1)(A). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
In 2016, Gunkel pleaded guilty to one count of sexual exploitation of a child
and one count of extortion. The district court sentenced him to 180 months’
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. Appellate Case: 22-5055 Document: 010110779862 Date Filed: 12/09/2022 Page: 2
imprisonment. Five years later, while incarcerated at FCI Yazoo City Low (“FCI
Yazoo”), Gunkel filed a pro se motion for compassionate release in the district court.
After asking to supplement the record and then voluntarily dismissing his original
motion, Gunkel filed an amended motion for compassionate release. Citing various
medical conditions, including hypertension, a deviated septum, sleep apnea, and
chronic rhinitis, Gunkel argued that he demonstrated the requisite extraordinary and
compelling circumstances to warrant compassionate release. Gunkel also noted that
FCI Yazoo had experienced a recent COVID-19 outbreak.
The district court denied Gunkel’s motion because he failed to show
extraordinary and compelling circumstances. Though the court recognized that
Gunkel’s hypertension qualified as a medical condition which could place him at
increased risk for COVID-19 complications, the court noted that his hypertension
was well-managed. The court also noted that Gunkel was vaccinated and boosted for
COVID-19. Despite Gunkel’s medical conditions, he had recovered from COVID-19
once before “without complications.” R. vol. I, at 159.
Gunkel appealed the district court’s denial of his compassionate-release
motion, and the government responded in opposition.1 Gunkel argues the district
court abused its discretion by failing to consider all relevant circumstances
1 At the outset, we note that Gunkel’s appeal is not timely. Gunkel had fourteen days from the date of the district court’s May 18, 2022 order to file his notice of appeal, but Gunkel did not do so until June 19, 2022. Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(1)(A)(i). The government did not raise this issue in its response brief, so we find any timeliness argument has been forfeited. United States v. Garduño, 506 F.3d 1287, 1290–91 (10th Cir. 2007). 2 Appellate Case: 22-5055 Document: 010110779862 Date Filed: 12/09/2022 Page: 3
surrounding his medical conditions, his susceptibility to a high-risk COVID-19
infection, and FCI Yazoo’s COVID-19 levels.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court’s order denying a § 3582(c)(1)(A) motion for abuse
of discretion. United States v. Hemmelgarn, 15 F.4th 1027, 1031 (10th Cir. 2021)
(citation omitted). “A district court abuses its discretion when it relies on an incorrect
conclusion of law or a clearly erroneous finding of fact.” United States v. Piper,
839 F.3d 1261, 1265 (10th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation omitted). Because Gunkel is
proceeding pro se, we construe his pleadings liberally without acting as his advocate.
See Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991) (citations omitted).
ANALYSIS
Courts are generally “forbidden” from modifying a term of imprisonment once
it has been imposed. Freeman v. United States, 564 U.S. 522, 526 (2011). This “rule
of finality is subject to a few narrow exceptions,” id., one of which is contained
in § 3582(c)(1), sometimes called the “compassionate release” statute. United States
v. Maumau, 993 F.3d 821, 830 (10th Cir. 2021). A district court presented with a
motion for compassionate release may reduce a term of imprisonment after following
a three-step test. Id. at 831 (citation omitted). In reviewing a motion under
§ 3582(c)(1)(A), a district court must (1) “find whether extraordinary and compelling
reasons warrant a sentence reduction,” (2) find whether a “reduction is consistent
with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission,” and
(3) consider any applicable § 3553(a) factors and determine whether, in its
3 Appellate Case: 22-5055 Document: 010110779862 Date Filed: 12/09/2022 Page: 4
discretion, the reduction authorized by steps one and two is warranted in whole or in
part under the particular circumstances of the case.” Maumau, 993 F.3d at 831
(cleaned up). If a defendant’s motion fails any of these steps, the district court may
deny the motion without addressing the other steps. See United States v. McGee, 992
F.3d 1035, 1043 (10th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted).
Gunkel argues the district court abused its discretion in three ways: (1) by
ignoring his medical conditions; (2) by failing to consider COVID-19’s effect on his
medical conditions; and (3) by disregarding FCI Yazoo’s COVID-19 outbreak. He
first argues that the court did not consider “all of the evidence, facts, circumstances,
and arguments” relevant to his situation—namely, his medical conditions. Opening
Br. 9.2 In his motion for compassionate release, Gunkel listed a barrage of medical
conditions, arguing that these conditions alone demonstrated extraordinary and
compelling reasons for his release. Gunkel argued that his obesity, hypertension,
obstructive sleep apnea, hypopnea, other respiratory conditions, lifelong condition of
spina bifida, heart palpitations, and tachycardia demonstrated extraordinary and
compelling reasons for release. The district court acknowledged only Gunkel’s
“hearing and dental conditions, hypertension, and chronic rhinitis.” R. vol. I, at 159.
