FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT January 23, 2019 _________________________________ Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 18-1053 (D.C. No. 1:14-CR-00231-WJM-1) RICKY GARRISON, a/k/a “G”, (D. Colo.)
Defendant - Appellant. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before McHUGH, MORITZ, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Ricky Garrison was indicted with fifteen others on drug trafficking and related
offenses arising from an alleged large-scale conspiracy to distribute cocaine, heroin
and methamphetamines. Garrison was convicted on twenty counts after a jury trial
and now appeals his convictions on three grounds: (1) the district court abused its
discretion in denying him leave to file an untimely motion to suppress; (2) the
evidence was insufficient to support his conspiracy conviction; and (3) he received
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. ineffective assistance of counsel. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we
affirm.
BACKGROUND
Garrison was charged in the indictment with 53 counts of drug and weapons
offenses and one count of enabling interstate prostitution. The indictment followed
an investigation in which law enforcement obtained orders authorizing a succession
of wiretaps on Garrison’s phone and those of some of his co-defendants, including
Francisco Ramirez. The telephone calls and text messages intercepted under the
wiretaps were the basis for many of the charges in the case.
Garrison filed a motion to suppress the wiretap evidence, which the district
court denied. He also moved for leave to file a second, untimely motion to suppress
this evidence, which the district court also denied. Garrison proceeded to trial, where
the jury convicted him on one count of conspiracy to distribute and possess with
intent to distribute cocaine, cocaine base, or methamphetamine, and nineteen counts
of using a communications device to facilitate a drug offense. Before the jury’s
verdict, Garrison unsuccessfully moved for judgment of acquittal on the conspiracy
count, arguing that the evidence showed only a buyer-seller relationship. The court
sentenced Garrison to 156 months of imprisonment on the conspiracy count with a
concurrent sentence of 48 months on the use-of-communications counts. Garrison
timely appealed from the judgment of conviction.
2 DISCUSSION
A. Denial of leave to file an untimely motion to suppress the wiretap evidence
Garrison argues the district court abused its discretion in denying him leave
file a second, untimely motion to suppress the wiretap evidence. See Fed. R. Crim.
P. 12(c)(3) (stating court “may consider” an untimely pretrial motion “if the party
shows good cause”). Under this standard, we will not disturb the district court’s
decision unless we have “a definite and firm conviction that it made a clear error of
judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.” United
States v. Messner, 107 F.3d 1448, 1454 (10th Cir. 1997) (internal brackets and quotation
marks omitted). We discern no abuse of discretion in the district court’s refusal to
consider Garrison’s untimely motion.
The district court set and then extended the deadline for filing suppression
motions several times in the first two years of this case. As most relevant here, it
issued an order in July 2015 setting a deadline for discovery motions and for filing
“[a]ll suppression motions, including wiretap suppression motions (four corners and
non-four corners).” R. Vol. 1 at 211. The deadline for filing suppression motions
was 60 days after the hearing on discovery issues. Id. The district court decided the
discovery motions on December 3, 2015, without a hearing, which made February 1,
2016, the deadline for filing all wiretap and other suppression motions. Garrison did
3 not file a motion to suppress the wiretap evidence by this deadline or seek an
extension to do so.1
Two months after the February 1 deadline passed, Garrison asked the court to
vacate this deadline and reopen the filing period, citing the recent withdrawal of his
counsel as cause. The court concluded it had “more than adequate reason to deny”
this request outright in light of Garrison’s failure to meet the February 1 deadline, but
nonetheless granted Garrison’s request “solely in the interests of justice.” R. Vol. 1
at 518. The court set May 6, 2016, as the new deadline for filing all wiretap and
other suppression motions. Id.
Garrison filed a motion to suppress the wiretap evidence by the extended
May 6 deadline. As relevant here, Garrison argued in his motion that all wiretap
evidence must be suppressed because the judge that authorized the first wiretap order
in the chain, on co-defendant Ramirez’s phone, incorrectly concluded the wiretap
was necessary as required by 18 U.S.C. § 2518(3)(c) (issuing judge must determine
that “normal investigative procedures have been tried and have failed or reasonably
appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be too dangerous”). The purpose of this
“necessity” requirement is “to ensure that wiretapping, which is relatively intrusive
compared with other investigative methods, is not used in situations where traditional
investigative techniques would be sufficient to expose the criminal activity.” United
States v. Zapata, 546 F.3d 1179, 1185-86 (10th Cir. 2008). The issuing judge
1 A defendant’s failure to timely file a motion to suppress constitutes a waiver. See United States v. Vance, 893 F.3d 763, 769 & n.5 (10th Cir. 2018). 4 independently makes the necessity and other required determinations based on the facts
submitted by the government. See 18 U.S.C. § 2518(3).
