BACHARACH, Circuit Judge.
This appeal involves child pornography. The defendant, Mr. Richard Franklin, subscribed to a website called “GigaTribe.” Like some other popular websites, GigaTribe allowed Mr. Franklin to approve other subscribers as “friends,” allowing them into his “tribe.” For his so-called “tribe,” Mr. Franklin posted previews of pornographic images of children. In posting the previews, Mr. Franklin determined which pornographic images to share and with whom. When GigaTribe “friends” were given access, they could choose what they liked, download the images, and share these images with other subscribers.
At trial, Mr. Franklin was found guilty on five counts, including advertisement or notice of child pornography. The guidelines called for life imprisonment, and the district court imposed five consecutive sentences totaling 100 years.
On appeal, Mr. Franklin contends that the evidence did not support the conviction on advertisement or notice, that the total years of imprisonment involved a substantively unreasonable sentence, and that the district judge improperly found facts (without jury findings) necessary to justify the long sentence. We reject these arguments and affirm.
I. “Advertisement or Notice”
Count One involved the advertisement or notice of child pornography. The statute, 18 U.S.C. § 2251(d)(1), prohibits “any notice or advertisement seeking or offering” to provide or receive pictures of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct. 18 U.S.C. § 2251(d)(1) (2012).
The prosecution’s theory was that Mr. Franklin had provided advertising or notice of images of child pornography by making these images available to 108 GigaTribe “friends.” Mr. Franklin argues that this theory was too broad because GigaTribe was a closed network, meaning someone had to be a “friend” to access the child pornography. In Mr. Franklin’s view, the “statute is limited to impersonal and indiscriminate communications to the public.” Appellant’s Second Amended Opening Br. at 17.
This issue involves sufficiency of the evidence. Ordinarily the evidence suffices for guilt if a rational fact-finder could have determined that the prosecution had proven guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Hoyle,
697 F.3d 1158, 1163 (10th Cir.2012). To apply that test, however, the district court had to interpret the meaning of § 2251(d)(1)(A). And, on issues of statutory interpretation, we apply de novo review.
See United States v. Phelps,
17 F.3d 1334, 1337 (10th Cir.1994) (“We review the district court’s conclusions of law regarding the interpretation of the statute
de novo.”).
Engaging in de novo review, we start with the key words in the statute: “advertisement” and “notice.” In Mr. Franklin’s view, both terms involve interaction with the public and his collection of child pornography was accessible only to his “friends,” not the “public.” But Mr. Franklin’s interpretation of the terms “ad
vertisement” and “notice” is inconsistent with their plain meaning.
Both terms involve everyday words, so we consult a dictionary to ascertain their meaning.
United States v. Roberts,
88 F.3d 872, 877 (10th Cir.1996) (per curiam),
superceded by statute on other grounds as recognized in United States v. Meacham,
115 F.3d 1488, 1491 (10th Cir.1997). A widely used dictionary,
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary,
provides six definitions of the term “advertisement”:
1. “the action of advertising: a calling attention to or making known”
2. “warning, admonition”
3. “an informing or notifying: notification”
4. “a calling to public attention: publicity”
5. “a statement calling attention to something: notice”
6. “a public notice;
esp [ecially
]: a paid notice or announcement published in some public print (as a newspaper, periodical, poster, or handbill) or broadcast over radio or television.... ”
Webster’s Third New Int’l Dict.
31 (ed. Philip Babcock Gove 1993). Two of the six definitions involve a public component.
See id.
The same dictionary provides eighteen definitions of the noun “notice”:
1. a “formal or informal warning or intimation of something: announcement”
2. “a warning, announcement, or intimation given a specified time before the event to take place”
3. “notification by one of the parties to an agreement or relation ... of intention of terminating it at a specified time”
4. “a communication of intelligence or of a claim or demand often required by statute or contract and prescribing the manner or form of giving it”
5. “the condition of being warned or notified”
6. “information, intelligence”
7. “knowledge”
8. “actual knowledge of a pertinent legal fact”
9. “knowledge of a particular fact ... capable of being acquired by the exercise of reasonable care on the part of the person legally chargeable with it — called also
implied notice ”
10. “knowledge of a particular fact ... imputed by a positive rule of law to a person regardless of his actual knowledge — called also
constructive notice
”
11. “notion or idea”
12. “attention, heed, observation”
13. “the condition of being noticed”
14. “polite or favorable attention”
15. “a written or printed announcement or bulletin”
16. “a critical account or commentary on a play or other public performance”
17. “book review” and
18. “critical examination”
Id.
at 1544.
