Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS September 3, 2025 Christopher M. Wolpert FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court ___________________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 24-5091 v.
BRIAN KEITH DOTY,
Defendant - Appellant. ___________________________________________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA (D.C. No. 4:22-CR-00374-SEH-1) ___________________________________________
Chance Cammack, Assistant Federal Public Defender (Julia O’Connell, Federal Public Defender, with him on the briefs), Office of the Federal Public Defender, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Defendant-Appellant.
Steven Briden, Assistant United States Attorney (Clinton J. Johnson, United States Attorney, and Elliot P. Anderson, Assistant United States Attorney, with him on the briefs), Northern District of Oklahoma, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff-Appellee. ___________________________________________
Before HARTZ, MATHESON, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges. ____________________________________________
BACHARACH, Circuit Judge. _____________________________________________
This appeal involves sentencing. When a district court selects a
sentence, some subjectivity is inevitable. United States v. Jones, 460 F.3d Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 2
191, 195 (2d Cir. 2006). But that subjectivity is constrained by the
Constitution and federal statutes. See, e.g., United States v. Groves, 369
F.3d 1178, 1182 (10th Cir. 2004) (Constitution); United States v. Gurule,
461 F.3d 1238, 1246 (10th Cir. 2006) (statutes). For example, when a
district court imposes a sentence, the court must consider factors that
Congress has identified. United States v. Smart, 518 F.3d 800, 803 (10th
Cir. 2008). And when a court imposes conditions for supervised release,
the conditions can’t violate statutory or constitutional requirements.
United States v. Henry, 979 F.3d 1265, 1268 (10th Cir. 2020).
But these constraints have limits, too. For example, they don’t strip
a court of leeway when selecting an appropriate sentence. United States v.
Walker, 918 F.3d 1134, 1154 (10th Cir. 2019). And even if a court doesn’t
adequately explain the reason for a condition, we need not reverse when
the defendant fails to object and the condition is supportable under the
record. United States v. Francis, 891 F.3d 888, 898–99 (10th Cir. 2018).
1. The court imposes a 96-month sentence and prohibits the viewing of adult pornography.
The disputed sentence grew out of Mr. Brian Keith Doty’s
conviction on charges of knowingly engaging in a sexual act with a minor
in Indian Country. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1151, 1153, 2243(a). The minor was
Mr. Doty’s half-sister, and the two began a lengthy sexual relationship
when Mr. Doty was 23 and the half-sister was 14. The adjusted base-
2 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 3
offense level was 20, triggering a guideline range of 33 to 41 months. But
the court varied upward, using a guideline range matching an adjusted
base-offense level of 29: 87 to 108 months. Based on this guideline range,
the court imposed a 96-month prison sentence.
The court also imposed a supervised-release term of 5 years,
prohibiting Mr. Doty from viewing adult pornography during this period.
Mr. Doty appeals the prison sentence and the prohibition against
adult pornography.
2. The 96-month sentence was substantively reasonable.
Every sentence must be substantively reasonable. United States v.
Hanrahan, 508 F.3d 962, 969 (10th Cir. 2007). So we must determine
whether Mr. Doty’s 96-month sentence was severe enough to exceed the
bounds of what would be reasonable. United States v. Woody, 45 F.4th
1166, 1180 (10th Cir. 2022). For that determination, we apply the abuse-
of-discretion standard, upholding the sentence as long as it fell within the
“bounds of permissible choice.” United States v. McComb, 519 F.3d 1049,
1053 (10th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. Ortiz, 804 F.2d 1161, 1164
n.2 (10th Cir. 1986)).
In determining Mr. Doty’s sentence, the district court exercised its
discretion, considering the statutory factors. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). One
of these factors was the guideline range, which was 33–41 months. 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a)(4). But the court also had to consider the nature and
3 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 4
circumstances of the offense. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). To do so, the court
relied heavily on the length of the abuse and the harm to the half-sister.