Garrison argued surveillance of Ramirez’s phone was not necessary based
primarily on the government’s use of a confidential informant referred to as CHS-1 in its
affidavit supporting the Ramirez wiretap. First, Garrison argued the information the
government included in the affidavit regarding its use of CHS-1 demonstrated that
traditional investigative techniques were working and that a wiretap was therefore not
necessary. Second, Garrison asserted, as he had in a previous court filing, that he
knew the identity of CHS-1 and that the government had omitted material
information from the affidavit concerning this individual, information that if included
would have further demonstrated that the Ramirez wiretap was not necessary.
Garrison also identified CHS-1 by name in his suppression motion and recited
detailed evidence from the record regarding this individual that he claimed was
material and improperly omitted from the wiretap affidavit.
In his suppression motion Garrison also requested discovery of “all
information about CHS-1 from the law enforcement and prosecution agencies
involved in this investigation.” R. Vol. 2 at 93. Garrison asserted this information
was necessary for him “to complete a Franks argument and affidavit.” Id.
A “Franks argument” seeks to suppress evidence obtained as a result of a
search warrant or wiretap authorization under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154
(1978). Under Franks, a criminal defendant may challenge a facially sufficient
affidavit for a wiretap authorization on the ground that investigators knowingly,
5 intentionally, or recklessly included false information in the affidavit or omitted
material information from it. See United States v. Green, 175 F.3d 822, 828
(10th Cir. 1999) (citing Franks). “If a wiretap affidavit omits material information that
would vitiate either the necessity or the probable cause requirements had it been included,
the resultant evidence must be suppressed.” Id. at 828. Garrison’s argument in his
May 6 motion that the government omitted material information regarding CHS-1
from the affidavit supporting the Ramirez wiretap was thus a Franks argument. See
id.
To prevail on a motion to suppress under Franks, the defendant must establish by
a preponderance of the evidence that the government intentionally or recklessly included
false statements or omitted material information from the affidavit and, further, that when
these failings are corrected the affidavit was insufficient to support the warrant or
authorization. See Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-56. The Supreme Court contemplated that an
evidentiary hearing is necessary for a defendant to make this showing. See id.; United
States v. Yeje-Cabrera, 430 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 2005) (observing with respect to a
motion to suppress wiretap evidence that “[a] Franks hearing . . . is the proper route
for addressing” the concern that “government omitted material information that
would have prevented a finding of necessity”). But such government affidavits are
presumed to be valid, so to receive a Franks hearing and an opportunity to present these
challenges a defendant must first make “a substantial preliminary showing” that he or she
can meet this standard. Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-56; see id. at 171-72. This preliminary
showing must include an offer of proof, and the defendant must provide supporting
6 affidavits or satisfactorily explain their absence. Id. at 171; United States v. Herrera,
782 F.3d 571, 573 (10th Cir. 2015).
Garrison did not request a Franks hearing in his timely filed motion to suppress or
attempt to make the required preliminary showing even though he made a Franks-based
argument there. Instead, almost eight weeks later, Garrison filed a motion for leave to
file a second, now untimely, motion to suppress “pursuant to the holdings in Franks v.
Delaware.” R. Vol. 1 at 542. Garrison cited the government’s recent confirmation that
Garrison had correctly identified CHS-1 as the basis for his request and suggested he was
unable to bring a Franks motion without this confirmation.
