United States v. Gomez
Opinion
14‐2823‐cr(L) United States v. Gomez
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 11th day of February, two thousand sixteen.
PRESENT: BARRINGTON D. PARKER, DENNY CHIN,
SUSAN L. CARNEY,
Circuit Judges.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee,
v. 14‐2823‐cr(L)
14‐3740‐cr(Con)
ADRIAN PINZON‐GALLARDO, AKA The Mexican, ARNOLDO AVINA‐ROLON, ZACARIAS CEPEDA‐ NUNEZ, AKA Carlos, JOEL CODERO‐SANTIAGO, AKA Rivero Jose, WILSON LEMUS, JAVISH ROSA, SERGIO RUBIO, JOSE HERNANDEZ, AKA Chieto, DWIGHT BROWN, ANGEL FLORES, AKA Flaco, GABRIEL KELLY, GEORGE SOTO, ANTOVANY ACOSTA, AKA Tony, ALBERTO DELGADO, LUIS PLASENCIA, Defendants,
RAMON GOMEZ, AKA Moncho, DAVID CASTELLANO‐NUNEZ, Defendants‐Appellants.
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FOR APPELLEE UNITED STATES OF S. DAVE VATTI, Robert M. Spector, Assistant AMERICA: United States Attorneys, for Deirdre M. Daley, United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, New Haven, Connecticut.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT ROBERT J. BOYLE, New York, New York. RAMON GOMEZ:
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT BRUCE R. BRYAN, Syracuse, New York. DAVID CASTELLANO‐NUNEZ:
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Bryant, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgments of the district court are AFFIRMED, except that they are MODIFIED to the extent that the fines imposed on defendants are stricken.
Following a jury trial in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, defendants‐appellants Ramon Gomez and David Castellano‐Nunez were convicted of conspiracy to distribute and to possess with intent to distribute one kilogram or more of heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), 846. Both defendants now appeal: Gomez from a July 31, 2014 judgment that principally sentenced him to 120 monthsʹ imprisonment and a $50,000 suspended fine, and
Castellano‐Nunez from an October 3, 2014 judgment that principally sentenced him to 120 monthsʹ imprisonment and a $17,500 suspended fine. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history of the case, and issues on appeal.
We address in turn (1) the sufficiency of the evidence as to Castellano‐ Nunez, (2) certain evidentiary rulings, (3) Confrontation Clause violations as to Gomez, and (4) the reasonableness of defendantsʹ fines. 1. Sufficiency of the Evidence as to Castellano‐Nunez We review de novo the sufficiency of evidence, but ʺwe will uphold the judgments of conviction if ʹany rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.ʹʺ United States v. Coplan, 703 F.3d 46, 62 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). We ʺmust view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, crediting every inference that could have been drawn in the governmentʹs favor, and ʹdeferring to the juryʹs assessment of witness credibilityʹ and its assessment of the weight of the evidence.ʺ United States v. Chavez, 549 F.3d 119, 124 (2d Cir. 2008) (citations omitted) (quoting United States v. Bala, 236 F.3d 87, 93 (2d Cir. 2000)).
Castellano‐Nunez contends that there was insufficient evidence to prove that he joined the conspiracy or reasonably foresaw the distribution of more than one kilogram of heroin. See United States v. Snow, 462 F.3d 55, 72 (2d Cir. 2006) (requiring
quantity to be reasonably foreseeable). The evidence at trial, however, demonstrated the following. Castellano‐Nunezʹs brother, Antovany Acosta, ran a heroin distribution operation out of an apartment at 28 Maltby Place in New Haven, Connecticut. Castellano‐Nunez lived there, he was arrested there, and 27 bundles of heroin were found on site when he was arrested. Further, an ongoing wiretap on Castellano‐ Nunezʹs phone revealed that he informed Acosta of potential customers, retrieved heroin from 28 Maltby Place on behalf of Acosta for customers, and negotiated directly with customers for single‐digit gram quantities of heroin. Other wiretaps confirmed that Acosta, in turn, obtained ʺ250 grams [of heroin] every 10 daysʺ for distribution and in fact purchased that quantity (or a similar quantity) on at least five occasions between June and August 2011. Castellano‐Nunez App. at 774. As Castellano‐Nunez closely worked with his brother in servicing customers, a reasonable jury could have inferred that Castellano‐Nunez was a member of the heroin distribution conspiracy who reasonably foresaw that the conspiracy involved more than one kilogram of heroin. 2. Evidentiary Issues We review a district courtʹs evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion and vacate the conviction only if the error was not harmless. See United States v. Garcia, 413 F.3d 201, 210 (2d Cir. 2005). Gomez and Castellano‐Nunez both contest the admission of voice identification testimony of a Spanish‐speaking Drug Enforcement Agency (ʺDEAʺ) interpreter who monitored their wiretapped phones, and Castellano‐Nunez
also contests the admission of testimony by a Federal Bureau of Investigation (ʺFBIʺ) special agent about drug terminology. Neither argument is persuasive.
A. Admission of Voice Identification Testimony A district court may admit ʺ[a]n opinion identifying a personʹs voice . . .
based on hearing the voice at any time under circumstances that connect it with the alleged speaker.ʺ Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(5). Such an opinion may be admitted as either a lay opinion or an expert opinion. Id. advisory committeeʹs notes (commenting that, generally, ʺaural voice identification is not a subject of expert testimonyʺ); United States v. Cambindo Valencia, 609 F.2d 603, 640 (2d Cir. 1979) (finding no ʺclear abuse of discretion to qualify [an Spanish‐language interpreter] as an expertʺ); accord 31 Charles Alan Wright & Victor James Gold, Federal Practice & Procedure § 7110, at 88 (2000) (ʺRule 901(b)(5) permits both lay and expert opinions identifying a voice.ʺ). To permit lay opinion to identify a voice, a district court must determine that the opinion is ʺ(a) rationally based on the witnessʹs perception; (b) helpful to clearly understanding the witnessʹs testimony or to determining a fact in issue; and (c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge.ʺ Fed. R. Evid. 701; see United States v. Mendiola, 707 F.3d 735, 740 (7th Cir. 2013) (requiring that testimony must meet the requirements of both Rule 901 and Rule 701).
The district court here admitted the lay opinion of a Spanish‐language interpreter who had translated the wiretaps on Gomez and Castellano‐Nunez. See Mendiola, 707 F.3d at 739‐42 (permitting similar evidence). That interpreter, after listening to stipulated‐to voice exemplars of the defendants, then identified the voices on those wiretaps as belonging to Gomez and Castellano‐Nunez.
The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting this evidence.
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