This reliance was reasonable. See Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808,
820 (1991) (stating that consideration of the harm from a crime has been
“an important factor” to courts in exercising their discretion at
sentencing). The girl was only 14 years old when the sexual relationship
began, and it continued for roughly 8 years. After roughly 8 years, the girl
(then 21 years old) told Mr. Doty that she had a boyfriend. The news
jolted Mr. Doty, who threatened to kill himself. The court considered
Mr. Doty’s actions as extraordinarily harmful to the half-sister.
Mr. Doty argues that the district court relied too heavily on the
nature and circumstances of the offense, insisting that a court can’t rely
exclusively on one of the statutory factors. United States v. Crosby, 119
F.4th 1239, 1247 (10th Cir. 2024). But all of the factors don’t necessarily
bear equal weight. See United States v. Cookson, 922 F.3d 1079, 1094
(10th Cir. 2019).
Mr. Doty argues that the district court
gave too little weight to a psychosexual evaluation,
relied on deterrence without any meaningful explanation, and
failed to adequately consider the risk of unwarranted sentencing disparities.
4 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 5
For example, Mr. Doty points to a psychosexual evaluation bearing mixed
results. Some of the results were negative. For example, Mr. Doty scored
in the “Problem” range for potential violence, signaling danger to the offender himself and others, and
in the range for a “Severe Problem” as to antisocial behavior, classifying him as someone whose behavior could appear “hostile with little guilt or remorse.”
R. vol. II, at 92. But the examiner also assessed a low risk of reoffending.
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Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS September 3, 2025 Christopher M. Wolpert FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court ___________________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 24-5091 v.
BRIAN KEITH DOTY,
Defendant - Appellant. ___________________________________________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA (D.C. No. 4:22-CR-00374-SEH-1) ___________________________________________
Chance Cammack, Assistant Federal Public Defender (Julia O’Connell, Federal Public Defender, with him on the briefs), Office of the Federal Public Defender, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Defendant-Appellant.
Steven Briden, Assistant United States Attorney (Clinton J. Johnson, United States Attorney, and Elliot P. Anderson, Assistant United States Attorney, with him on the briefs), Northern District of Oklahoma, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff-Appellee. ___________________________________________
Before HARTZ, MATHESON, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges. ____________________________________________
BACHARACH, Circuit Judge. _____________________________________________
This appeal involves sentencing. When a district court selects a
sentence, some subjectivity is inevitable. United States v. Jones, 460 F.3d Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 2
191, 195 (2d Cir. 2006). But that subjectivity is constrained by the
Constitution and federal statutes. See, e.g., United States v. Groves, 369
F.3d 1178, 1182 (10th Cir. 2004) (Constitution); United States v. Gurule,
461 F.3d 1238, 1246 (10th Cir. 2006) (statutes). For example, when a
district court imposes a sentence, the court must consider factors that
Congress has identified. United States v. Smart, 518 F.3d 800, 803 (10th
Cir. 2008). And when a court imposes conditions for supervised release,
the conditions can’t violate statutory or constitutional requirements.
United States v. Henry, 979 F.3d 1265, 1268 (10th Cir. 2020).
But these constraints have limits, too. For example, they don’t strip
a court of leeway when selecting an appropriate sentence. United States v.
Walker, 918 F.3d 1134, 1154 (10th Cir. 2019). And even if a court doesn’t
adequately explain the reason for a condition, we need not reverse when
the defendant fails to object and the condition is supportable under the
record. United States v. Francis, 891 F.3d 888, 898–99 (10th Cir. 2018).
1. The court imposes a 96-month sentence and prohibits the viewing of adult pornography.
The disputed sentence grew out of Mr. Brian Keith Doty’s
conviction on charges of knowingly engaging in a sexual act with a minor
in Indian Country. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1151, 1153, 2243(a). The minor was
Mr. Doty’s half-sister, and the two began a lengthy sexual relationship
when Mr. Doty was 23 and the half-sister was 14. The adjusted base-
2 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 3
offense level was 20, triggering a guideline range of 33 to 41 months. But
the court varied upward, using a guideline range matching an adjusted
base-offense level of 29: 87 to 108 months. Based on this guideline range,
the court imposed a 96-month prison sentence.