The district court rejected this rationale and denied Garrison’s motion for leave
initially and on reconsideration. In so doing, the district court noted it had already
reopened the period for filing suppression motions once at Garrison’s urging. It further
concluded that Garrison had failed to demonstrate that he could not bring a Franks-based
motion regarding the wiretap affidavit and CHS-1 earlier in the proceeding, particularly
since Garrison had reported his identification of CHS-1 in both his timely filed, May 6
motion to suppress and in his October 2015 discovery motions filed more than eight
months earlier.2
2 In fact, in its December 2015 order denying Garrison’s discovery motions, the district court observed that not only did Garrison’s attorneys claim to know CHS-1’s identity, “they also seem to know many details about CHS-1 that could arguably support a claim that the Government was not sufficiently forthcoming to the judge that issued the wiretaps.” R. Vol. 1 at 407. 7 Garrison argued to the district court and argues again on appeal that the latter
conclusion is erroneous because without confirmation of CHS-1’s identity he could not
make the required “substantial preliminary showing” that the government had
intentionally or recklessly omitted information regarding CHS-1 from its affidavit that
was material to the issuing judge’s necessity determination. The district court was not
persuaded, and we find no abuse of discretion in this determination. First, Garrison cites
no authority in support of this proposition. Second, Garrison had no difficulty making
and supporting a Franks argument regarding alleged material omissions concerning
CHS-1 in his timely May 6 motion to suppress based on his belief as to CHS-1’s identity.
In fact, the allegedly material omissions and supporting evidence Garrison reported there
were repeated in the Franks motion he later proffered in connection with his motion for
leave to file a second, untimely motion to suppress.3 In addition, to the extent
confirmation of CHS-1’s identity was necessary to his Franks motion, Garrison’s
identification of CHS-1 in his timely motion to suppress effectively forced the
government to confirm this identification so it could respond to Garrison’s material
omission/Franks argument there. As the district court noted, Garrison could have
achieved the same result through a Franks motion timely filed by the May 6 deadline.
3 We also note that when Garrison requested disclosure of information regarding CHS-1 in his October 2015 discovery motion, on the ground that the requested information was “necessary in order to fully present a Franks challenge,” he specifically stated that he did not need the government to disclose CHS-1’s identity because he already knew it. R. Vol. 1 at 306-07 & n.2. 8 The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Garrison leave to file an
untimely Franks motion.
B. Sufficiency of the evidence supporting conspiracy conviction
Garrison argues the district court erred in denying his motion for acquittal
because the government failed to prove he was engaged in a conspiracy. To obtain
the conspiracy conviction, the government was required to prove: (1) an agreement
between Garrison and at least one other person to violate the law; (2) Garrison’s
knowledge of the essential objectives of the conspiracy; (3) his knowing and
voluntary participation in the conspiracy; and (4) interdependence among the
co-conspirators. See United States v. Cornelius, 696 F.3d 1307, 1317 (10th Cir.
2012). Garrison argues the government failed to prove the first and fourth elements,
an agreement to distribute drugs and an interdependence among the co-conspirators,
because the evidence only showed a series of buyer-seller relationships. Under our
precedent, a buyer-seller relationship shields end-user consumers from a drug
conspiracy conviction, but not buyers who “intend to redistribute the drugs for profit,
thereby furthering the objective of the conspiracy.” Id. at 1317-18 (internal quotation
marks omitted).4 We review the sufficiency of the evidence supporting Garrison’s
conspiracy conviction de novo, viewing all evidence in the light most favorable to the
4 Garrison cites case law from other circuits in arguing that a reseller can also benefit from the buyer-seller rule, but we have rejected this contention as “contrary to this court’s precedent.” United States v. Gallegos, 784 F.3d 1356, 1360 (10th Cir. 2015) (rejecting argument that “a drug purchaser does not enter into a conspiracy with his supplier simply by reselling the drugs to his own customers” (internal quotation marks omitted)). 9 jury verdict and drawing all reasonable inferences in support of that verdict. See
United States v. Wright, 506 F.3d 1293, 1297 (10th Cir. 2007).
In this case there was sufficient evidence supporting the jury’s conspiracy
verdict. In particular, the government presented evidence of more than a simple
buyer-seller relationship between Garrison and his suppliers. For example, trial
testimony and other evidence showed that Garrison made repeated weekly and
sometimes daily drug purchases from at least three different suppliers for the purpose
of resale rather than his own personal use. The government also presented evidence
that Garrison and his suppliers worked together in fulfilling the requests of
Garrison’s customers and that one of Garrison’s suppliers, Ramirez, contacted
Garrison when he had extra drugs available and sold him drugs on credit on one
occasion. There was also testimony at trial that Garrison and a supplier shared
“magic cut,” a substance they used to add weight to the drugs so they could be sold at
a higher profit. In addition, Garrison referred to one of his suppliers, Ramirez, as his
“partner.” Suppl. R. Vol. 1 at 72. This evidence was sufficient for a rational jury to
infer that there was an agreement between Garrison and one or more of his suppliers
to distribute drugs and that his relationship with his co-conspirators was
interdependent. See, e.g., United States v. Carter, 130 F.3d 1432, 1439 (10th Cir.