In his reply brief, Mr. Franklin acknowledges that the term “notice ... has substantial definitional bandwidth.” Appellant’s Reply Br. at 2. With this acknowledgment, he has not cited any definitions limiting the term “notice” to com-, munications with the public. But, as noted above,
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary
supplies eighteen definitions of the term “notice,” and none contains a public component.
Nonetheless, Mr. FranMin argues that
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BACHARACH, Circuit Judge.
This appeal involves child pornography. The defendant, Mr. Richard Franklin, subscribed to a website called “GigaTribe.” Like some other popular websites, GigaTribe allowed Mr. Franklin to approve other subscribers as “friends,” allowing them into his “tribe.” For his so-called “tribe,” Mr. Franklin posted previews of pornographic images of children. In posting the previews, Mr. Franklin determined which pornographic images to share and with whom. When GigaTribe “friends” were given access, they could choose what they liked, download the images, and share these images with other subscribers.
At trial, Mr. Franklin was found guilty on five counts, including advertisement or notice of child pornography. The guidelines called for life imprisonment, and the district court imposed five consecutive sentences totaling 100 years.
On appeal, Mr. Franklin contends that the evidence did not support the conviction on advertisement or notice, that the total years of imprisonment involved a substantively unreasonable sentence, and that the district judge improperly found facts (without jury findings) necessary to justify the long sentence. We reject these arguments and affirm.
I. “Advertisement or Notice”
Count One involved the advertisement or notice of child pornography. The statute, 18 U.S.C. § 2251(d)(1), prohibits “any notice or advertisement seeking or offering” to provide or receive pictures of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct. 18 U.S.C. § 2251(d)(1) (2012).
The prosecution’s theory was that Mr. Franklin had provided advertising or notice of images of child pornography by making these images available to 108 GigaTribe “friends.” Mr. Franklin argues that this theory was too broad because GigaTribe was a closed network, meaning someone had to be a “friend” to access the child pornography. In Mr. Franklin’s view, the “statute is limited to impersonal and indiscriminate communications to the public.” Appellant’s Second Amended Opening Br. at 17.
This issue involves sufficiency of the evidence. Ordinarily the evidence suffices for guilt if a rational fact-finder could have determined that the prosecution had proven guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Hoyle,
697 F.3d 1158, 1163 (10th Cir.2012). To apply that test, however, the district court had to interpret the meaning of § 2251(d)(1)(A). And, on issues of statutory interpretation, we apply de novo review.
See United States v. Phelps,
17 F.3d 1334, 1337 (10th Cir.1994) (“We review the district court’s conclusions of law regarding the interpretation of the statute
de novo.”).
Engaging in de novo review, we start with the key words in the statute: “advertisement” and “notice.” In Mr. Franklin’s view, both terms involve interaction with the public and his collection of child pornography was accessible only to his “friends,” not the “public.” But Mr. Franklin’s interpretation of the terms “ad
vertisement” and “notice” is inconsistent with their plain meaning.
Both terms involve everyday words, so we consult a dictionary to ascertain their meaning.
United States v. Roberts,
88 F.3d 872, 877 (10th Cir.1996) (per curiam),
superceded by statute on other grounds as recognized in United States v. Meacham,
115 F.3d 1488, 1491 (10th Cir.1997). A widely used dictionary,
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary,
provides six definitions of the term “advertisement”:
1. “the action of advertising: a calling attention to or making known”
2. “warning, admonition”
3. “an informing or notifying: notification”
4. “a calling to public attention: publicity”
5. “a statement calling attention to something: notice”
6. “a public notice;
esp [ecially
]: a paid notice or announcement published in some public print (as a newspaper, periodical, poster, or handbill) or broadcast over radio or television.... ”
Webster’s Third New Int’l Dict.
31 (ed. Philip Babcock Gove 1993). Two of the six definitions involve a public component.
See id.