The court also imposed a supervised-release term of 5 years,
prohibiting Mr. Doty from viewing adult pornography during this period.
Mr. Doty appeals the prison sentence and the prohibition against
adult pornography.
2. The 96-month sentence was substantively reasonable.
Every sentence must be substantively reasonable. United States v.
Hanrahan, 508 F.3d 962, 969 (10th Cir. 2007). So we must determine
whether Mr. Doty’s 96-month sentence was severe enough to exceed the
bounds of what would be reasonable. United States v. Woody, 45 F.4th
1166, 1180 (10th Cir. 2022). For that determination, we apply the abuse-
of-discretion standard, upholding the sentence as long as it fell within the
“bounds of permissible choice.” United States v. McComb, 519 F.3d 1049,
1053 (10th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. Ortiz, 804 F.2d 1161, 1164
n.2 (10th Cir. 1986)).
In determining Mr. Doty’s sentence, the district court exercised its
discretion, considering the statutory factors. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). One
of these factors was the guideline range, which was 33–41 months. 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a)(4). But the court also had to consider the nature and
3 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 4
circumstances of the offense. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). To do so, the court
relied heavily on the length of the abuse and the harm to the half-sister.
This reliance was reasonable. See Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808,
820 (1991) (stating that consideration of the harm from a crime has been
“an important factor” to courts in exercising their discretion at
sentencing). The girl was only 14 years old when the sexual relationship
began, and it continued for roughly 8 years. After roughly 8 years, the girl
(then 21 years old) told Mr. Doty that she had a boyfriend. The news
jolted Mr. Doty, who threatened to kill himself. The court considered
Mr. Doty’s actions as extraordinarily harmful to the half-sister.
Mr. Doty argues that the district court relied too heavily on the
nature and circumstances of the offense, insisting that a court can’t rely
exclusively on one of the statutory factors. United States v. Crosby, 119
F.4th 1239, 1247 (10th Cir. 2024). But all of the factors don’t necessarily
bear equal weight. See United States v. Cookson, 922 F.3d 1079, 1094
(10th Cir. 2019).
Mr. Doty argues that the district court
gave too little weight to a psychosexual evaluation,
relied on deterrence without any meaningful explanation, and
failed to adequately consider the risk of unwarranted sentencing disparities.
4 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 5
For example, Mr. Doty points to a psychosexual evaluation bearing mixed
results. Some of the results were negative. For example, Mr. Doty scored
in the “Problem” range for potential violence, signaling danger to the offender himself and others, and
in the range for a “Severe Problem” as to antisocial behavior, classifying him as someone whose behavior could appear “hostile with little guilt or remorse.”
R. vol. II, at 92. But the examiner also assessed a low risk of reoffending.
Focusing on this assessment of a low risk of reoffending, Mr. Doty argues
that deterrence was unnecessary. This argument doesn’t cast doubt on the
district court’s contrary view for two reasons.
First, “[a] low risk is not the same as no risk.” United States v. Irey,
612 F.3d 1160, 1216–17 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc). Even if Mr. Doty were
unlikely to reoffend, the harm would likely be grave if he did. See id.
(“With child sexual abuse of the kind that we know [the defendant] is
capable of and has committed, the harm is enormous and permanent.”).
Second, the district court needed to consider not only deterrence to
Mr. Doty, but also deterrence to other potential offenders. United States v.
Walker, 844 F.3d 1253, 1257–58 (10th Cir. 2017). To consider both aspects
of deterrence, the district court had to balance Mr. Doty’s relatively low
risk of recidivism against the need to discourage similar conduct by
others. Id. In engaging in that task, the court could reasonably regard a
lengthy sentence as essential irrespective of the relatively low risk of
5 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 6
recidivism. See United States v. Elmore, 743 F.3d 1068, 1074 (6th Cir.
