FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit
December 6, 2007 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 07-2036 v. District of New Mexico ALFONSO GARCIA-RAMIREZ, (D.C. No. CR-06-787-BB)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRISCOE, EBEL, and McCONNELL, Circuit Judges.
Alfonso Garcia-Ramirez, a native and citizen of Mexico, pleaded guilty to
one count of re-entry of a deported alien previously convicted of an aggravated
felony, a violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a)(1), (a)(2), and (b)(2). He was
sentenced to serve a term in prison of 37 months. Mr. Garcia-Ramirez timely
appealed his sentence. His counsel, Mark Fine, of the Fine Law Firm,
Albuquerque, Mew Mexico, filed an Anders brief and moved to withdraw as
counsel. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). Mr. Garcia-Ramirez has
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10 th Circ. R. 32.1. submitted no additional brief, and the government declined to submit a reply
brief. Because we find that neither Mr. Garcia-Ramirez nor his counsel raises any
non-frivolous issue on appeal, we grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and dismiss
the appeal.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Mr. Garcia-Ramirez is a serial illegal immigrant and felon. He has been
deported to Mexico on at least four occasions, and continues to reenter the United
States illegally. Most recently, after serving three years in federal prison in Texas
for illegal entry, he was released and deported on June 10, 2005. Only six months
later, on January 20, 2006, he again entered the country illegally—the instant
offense—while still serving unsupervised release from the previous offense. The
Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) prepared by the United States Probation
Office in this case reflects that Mr. Garcia-Ramirez’s rap sheet also includes two
felony counts of controlled substance possession, felony distribution, another
misdemeanor possession count, three counts of criminal trespass, and a charge of
drinking in public, for which he never paid the fine. His other arrests include a
variety of drug and immigration offenses. A warrant for his arrest, for violating
probation, is outstanding in Missouri.
In this case, Mr. Garcia-Ramirez was charged with violating 8 U.S.C. §§
1326(a)(1), (a)(2), and (b)(2), in that, having previously been deported from the
United States “subsequent to a conviction for commission of an aggravated
-2- felony,” he “enter[ed], attempt[ed] to enter, or [was] at any time found in, the
United States” without the permission of the Attorney General. He pleaded
guilty. Under the Sentencing Guidelines, the PSR calculated Mr. Garcia-
Ramirez’s total offense level at 17 and his criminal history score at 14, placing
him in criminal history category VI. The advisory Guidelines sentence for such
an offender is 51 to 63 months’ imprisonment.
The district judge calculated Mr. Garcia-Ramirez’s total offense level to be
17. This reflected a base offense level of 8 under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(a), a 12-level
enhancement under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B) for commission of the re-entry offense
subsequent to “a conviction for a felony drug trafficking offense for which the
sentence imposed was 13 months or less,” and a 3-level reduction for acceptance
of responsibility. The judge additionally applied a 2-level downward variance for
a fast-track plea which the government had offered but had revoked between the
defendant’s acceptance and the finalization of the agreement. The judge
acknowledged that the correctly calculated criminal history category for Mr.
Garcia-Ramirez was VI; the Guidelines range was therefore 41 to 51 months. The
judge, however, found that the category of VI over-represented Mr. Garcia-
Ramirez’s actual criminal history, and elected to depart downward from this range
to sentence him as though his criminal history category were V. See id. §
4A1.3(b)(i). An offense level of 15 and criminal history category of V would
-3- produce a Guidelines range of 37 to 46 months, and the judge gave Mr. Garcia-
Ramirez the bottommost sentence in this range.
Mr. Garcia-Ramirez filed a timely notice of appeal of the conviction and
sentence. Counsel’s motion to withdraw and Anders brief followed. Under
Anders, a court-appointed defense counsel who believes that an appeal would be
“wholly frivolous” may withdraw only upon submission of a brief to the client
and the court indicating “anything in the record that might arguably support the
appeal.” Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). The defendant may
then choose to submit arguments to the court. United States v. Calderon, 428
F.3d 928, 930 (10th Cir. 2005). If we conclude, after a full examination of the
record before us, that the appeal is frivolous, we will grant motion to withdraw
and dismiss the appeal. Id.; Anders, 386 U.S. at 744.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Validity of Sentencing Guideline § 2L1.2
The first issue presented in the Anders brief is a facial challenge under the
Eighth Amendment to the validity of § 2L1.2 of the Sentencing Guidelines. That
guideline sets a base offense level of 8 for crimes of unlawfully entering or
remaining in the United States, and specifies enhancements in the offense level
for defendants who have previously been convicted of other crimes. The district
court held that Mr. Garcia-Ramirez’s base offense level was subject to a twelve-
level enhancement because his immigration violation was committed after his
-4- deportation on an earlier “conviction for a felony drug trafficking offense for
which the sentence imposed was 13 months or less.” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B).
Appellant challenges this guideline on the grounds that a sentence under it
is cruel and unusual, and that the use of a prior felony conviction to determine the
offense level, when the same prior conviction also contributes to the defendant’s
criminal history category, is an impermissible “double counting” of the
conviction. Appellate counsel is correct that these arguments are frivolous.