The district court did not evaluate the remaining health issues beyond briefly
mentioning Gunkel’s “underlying medical conditions.” Id. at 159. The district court
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Appellate Case: 22-5055 Document: 010110779862 Date Filed: 12/09/2022 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 9, 2022 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 22-5055 v. (D.C. No. 4:16-CR-00061-JFH-1) (N.D. Okla.) CHRISTOPHER LEE GUNKEL,
Defendant - Appellant. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before PHILLIPS, MURPHY, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Appellant Christopher Lee Gunkel, proceeding pro se, asks us to reverse the
district court’s denial of his motion for compassionate release under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3582(c)(1)(A). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
In 2016, Gunkel pleaded guilty to one count of sexual exploitation of a child
and one count of extortion. The district court sentenced him to 180 months’
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. Appellate Case: 22-5055 Document: 010110779862 Date Filed: 12/09/2022 Page: 2
imprisonment. Five years later, while incarcerated at FCI Yazoo City Low (“FCI
Yazoo”), Gunkel filed a pro se motion for compassionate release in the district court.
After asking to supplement the record and then voluntarily dismissing his original
motion, Gunkel filed an amended motion for compassionate release. Citing various
medical conditions, including hypertension, a deviated septum, sleep apnea, and
chronic rhinitis, Gunkel argued that he demonstrated the requisite extraordinary and
compelling circumstances to warrant compassionate release. Gunkel also noted that
FCI Yazoo had experienced a recent COVID-19 outbreak.
The district court denied Gunkel’s motion because he failed to show
extraordinary and compelling circumstances. Though the court recognized that
Gunkel’s hypertension qualified as a medical condition which could place him at
increased risk for COVID-19 complications, the court noted that his hypertension
was well-managed. The court also noted that Gunkel was vaccinated and boosted for
COVID-19. Despite Gunkel’s medical conditions, he had recovered from COVID-19
once before “without complications.” R. vol. I, at 159.
Gunkel appealed the district court’s denial of his compassionate-release
motion, and the government responded in opposition.1 Gunkel argues the district
court abused its discretion by failing to consider all relevant circumstances
1 At the outset, we note that Gunkel’s appeal is not timely. Gunkel had fourteen days from the date of the district court’s May 18, 2022 order to file his notice of appeal, but Gunkel did not do so until June 19, 2022. Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(1)(A)(i). The government did not raise this issue in its response brief, so we find any timeliness argument has been forfeited. United States v. Garduño, 506 F.3d 1287, 1290–91 (10th Cir. 2007). 2 Appellate Case: 22-5055 Document: 010110779862 Date Filed: 12/09/2022 Page: 3
surrounding his medical conditions, his susceptibility to a high-risk COVID-19
infection, and FCI Yazoo’s COVID-19 levels.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court’s order denying a § 3582(c)(1)(A) motion for abuse
of discretion. United States v. Hemmelgarn, 15 F.4th 1027, 1031 (10th Cir. 2021)
(citation omitted). “A district court abuses its discretion when it relies on an incorrect
conclusion of law or a clearly erroneous finding of fact.” United States v. Piper,
839 F.3d 1261, 1265 (10th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation omitted). Because Gunkel is
proceeding pro se, we construe his pleadings liberally without acting as his advocate.
See Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991) (citations omitted).
ANALYSIS
Courts are generally “forbidden” from modifying a term of imprisonment once
it has been imposed. Freeman v. United States, 564 U.S. 522, 526 (2011). This “rule
of finality is subject to a few narrow exceptions,” id., one of which is contained
in § 3582(c)(1), sometimes called the “compassionate release” statute. United States
v. Maumau, 993 F.3d 821, 830 (10th Cir. 2021). A district court presented with a
motion for compassionate release may reduce a term of imprisonment after following
a three-step test. Id. at 831 (citation omitted). In reviewing a motion under
§ 3582(c)(1)(A), a district court must (1) “find whether extraordinary and compelling
reasons warrant a sentence reduction,” (2) find whether a “reduction is consistent
with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission,” and
(3) consider any applicable § 3553(a) factors and determine whether, in its
3 Appellate Case: 22-5055 Document: 010110779862 Date Filed: 12/09/2022 Page: 4
discretion, the reduction authorized by steps one and two is warranted in whole or in
part under the particular circumstances of the case.” Maumau, 993 F.3d at 831
(cleaned up). If a defendant’s motion fails any of these steps, the district court may
deny the motion without addressing the other steps. See United States v. McGee, 992
F.3d 1035, 1043 (10th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted).