The same dictionary provides eighteen definitions of the noun “notice”:
1. a “formal or informal warning or intimation of something: announcement”
2. “a warning, announcement, or intimation given a specified time before the event to take place”
3. “notification by one of the parties to an agreement or relation ... of intention of terminating it at a specified time”
4. “a communication of intelligence or of a claim or demand often required by statute or contract and prescribing the manner or form of giving it”
5. “the condition of being warned or notified”
6. “information, intelligence”
7. “knowledge”
8. “actual knowledge of a pertinent legal fact”
9. “knowledge of a particular fact ... capable of being acquired by the exercise of reasonable care on the part of the person legally chargeable with it — called also
implied notice ”
10. “knowledge of a particular fact ... imputed by a positive rule of law to a person regardless of his actual knowledge — called also
constructive notice
”
11. “notion or idea”
12. “attention, heed, observation”
13. “the condition of being noticed”
14. “polite or favorable attention”
15. “a written or printed announcement or bulletin”
16. “a critical account or commentary on a play or other public performance”
17. “book review” and
18. “critical examination”
Id.
at 1544.
In his reply brief, Mr. Franklin acknowledges that the term “notice ... has substantial definitional bandwidth.” Appellant’s Reply Br. at 2. With this acknowledgment, he has not cited any definitions limiting the term “notice” to com-, munications with the public. But, as noted above,
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary
supplies eighteen definitions of the term “notice,” and none contains a public component.
Nonetheless, Mr. FranMin argues that
• the term “advertisement” requires a public component, and
• because the terms “advertisement” and “notice” are parts of a series, the canon of
noscitur a sociis
(a word is given more precise content by the neighboring words) requires that we treat the term “notice” as if it contained a public component.
This argument is invalid as a matter of law. The Supreme Court has held that a list of three words is too short for application of the canon of
noscitur a sociis. Graham Cnty. Soil & Water Conservation Dist. v. United States,
559 U.S. 280, 288, 130 S.Ct. 1396, 176 L.Ed.2d 225 (2010). If three words is too short for the canon, a list of two words (“advertisement or notice”) must also be too short.
For the sake of argument, we might assume that both terms (“advertisement” and “notice”) are meant to involve communication with the public. Even with this generous assumption, Mr. FranHin’s argument would fail. This argument is flawed because it assumes a communication is “public” only if it is “indiscriminately” and “impersonally” made available to everyone.
The public consists of numerous groups. For example, dozens of individuals may belong to an exclusive wholesale club. Though the number of members is limited, communications to the membership would remain public even if they were not “indiscriminate” or “impersonal.” Similarly, a popular basketball star might have hundreds or thousands of “friends” on his or her Facebook page. Though the “friends” are limited, communications to these individuals would be considered “public” even if they are not “indiscriminate” or “impersonal.”
Like members of a wholesale club or “friends” on a basketball star’s Facebook page, membership in an informal group of like-minded individuals would constitute a subset of the public.
Our subset of the public, GigaTribe subscribers interested in child pornography, could be considered “the public” even if Mr. Franklin were correct about the need for a public component.
Mr. Franklin likens this group to family members, suggesting that communications to family members would not be considered “advertisements.” But Mr. Franklin’s GigaTribe “friends” were not family members or even acquaintances. They were fellow subscribers, accepted by Mr. Franklin, who shared his interest in child pornography. Unlike a family relationship, Mr. Franklin’s connection with the 108 individuals existed solely to share child pornography. We do not view that connection like the bonds that connect family members.
Mr. Franklin argues that no case has ever applied § 2251(d)(1)(A) to a closed network like “GigaTribe,” which limits the sharing of flies to individuals accepted as “friends.” For the sake of argument, we can assume that is true. But other courts have applied the statute to media that limit the sharing of files to particular individuals.
See United States v. Wayerski,
624 F.3d 1342, 1348 (11th Cir.2010) (45 members using complex encryption methods);
United States v. Rowe,
414 F.3d 271, 277 (2d Cir.2005) (chat-room posting).
This application of the statute is hardly novel. Congress surely did not intend to limit the statute’s reach to pedophiles who indiscriminately advertise through traditional modes of communication like television or radio. Congress was trying to capture all advertisements or notices tar
geting individuals interested in obtaining or distributing child pornography, like Mr. Franklin and his GigaTribe “friends.”