2014) (concluding that a sentence was substantively reasonable when the
district court gave greater weight to punishment, deterrence, and public
safety than to a potentially low risk that the defendant would commit
another sexual offense); United States v. Wilcox, 666 F.3d 1154, 1157–58
(8th Cir. 2012) (upholding a 40-year sentence for transportation of a minor
to engage in criminal sexual activity despite a psychosexual evaluation
assessing the risk of reoffending as low); see also United States v. Crespo-
Rios, 787 F.3d 34, 38–39 (1st Cir. 2015) (concluding that the sentence
imposed for transfer of obscene material to a minor was deficient, despite
the district court’s focus on a low risk of recidivism, because the court
failed to consider other statutory factors such as general deterrence).
Mr. Doty also argues that the district court failed to consider the
danger of unwarranted sentencing disparities. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6).
But courts generally address this factor through the use of the guideline
range itself. United States v. Gantt, 679 F.3d 1240, 1248–49 (10th Cir.
2012).
The court followed this practice here, considering the guideline
range and deciding that it was too low given the severity of Mr. Doty’s
conduct. In deciding that the guideline range was too low, the court
regarded Mr. Doty’s conduct as unique. This assessment was at least
reasonable. Mr. Doty sexually dominated his half-sister for roughly 8
6 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 7
years, sometimes through force, and he doesn’t point to any similar cases
that would have provided appropriate benchmarks for comparison.
He instead relies on data involving other local sentences and a
national average. He didn’t present any of this data to the district court.
Granted, we have discretion to take judicial notice of the data because it’s
publicly filed. United States v. Guevara-Lopez, No. 24-2045, slip op. at
19–20 n.7, 2025 WL 2203620, at *8 n.7 (10th Cir. Aug. 4, 2025) (to be
published). But even if we were to consider the new data, “we [would]
focus on what the parties had presented [in district court]; after all, the
court couldn’t abuse its discretion ‘by failing to consider facts not
presented.’” United States v. Faunce, 66 F.4th 1244, 1258 (10th Cir. 2023)
(quoting United States v. Rodriguez, 858 F.3d 960, 963 (5th Cir. 2017)).
Even if the district court had the benefit of the new evidence, it
wouldn’t show an unwarranted disparity between the sentences imposed on
Mr. Doty and similarly situated offenders. For example, Mr. Doty points to
sixteen other sentences in the same district. But federal law requires
consideration of disparities nationwide rather than in a single district.
United States v. Verdin-Garcia, 516 F.3d 884, 899 (10th Cir. 2008). Based
on what Mr. Doty tells us, we would have no way to gauge the similarities
and differences between Mr. Doty and the defendants in the sixteen other
cases.
7 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 8
Some differences are inevitable, for “[n]o two cases are identical
. . . .” United States v. Franklin, 785 F.3d 1365, 1372 (10th Cir. 2015)
(quoting United States v. Lente, 759 F.3d 1149, 1171 (10th Cir. 2014)). So
comparison of “an individual sentence with a few counsel-selected cases
involving other defendants sentenced by other judges is almost always
useless.” Id. (quoting United States v. Scherrer, 444 F.3d 91, 95 (1st Cir.
2006)).
Scrutiny of the sixteen cited cases reflects substantial differences
between the defendants in those cases and Mr. Doty. For example,
Mr. Doty preyed on his half-sister for roughly 8 years. In contrast, 14 of
the 16 other cases involved sexual conduct lasting less than a year:
1. United States v. Lawhorn, No. 21-CR-528 (N.D. Okla.) (one day)
2. United States v. Neal, No. 22-CR-149 (N.D. Okla.) (one day)
3. United States v. Zorrilla, No. 22-CR-24 (N.D. Okla.) (one day)
4. United States v. Crites, No. 21-CR-445 (N.D. Okla.) (two days)
5. United States v. Horn, No. 22-CR-287 (N.D. Okla.) (two days)
6. United States v. Tiger, No. 20-CR-124 (N.D. Okla.) (several days)
7. United States v. Lawrence, No. 21-CR-173 (N.D. Okla.) (one month)
8. United States v. Lewis, No. 21-CR-129 (N.D. Okla.) (about one and a half months)
8 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 9
9. United States v. Guinn, No. 20-CR-244 (N.D. Okla.) (two months)
10. United States v. Holt, No. 21-CR-166 (N.D. Okla.) (five months)
11. United States v. Witte, No. 21-CR-273 (N.D. Okla.) (about five months)
12. United States v. Prentice, No. 21-CR-440 (N.D. Okla.) (about seven months)
13. United States v. Wood, No. 21-CR-459 (N.D. Okla.) (nine months)
14. United States v. Dacosta, No. 21-CR-403 (N.D. Okla.) (about nine months)
Mr. Doty points not only to sixteen other local cases, but also to the
national average for offenders with the same offense level and criminal-
history category. We have said that the national average doesn’t ordinarily
shed light on whether other sentences involved similarly situated
defendants. United States v. Lucero, 130 F.4th 877, 887 (10th Cir. 2025);
United States v. Valdez, 128 F.4th 1314, 1318–19 (10th Cir. 2025); United
States v. Garcia, 946 F.3d 1191, 1215 (10th Cir. 2020). On the other hand,
the consideration of the national average may be appropriate in some
circumstances. United States v. Guevara-Lopez, No. 24-2045, slip op. at
24–25 n.9, 25–26 n.10, 2025 WL 2203620, at *10 nn.9–10 (10th Cir.