Gunkel argues the district court abused its discretion in three ways: (1) by
ignoring his medical conditions; (2) by failing to consider COVID-19’s effect on his
medical conditions; and (3) by disregarding FCI Yazoo’s COVID-19 outbreak. He
first argues that the court did not consider “all of the evidence, facts, circumstances,
and arguments” relevant to his situation—namely, his medical conditions. Opening
Br. 9.2 In his motion for compassionate release, Gunkel listed a barrage of medical
conditions, arguing that these conditions alone demonstrated extraordinary and
compelling reasons for his release. Gunkel argued that his obesity, hypertension,
obstructive sleep apnea, hypopnea, other respiratory conditions, lifelong condition of
spina bifida, heart palpitations, and tachycardia demonstrated extraordinary and
compelling reasons for release. The district court acknowledged only Gunkel’s
“hearing and dental conditions, hypertension, and chronic rhinitis.” R. vol. I, at 159.
The district court did not evaluate the remaining health issues beyond briefly
mentioning Gunkel’s “underlying medical conditions.” Id. at 159. The district court
found that Gunkel’s conditions were “subject to routine medical care and [were]
2 Opening Brief citations refer to CM/ECF pagination at the top of Gunkel’s opening brief. 4 Appellate Case: 22-5055 Document: 010110779862 Date Filed: 12/09/2022 Page: 5
remedied with prescription medication,” so there were no extraordinary or
compelling reasons for release.
The district court’s findings were not clearly erroneous. Gunkel argues
generally that the district court “ignored” or “gave only light weight” to the medical
conditions, but he does not provide any specific information explaining why his
health conditions are extraordinary and compelling. Opening Br. 17–18. The district
court found that Gunkel’s health conditions were designated as simple chronic care
by the Bureau of Prisons and that the Bureau of Prisons was effectively managing
them. Though Gunkel may not agree with these findings, they are supported by the
record and are not clearly erroneous.
We turn next to Gunkel’s argument that his medical conditions, coupled with
the COVID-19 pandemic, create extraordinary and compelling circumstances. The
district court concluded that Gunkel’s vaccinations prevented him from being at
“undue risk” of a serious COVID-19 case or resulting complications. R. vol. I,
at 161. This was not an abuse of discretion. United States v. Barrio, No. 21-6013,
2022 WL 898764, at *6 (10th Cir. Mar. 28, 2022) (unpublished). Gunkel argues the
district court improperly relied on Sixth and Seventh Circuit caselaw when evaluating
his vaccination status, but we have relied on those same two out-of-circuit precedents
in concluding that COVID-19 vaccination status weighs against finding extraordinary
and compelling circumstances. United States v. McRae, No. 21-4092, 2022 WL
803978, at *2 (10th Cir. Mar. 17, 2022). The district court also noted that Gunkel had
successfully recovered from COVID-19 without any complications, despite his
5 Appellate Case: 22-5055 Document: 010110779862 Date Filed: 12/09/2022 Page: 6
medical conditions. See Hemmelgarn, 15 F.4th at 1032. These factual findings are not
clearly erroneous, and the district court’s reliance on these findings was not an abuse
of discretion.
Gunkel also argues the district court ignored FCI Yazoo’s COVID-19 infection
rate. In his appeal, he provides documentation showing that the COVID-19 rates had
risen at least twice in the prison after the district court denied his compassionate-
release motion. The district court found that, as of May 18, 2022, FCI Yazoo was
“experiencing only minimal COVID-19 infections,” with only two confirmed active
cases. Gunkel does not provide any evidence that the district court’s factual finding
was untrue in May 2022 when the district court entered its order. Hemmelgarn,
15 F.4th at 1032.
Finally, Gunkel asserts that the court should have gone through all three steps
of the compassionate-release analysis. Gunkel makes this argument even though he
acknowledges that the district court was not required to do so. The district court’s
decision to stop at step one of the § 3582 analysis was not an abuse of discretion.
McGee, 992 F.3d at 1043.
The district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Gunkel’s
medical conditions and any related COVID-19 concerns failed to provide
extraordinary and compelling reasons for his release.
6 Appellate Case: 22-5055 Document: 010110779862 Date Filed: 12/09/2022 Page: 7
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the district court’s denial of Gunkel’s
motion for compassionate release. We also deny his motion to proceed in forma
pauperis.
Entered for the Court
Gregory A. Phillips Circuit Judge