See
H.R.Rep. No. 99-910, at 6 (1986) (stating that in adopting § 2251, Congress sought to criminalize new technological devices, like “computer ‘bulletin boards,’ ” that contain offers of child pornography); S.Rep. No. 99-537, at 13-14 (1986) (discussing the increasing danger from computer bulletin boards, serving as “an electronic form” of classified ads for the exchange of communications among pedophiles).
We conclude that a rational fact-finder could regard Mr. Franklin’s postings of child pornography as advertisements or notices under § 2251(d)(1)(A).
II. Substantive Reasonableness of the Sentence
On each of the five counts, the district court imposed a separate, consecutive term between 10 and 30 years.
These terms totaled 100 years. In Mr. Franklin’s view, the 100-year sentence was substantively unreasonable. We disagree.
We engage in limited scrutiny of the sentence, considering only whether the district court acted within its discretion.
United States v. Sanchez-Leon,
764 F.3d 1248, 1267 (10th Cir.2014). The court acted within its discretion unless the sentence was “ ‘arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable.’ ”
Id.
(quoting
United States v. Sayad,
589 F.3d 1110, 1116 (10th Cir.2009)).
Mr. Franklin acknowledges that the sentence fell within the guideline range, which called for life imprisonment. For sentences falling within the guideline range, like this one, we apply a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness.
United States v. Castillo-Arellano, 777
F.3d 1100, 1104 (10th Cir.2015). Mr. Franklin argues that we should carve out an exception for the applicable guideline (2G2.2) because it lacks an empirical basis and is overly harsh. We disagree, with 'both arguments.
We have already rejected an empirically based challenge to another guideline (2G2.1) in
United States v. Grigsby,
749 F.3d 908, 910-11 (10th Cir.2014). There we relied on a Fifth Circuit case analyzing 2G2.2.
Id.
at 911 (citing
United States v. Miller,
665 F.3d 114, 121 (5th Cir.2011)). Ultimately, both cases reasoned that a guideline range deserves consideration whether it is “ ‘[ejmpirically based or not.’ ”
Id.
(quoting
United States v. Miller,
665 F.3d 114, 121 (5th Cir.2011)). Under
Grigsby,
we apply the presumption of reasonableness to sentences based on 2G2.2, regardless of its alleged lack of empirical support.
In Mr. Franklin’s view, the harshness of the guideline calls for a presumption of unreasonableness. This view is unsupported. The Supreme Court has stated that we cannot apply a “presumption of unreasonableness” even to sentences outside the guideline range.
E.g., Peugh v. United States,
— U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 2072, 2080, 186 L.Ed.2d 84 (2013). When the sentence is
within
the guideline range, there would be even less justification for a presumption of unreasonableness.
Mr. Franklin argues that even if the presumption of reasonableness applies, the total prison term of 100 years remains too
harsh because his actions constituted “run-of-the-mill” crimes that are characteristic of any distributor of child pornography. The district court viewed the crime differently, explaining that
• Mr. Franklin had downloaded hundreds of thousands of images containing child pornography,
• the images showed child molestation, intercourse with children, and inappropriate sexual activity with prepubescent minors,
• Mr. Franklin’s compilation of child pornography resulted in continued danger, fear, trauma, anxiety, and stress to the children being depicted, and
• there was a need to prevent Mr. Franklin from committing further crimes.
Appellant’s App., vol. 4, at 1699-1702.
Criticizing this explanation, Mr. Franklin argues that the district court failed to take into account the Sentencing Commission’s policy statements.
But the policy statements would not have rendered the sentence arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable.
Finally, Mr. Franklin argues that the sentence is disproportionate to other sentences for similar conduct. This argument is unsupported.
The purpose of the sentencing guidelines is “to eliminate disparities among sentences nationwide.”
United States v. Zapata,
546 F.3d 1179, 1194 (10th Cir.2008);
see United States v. Garza,
1 F.3d 1098, 1100 (10th Cir.1993) (“Congress chose to avoid unwarranted disparities through a guideline system which considered various facts concerning the offense and the offender.”). Thus, when the district court “correctly calculated and carefully reviewed the Guidelines range, [it] necessarily gave significant weight and consideration to the need to avoid unwarranted disparities.”