Aug. 4, 2025) (to be published).
We need not decide whether those circumstances existed here. Even
if they did, the national average wouldn’t have cast doubt on the
9 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 10
substantive reasonableness of Mr. Doty’s sentence. The district court
recognized that the sentence was atypical, but reasoned that Mr. Doty’s
conduct was also atypical because of the length, frequency, and impact of
the sexual relationship between Mr. Doty and his half-sister. R. vol. III, at
128. This reasoning would have provided a sensible basis to reject the
national average as a benchmark for Mr. Doty’s sentence. See United
States v. Cortez, 139 F.4th 1146, 1156 (10th Cir. 2025) (rejecting a
challenge involving substantive reasonableness based on a national
average because the defendant failed to show that he was similarly
situated with defendants included in the national average).
We thus conclude that the 96-month sentence fell within the district
court’s discretion.
3. The district court didn’t prejudice Mr. Doty by prohibiting adult pornography.
The district court also prohibited Mr. Doty from viewing adult
pornography for the duration of his supervised release (five years). This
prohibition implicated a fundamental constitutional right, requiring the
court to explain the prohibition based on compelling circumstances.
United States v. Koch, 978 F.3d 719, 724–25 (10th Cir. 2020). Mr. Doty
argues that the district court failed to provide an adequate explanation.
But Mr. Doty didn’t preserve this argument by objecting in district
court. So we can reverse only if Mr. Doty has shown a plain error. Id. at
10 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 11
724. An error is plain only when the error affects the defendant’s
substantial rights. United States v. Malone, 937 F.3d 1325, 1327 (10th Cir.
2019). And even if the district court failed to adequately explain why it
was prohibiting adult pornography, the error wouldn’t affect a substantial
right when a basis existed for the prohibition. United States v. Francis,
891 F.3d 888, 898–99 (10th Cir. 2018).
Such a basis existed here. In a psychosexual examination, Mr. Doty
admitted that
he had frequently viewed adult pornography and inadvertently found pornography involving children,
he was attracted to pornography featuring individuals in substantially different age-groups (such as a 20-year-old and 50-year-old), and
he had often fantasized that he was participating in the pornographic scenes.
Given these admissions, the district court could have imposed the
condition to inhibit Mr. Doty’s temptation to engage in sex with another
underage girl.
Because a basis existed for the condition, Mr. Doty’s argument fails
under the plain-error standard.
4. Conclusion
The district court didn’t abuse its discretion in imposing a 96-month
sentence. In imposing the sentence, the court could reasonably decide to
11 Appellate Case: 24-5091 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 09/03/2025 Page: 12
vary upward based on the length of the abuse and the harm to Mr. Doty’s
half-sister.
Nor did the court commit plain error in prohibiting Mr. Doty from
viewing adult pornography. Even if the court had erred, the error wouldn’t
have been plain because the court could have based the prohibition on
Mr. Doty’s past behavior, which included the viewing of child
pornography and sexual fantasies involving partners of substantially
different age groups.
Affirmed.