United States v. Frias-Trujillo

9 F.3d 875, 1993 WL 459996
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
DecidedNovember 9, 1993
DocketNo. 92-2257
StatusPublished
Cited by35 cases

This text of 9 F.3d 875 (United States v. Frias-Trujillo) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Frias-Trujillo, 9 F.3d 875, 1993 WL 459996 (10th Cir. 1993).

Opinion

McKAY, Chief Judge.

The parties have agreed that this case may be submitted for decision on the briefs. See Fed.R.App.P. 34(f); 10th Cir.R. 34.1.2. The ease is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Defendant Alfredo Frias-Trujillo appeals his sentence for re-entry into the United States after deportation in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b), claiming that the district court erred in calculating his sentence under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b). Mr. Frias was convicted of burglary in Texas in May 1989. He was sentenced to twenty-five years imprisonment, and was deported in June 1991. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Frias re-entered the United States, and was arrested in New Mexico in November 1991 for burglary. Approximately one week later, Immigration and Naturalization Service agents interviewed Mr. Frias regarding his immigration status, and Mr. Frias admitted he was in the country illegally. Mr. Frias was subsequently charged with re-entry after deportation “[i]n violation of 8 U.S.C. 1326 and 8 U.S.C. 1326(b).” (R. Vol. I Doe. 1.) Mr. Frias eventually pled guilty.

The presentence report calculated Mr. Fri-as’ base offense level at eight, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2. The PSR then recommended a sixteen-level increase pursuant to § 2L1.2(b)(2), based on the determination that the May 1989 burglary in Texas constituted a “crime of violence” so as to be an “aggravated felony” within the meaning of that section. Mr. Frias objected to this characterization, and the trial court accepted Mr. Frias’ proffer that the crime was committed during the day and no person or property was injured. Nevertheless, the trial court concluded that the burglary was a crime of violence because it involved “a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.” (R. Vol. II at 4.) The trial court then applied the sixteen offense level increase to Mr. Frias’ base offense level of eight, granted a two-level downward departure for acceptance of responsibility, and imposed the statutory maximum sentence of sixty months, with three years supervised release.

Mr. Frias appeals, arguing that under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(l), the increase to the base offense level should have been only four rather than eight, for a total offense level of ten after the departure for acceptance of responsibility. With Mr. Frias’ criminal history level of VI, his maximum sentence would then have been twenty-four to thirty months. We affirm the district court’s sentence.

The district court’s legal interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines is a question of law, subject to de novo review. United States v. Lambert, 995 F.2d 1006, 1008 (10th Cir.1993), cert. denied, — U.S.—, 114 S.Ct. 333, 126 L.Ed.2d 278 (1993).

Mr. Frias raises three arguments on appeal. First, he argues that, under Texas law, the May 1989 burglary does not constitute a “crime of violence” as defined under 18 U.S.C. § 16(b), so as to permit a court to impose a sixteen-level offense increase under § 2L1.2(b)(2) for an “aggravated felony.” Section 2L1.2 defines an “aggravated felony” as “any crime of violence (as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 16 ...) for which the term of imprisonment imposed ... is at least five years.” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, comment, (n. 7). A “crime of violence” under 18 U.S.C. § 16 is defined as follows:

(a) an offense that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another, or
(b) any other offense that is a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.

18 U.S.C. § 16. The legislative history to § 16 notes that “offenses such as burglary in violation of a State law ... would be included in [§ 16(b) ] inasmuch as such an offense would involve the substantial risk of physical [877]*877force against another person or against the property.” S.Rep. No. 225, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 307, reprinted in 1984 U.S.S.C.A.N. 3182, 3487.1 Mr. Frias urges this court to hold that, because in this particular case nobody was at home, no property was damaged, and nobody was injured, the burglary was not a “crime of violence.” There is no indication that Congress intended “that a particular crime might sometimes count towards enhancement and sometimes not, depending on the facts of the case.” Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 601, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 2159, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990). We therefore affirm the district court’s finding that the Texas burglary constituted a “crime of violence” for purposes of § 2L1.2(b)(2).

Mr. Frias next argues that, since the indictment was treated as a violation of § 1326(b)(1) (re-entry after deportation subsequent to a felony “other than an aggravated felony”), rather than of § 1326(b)(2) (reentry after deportation subsequent to an “aggravated felony”), the district court erred in applying § 2L1.2(b)(2)’s enhancement provision. Essentially, Mr. Frias argues that there is a direct correlation between § 1326(b)(1) and § 2L1.2(b)(l) of the Guidelines (increase for prior deportation after conviction for a “felony”), and between § 1326(b)(2) and § 2L1.2(b)(2) (increase for prior deportation after conviction for an “aggravated felony”). Since Mr. Frias pled guilty to a violation of § 1326(b)(1), he argues, the district court erred in enhancing his sentence under § 2L1.2(b)(2).2 While Mr. Frias’ argument enjoys a certain symmetry, we believe that a review of the history and structure of § 2L1.2 indicates that the symmetry is but an illusion.

Under the Guidelines, the sentencing court is directed to select the appropriate guideline in light of the crime of conviction. The Guidelines provide that § 2L1.2 is the appropriate guideline for violations of § 1326. U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, comment, (statutory provisions); id., App. A at 396. Neither the commentary nor the statutory appendix breaks down the applicability of § 2L1.2(b) into subsections. Furthermore, the Guidelines direct the district court to consider the “specific offense characteristics” in determining the appropriate sentencing range within the applicable guideline. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2, comment. (n.2). Section 2L1.2(b) is explicitly captioned “Specific Offense Characteristics,” and states “[i]f more than one applies, use the greater.” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b). This language clearly indicates that the sentencing court’s consideration is not limited by the particular subsection of § 1326 at issue. The Ninth Circuit has adopted a similar view.

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Bluebook (online)
9 F.3d 875, 1993 WL 459996, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-frias-trujillo-ca10-1993.