Gall v. United States,
552 U.S. 38, 59, 128 S.Ct. 586, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007). Neither the Supreme Court nor our court has ever suggested that use of the guidelines can create a nationwide disparity in sentences involving similarly situated offenders.
Cf. United States v. Bartlett,
567 F.3d 901, 908 (7th Cir.2009) (“A sentence within a Guideline range ‘necessarily’ complies with § 3553(a)(6).”).
Mr. Franklin suggests that his sentence is “unprecedented,” pointing to sixteen cases in which the defendant obtained a total sentence of less than 100 years.
These citations do not justify reversal.
None of these citations were given to the district court. Instead, in district court, defense counsel said only that he was “unaware of anybody who [had] been charged with these offenses, without any charges for hands-on offenses, that [had] received a life sentence.” Appellant’s App. at 1679. Thus, the district court had no actual cases to suggest disparities between a 100-year sentence and other sentences for similar offenders.
Even now, we have little to gauge the similarities and differences between Mr. Franklin and the defendants in the sixteen cases. “No two cases are identical,”
and comparison of “an individual sentence with a few counsel-selected cases involving other defendants sentenced by other judges is almost always useless.”
United States v. Scherrer,
444 F.3d 91, 95 (1st Cir.2006).
Even if we wanted to compare Mr. Franklin’s sentence to the sentences in the sixteen cases he cites, they are difficult to compare:
• Mr. Franklin’s conviction included' notice or advertisement of child pornography; none of the sixteen cited cases involved a conviction under this statute.
• Mr. Franklin’s charges carried a statutory maximum of 100 years; in only two of the sixteen cited cases were the defendants guilty of charges carrying a statutory maximum of at least 100 years.
• Under the guidelines, Mr. Franklin’s sentence was calculated at life imprisonment while in fourteen of the sixteen cited cases, the guideline ranges had peaked at 800 or fewer months.
• Mr. Franklin was convicted on five counts related to child pornography; only three of the sixteen cited cases involved five or more counts.
None of the sixteen cases involved all of the same circumstances as Mr. Franklin’s.
We addressed a similar issue in
United States v. Lewis,
594 F.3d 1270 (10th Cir. 2010). There the defendant provided the district court with a document describing the sentences of 28 defendants convicted of similar crimes.
Lewis,
594 F.3d at 1276. But we noted that § 3553(a)(6) requires consideration only if the defendants had similar records and guideline calculations.
Id.
(quoting
United States v. Verdin-Garcia,
516 F.3d 884, 899 (10th Cir.2008)). We concluded that the defendant had failed to fulfill his burden in district court by omitting information about the 28 defendants’ offense levels, criminal histories, and specifics of the offenses.
Id.
. Here the evidence is even weaker. Unlike the defendant in
Lewis,
Mr. Franklin did not provide the district court with
any
evidence of nationwide disparities. In his appeal, Mr. Franklin cited sixteen cases in arguing that his sentence is unprecedented. But like the defendant in
Lewis,
Mr. Franklin failed to supply information about the defendants’ offense levels, criminal histories, or specifics of the offenses. Without this information, we cannot ascertain
• whether the sixteen other sentences involved similar circumstances or,
• if they did, whether the disparities were warranted.
See United States v. Boneshirt,
662 F.3d 509, 519 (8th Cir.2011).
In our review of the sixteen cases, we conclude that the defendants did not have “similar records and guidelines calculations.” In each case, a unique combination of factors led to the sentence; and those circumstances differed from Mr. Franklin’s.
In our view, Mr. Franklin’s arguments do not render his sentence arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable. As a result, we conclude that the district court acted within its discretion in imposing consecutive sentences totaling 100 years.
III. Judge-Found Facts
In the alternative, Mr. Franklin argues that the sentence is substantively reasonable only because the district court found facts triggering several enhancements.
In Mr. Franklin’s view, the Sixth Amendment required submission of these factual issues to a jury.
Mr. Franklin concedes that we must confine our review to the plain-error standard. ■ There was no error, plain or otherwise, for we rejected the same argument in
United States v. Redcorn,
528 F.3d 727, 745-46 (10th Cir.2008). As a result, we reject Mr. Franklin’s challenge.
IV. Conclusion
Accordingly, we affirm.