1997) (stating jury may “infer an agreement constituting a conspiracy from the acts
of the parties and other circumstantial evidence indicating concert of action for the
accomplishment of a common purpose” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Wright,
10 506 F.3d at 1299 (stating buyer-seller relationship where participants knew that drugs
were being purchased for resale “is patently an interdependent one”).
C. Ineffective assistance of counsel
Garrison also argues his convictions must be reversed and that he is entitled to a
new trial due to ineffective assistance of counsel. Garrison did not contend that his
counsel was ineffective before the district court, though he arguably suggested as much in
his motion asking the district court to reconsider its denial of his motion for leave to file
an untimely Franks motion. See R. Vol. 3 at 226-27 (arguing Garrison had asked his
prior counsel to file a Franks motion and that their failure to timely do so before
withdrawing in February 2016 was good cause for the court to reset the pretrial deadline
motion for a second time). Garrison also asserted the district court’s denial of his motion
for leave to file an untimely Franks motion itself denied his right to effective assistance
of counsel. Id. at 226. The district court did not address these contentions in its order
denying Garrison’s motion for reconsideration.
Under these circumstances, we will not consider Garrison’s ineffective-assistance
claims. We have long held that “[i]neffective assistance of counsel claims should be
brought in collateral proceedings, not on direct appeal.” United States v. Galloway,
56 F.3d 1239, 1240 (10th Cir. 1995) (en banc). We adopted this rule because
[a] factual record must be developed in and addressed by the district court in the first instance for effective review. Even if evidence is not necessary, at the very least counsel accused of deficient performance can explain their reasoning and actions, and the district court can render its opinion on the merits of the claim.
11 Id. (footnoted omitted). The district court’s opinion is particularly important to our
review because “the district court is familiar with the proceedings and has observed
counsel’s performance, in context, firsthand.” Id. The district court is also
well-positioned to assess whether counsel’s performance, even if ineffective, prejudiced
his defense as required for relief. See Strickland v. Washington¸ 466 U.S. 668, 687, 694
(1984) (in addition to showing counsel’s assistance was deficient, defendant must show
“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result
of the proceeding would have been different”); see also Massaro v. United States,
538 U.S. 500, 505 (2003) (“[I]neffective-assistance claims ordinarily will be litigated in
the first instance in the district court, the forum best suited to developing the facts
necessary to determining the adequacy of representation during an entire trial.”).
Garrison is correct that in rare instances we will review an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim on direct appeal, but “only where the issue was raised before and ruled
upon by the district court and a sufficient factual record exists.” United States v. Battles,
745 F.3d 436, 457 (10th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). Neither
circumstance is present here, because the factual record is not fully developed and the
district court has not ruled on Garrison’s ineffective-assistance claims. Accordingly, if
Garrison wishes to bring an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, he must do so in
collateral proceedings.5
5 Garrison asserted in his opening brief that he received ineffective assistance of counsel in part because his trial attorney failed to propose two instructions necessary to his theory of defense. When the government pointed out in response that Garrison’s counsel had proposed these instructions, Garrison shifted gears in his 12 CONCLUSION
The district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Allison H. Eid Circuit Judge
reply brief to argue that the district court abused its discretion in failing to give these instructions. We decline to review this challenge to the district court’s jury instructions because we ordinarily do not consider issues raised for the first time in a reply brief. Stump v. Gates, 211 F.3d 527, 533 (10th Cir. 2000). To the extent Garrison’s opening brief can be read to raise this issue, it was not adequately presented for our review. See Exum v. U.S. Olympic Comm., 389 F.3d 1130, 1134 n.4 (10th Cir. 2004) (“Scattered statements in the appellant's [opening] brief are not enough to preserve an issue for appeal.”).