The statutory maximum for the crime to which Mr. Garcia-Ramirez pled
guilty is twenty years, or 240 months, see 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2), and “a sentence
within the prescribed statutory limits generally will not be found to be cruel and
unusual.” United States v. Newsome, 898 F.2d 119, 122 (10th Cir. 1990). In
United States v. Delacruz-Soto, 414 F.3d 1158, 1168 (10th Cir. 2005), we
affirmed, upon an Eighth Amendment challenge, a 46-month sentence for a
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit
December 6, 2007 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 07-2036 v. District of New Mexico ALFONSO GARCIA-RAMIREZ, (D.C. No. CR-06-787-BB)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRISCOE, EBEL, and McCONNELL, Circuit Judges.
Alfonso Garcia-Ramirez, a native and citizen of Mexico, pleaded guilty to
one count of re-entry of a deported alien previously convicted of an aggravated
felony, a violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a)(1), (a)(2), and (b)(2). He was
sentenced to serve a term in prison of 37 months. Mr. Garcia-Ramirez timely
appealed his sentence. His counsel, Mark Fine, of the Fine Law Firm,
Albuquerque, Mew Mexico, filed an Anders brief and moved to withdraw as
counsel. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). Mr. Garcia-Ramirez has
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10 th Circ. R. 32.1. submitted no additional brief, and the government declined to submit a reply
brief. Because we find that neither Mr. Garcia-Ramirez nor his counsel raises any
non-frivolous issue on appeal, we grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and dismiss
the appeal.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Mr. Garcia-Ramirez is a serial illegal immigrant and felon. He has been
deported to Mexico on at least four occasions, and continues to reenter the United
States illegally. Most recently, after serving three years in federal prison in Texas
for illegal entry, he was released and deported on June 10, 2005. Only six months
later, on January 20, 2006, he again entered the country illegally—the instant
offense—while still serving unsupervised release from the previous offense. The
Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) prepared by the United States Probation
Office in this case reflects that Mr. Garcia-Ramirez’s rap sheet also includes two
felony counts of controlled substance possession, felony distribution, another
misdemeanor possession count, three counts of criminal trespass, and a charge of
drinking in public, for which he never paid the fine. His other arrests include a
variety of drug and immigration offenses. A warrant for his arrest, for violating
probation, is outstanding in Missouri.
In this case, Mr. Garcia-Ramirez was charged with violating 8 U.S.C. §§
1326(a)(1), (a)(2), and (b)(2), in that, having previously been deported from the
United States “subsequent to a conviction for commission of an aggravated
-2- felony,” he “enter[ed], attempt[ed] to enter, or [was] at any time found in, the
United States” without the permission of the Attorney General. He pleaded
guilty. Under the Sentencing Guidelines, the PSR calculated Mr. Garcia-
Ramirez’s total offense level at 17 and his criminal history score at 14, placing
him in criminal history category VI. The advisory Guidelines sentence for such
an offender is 51 to 63 months’ imprisonment.
The district judge calculated Mr. Garcia-Ramirez’s total offense level to be
17. This reflected a base offense level of 8 under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(a), a 12-level
enhancement under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B) for commission of the re-entry offense
subsequent to “a conviction for a felony drug trafficking offense for which the
sentence imposed was 13 months or less,” and a 3-level reduction for acceptance
of responsibility. The judge additionally applied a 2-level downward variance for
a fast-track plea which the government had offered but had revoked between the
defendant’s acceptance and the finalization of the agreement. The judge
acknowledged that the correctly calculated criminal history category for Mr.
Garcia-Ramirez was VI; the Guidelines range was therefore 41 to 51 months. The
judge, however, found that the category of VI over-represented Mr. Garcia-
Ramirez’s actual criminal history, and elected to depart downward from this range
to sentence him as though his criminal history category were V. See id. §
4A1.3(b)(i). An offense level of 15 and criminal history category of V would
-3- produce a Guidelines range of 37 to 46 months, and the judge gave Mr. Garcia-
Ramirez the bottommost sentence in this range.
Mr. Garcia-Ramirez filed a timely notice of appeal of the conviction and
sentence. Counsel’s motion to withdraw and Anders brief followed. Under
Anders, a court-appointed defense counsel who believes that an appeal would be
“wholly frivolous” may withdraw only upon submission of a brief to the client
and the court indicating “anything in the record that might arguably support the
appeal.” Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). The defendant may
then choose to submit arguments to the court. United States v. Calderon, 428
F.3d 928, 930 (10th Cir. 2005). If we conclude, after a full examination of the
record before us, that the appeal is frivolous, we will grant motion to withdraw
and dismiss the appeal. Id.; Anders, 386 U.S. at 744.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Validity of Sentencing Guideline § 2L1.2
The first issue presented in the Anders brief is a facial challenge under the
Eighth Amendment to the validity of § 2L1.2 of the Sentencing Guidelines. That
guideline sets a base offense level of 8 for crimes of unlawfully entering or
remaining in the United States, and specifies enhancements in the offense level
for defendants who have previously been convicted of other crimes. The district
court held that Mr. Garcia-Ramirez’s base offense level was subject to a twelve-
level enhancement because his immigration violation was committed after his
-4- deportation on an earlier “conviction for a felony drug trafficking offense for
which the sentence imposed was 13 months or less.” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B).
Appellant challenges this guideline on the grounds that a sentence under it
is cruel and unusual, and that the use of a prior felony conviction to determine the
offense level, when the same prior conviction also contributes to the defendant’s
criminal history category, is an impermissible “double counting” of the
conviction. Appellate counsel is correct that these arguments are frivolous.
The statutory maximum for the crime to which Mr. Garcia-Ramirez pled
guilty is twenty years, or 240 months, see 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2), and “a sentence
within the prescribed statutory limits generally will not be found to be cruel and
unusual.” United States v. Newsome, 898 F.2d 119, 122 (10th Cir. 1990). In
United States v. Delacruz-Soto, 414 F.3d 1158, 1168 (10th Cir. 2005), we
affirmed, upon an Eighth Amendment challenge, a 46-month sentence for a
violation of the same offense, interpreted under the same guideline, to which Mr.
Garcia-Ramirez pled guilty. See also, e.g., United States v. Johnstone, 251 F.3d
281, 286 n.7 (1st Cir. 2001) (rejecting Eighth Amendment challenge to 45-month
sentence under same statute); United States v. Cardenas-Alvarez, 987 F.2d 1129,
1134 (5th Cir. 1993) (same; 100-month sentence); United States v. Cupa-Guillen,
34 F.3d 860, 865 (9th Cir. 1994) (same; 100-month sentence). Appellant’s
argument that his sentence violates the Eighth Amendment is therefore foreclosed
by precedent.
-5- Appellant’s alternative argument that it is impermissible “double counting”
to use a previous felony conviction to calculate both the defendant’s offense level
and his criminal history category is likewise without merit. For offenses relating
to illegal reentry, a previous felony is factored into the offense level because “we
find it particularly troublesome to have illegal aliens returning who are not just
illegal aliens, but also criminals. The criminal history category, however, serves
the different purpose of evaluating the likelihood that any defendant will commit
another crime in the future.” United States v. Olmos-Esparza, 484 F.3d 1111,
1115 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We have
repeatedly and consistently upheld sentences where the offense level and criminal
history both reflect the same prior criminal activity. E.g., United States v. Ruiz-
Terrazas, 477 F.3d 1196, 1204 (10th Cir. 2007); United States v.
Murriega-Santos, 2006 WL 3291683 at *2 (10th Cir. Nov.14, 2006)
(unpublished); United States v. Hernandez-Juarez, 185 F. App’x 758, 762–63
(10th Cir. 2006) (unpublished).
B. Classification of Offense as Felony
The second issue raised in Appellant’s Anders brief is whether the
classification of a prior crime as a felony or a misdemeanor is a fact which must
be proven to a jury if not admitted by the defendant. Here, the application of
Guideline 2L1.2(b)(1)(B) turns on whether Mr. Garcia-Ramirez’s 1993 drug
trafficking conviction in Utah, the basis for the enhancement, was “a felony drug
-6- trafficking offense for which the sentence imposed was 13 months or less.” Mr.
Garcia-Ramirez argues that, because he did not admit that the offense was a
felony, and because this was not proven by the government prior to sentencing,
the guideline cannot be applied to him.
This “argument simply miscasts a legal conclusion as a factual dispute.”
United States v. Cordova-Arevalo, 456 F.3d 1229, 1232 (10th Cir. 2006). Once
the offense itself has been admitted to, its classification for sentencing purposes is
a matter of federal law. On this question, it is clear that “felony,” under this
guideline, means any offense punishable by death or any term of imprisonment
exceeding one year. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. 2; Cordova-Arevalo, 456 F.3d at
1232–33; see also, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 3156(a)(3); U.S.C.G. § 4A1.2(o). As a legal
matter, it is apparent from the face of the statute under which Mr. Garcia-Ramirez
was convicted, Utah Code Ann. § 58-37-8 (1993), that the maximum penalty
exceeded one year’s imprisonment. See id. § 76-3-203. Mr. Garcia-Ramirez was
actually sentenced to a term of five years, with all but six months suspended. The
12-level enhancement—applicable where the maximum term of imprisonment is
greater than one year and the term actually served was 13 months or
less—therefore applies, and his argument to the contrary is meritless.
Moreover, at Mr. Garcia-Ramirez’s plea hearing, the following colloquy
took place:
-7- THE COURT: Have you previously been in the United States and while here did you commit and were you convicted of an aggravated felony, distribution of a controlled substance?
MR. GARCIA-RAMIREZ: Yes.
R. Vol. IV, at 24 (emphasis added). Even if, then, he were correct that the
classification of his prior offense as a felony should be considered a factual
matter, he has admitted it, and that fact was properly used at sentencing.
III. CONCLUSION
Our review of counsel’s Anders brief, as well as of the remainder of the
record, reveals no non-frivolous issues for appeal. We therefore GRANT
counsel’s motion to withdraw and DISMISS the appeal. The judgment of the
United States District Court for the District of New Mexico is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court,
Michael W. McConnell Circuit Judge
-8-