Appellate Case: 21-6165 Document: 010110689374 Date Filed: 05/26/2022 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 26, 2022 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 21-6165 (D.C. Nos. 5:19-CV-00939-D & KEN EJIMOFOR EZEAH, 5:16-CR-00029-D-1) (W.D. Okla.) Defendant - Appellant. _________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY* _________________________________
Before PHILLIPS, MURPHY, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Defendant-Appellant Ken Ejimofor Ezeah seeks a certificate of appealability
(“COA”) to challenge the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion.
Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253, we decline to issue a COA
and dismiss this matter.
BACKGROUND
Based on a superseding indictment, Ezeah was charged with twenty counts of
conspiracy, wire fraud, and aggravated identity theft. He later accepted a plea agreement
with an appeal waiver. In exchange for pleading guilty to one count of conspiracy to
* This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. Appellate Case: 21-6165 Document: 010110689374 Date Filed: 05/26/2022 Page: 2
commit wire fraud, the government dismissed the remaining counts and recommended a
three-level sentencing reduction for acceptance of responsibility.
At his change-of-plea hearing, Ezeah told the district court that he had reviewed
the terms of the plea agreement with his attorney, that he understood the terms, and that
the plea agreement encompassed the full scope of his arrangement with the government.
The district court found that Ezeah had pleaded voluntarily and accepted his guilty plea.
Before his sentencing, Ezeah moved for a downward variance. He pointed to,
among other things, the fact that he cooperated with the government by testifying against
his co-defendant. But Ezeah acknowledged in his motion for a downward variance that
his “cooperation and testimony were not required by his plea agreement; rather, it was
voluntary.” R. vol. 3 at 424 (internal citations omitted). Ezeah also admitted, through
counsel, at the sentencing hearing that he had decided to cooperate “for [the] right
reasons, not just for sentencing reasons.” R. vol. 1 at 235.
The district court sentenced Ezeah to 132 months’ imprisonment—the middle of
his guideline range of 121–151 months. As the district court was announcing the
sentence, Ezeah fainted, leading to the court to adjourn the hearing.
When the parties reconvened a week later to continue the sentencing, Ezeah asked
to withdraw his guilty plea. He insisted that the government had fraudulently induced his
guilty plea by promising to move for a reduction under § 5K1.1,1 which it failed to do. In
1 Through a § 5K1.1 motion, the government may ask a district court to depart from the guidelines if a defendant “has provided substantial assistance in the investigation or prosecution of another who has committed an offense.” U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. K, § 5K1.1. 2 Appellate Case: 21-6165 Document: 010110689374 Date Filed: 05/26/2022 Page: 3
response, the government advised the court that it had promised only to recommend a
three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility. The district court sided with the
government, rejected Ezeah’s request to withdraw his guilty plea, and entered its
previously announced sentence.
Ezeah appealed his sentence. In United States v. Ezeah, 738 F. App’x 591, 594
(10th Cir. 2018), we held that the government “was not obligated to move for the
reduction claimed by Mr. Ezeah, and it therefore ha[d] not breached the plea agreement.”
So we enforced the appeal waiver and dismissed his appeal. Id. at 595. Still, we
recognized that the waiver contained an exception for claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel. Id. at 594. Thus, we noted that Ezeah was not barred from filing a § 2255 motion
to contest his guilty plea and sentence. Id. at 594.
Ezeah then filed a § 2255 motion. He argued that his attorney had been ineffective
by failing to advise the district court that the government had, in an unwritten promise,
agreed to move for a sentence reduction under § 5K1.1 at his sentencing. To support his
motion, Ezeah submitted his own affidavit and one from his brother. The latter included a
text message from Ezeah’s attorney that said, in part, “Ken [Ezeah] will have possibly
two opportunities to give substantial assistance which may result in a reduction of
sentence if he pleads guilty.” R. vol. 2 at 306. The district court denied Ezeah’s § 2255
motion without an evidentiary hearing and refused to issue him a COA.
Ezeah now appeals, arguing that, at minimum, he is entitled to an evidentiary
hearing. He also seeks a COA.
3 Appellate Case: 21-6165 Document: 010110689374 Date Filed: 05/26/2022 Page: 4
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
Ezeah must obtain a COA to pursue an appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B). We will
issue a COA “only if the applicant has made substantial showing of the denial of a
constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). This standard is satisfied when a prisoner
shows that “reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the
petition should have been resolved in a different manner.” Welch v. United States, 578
U.S. 120, 127 (2016) (quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)).
II. Merits
When a defendant challenges his guilty plea based on a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, he must show: (1) that his attorney’s performance “fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness”; and (2) that “the deficient performance prejudiced
the defense.” United States v. Weeks, 653 F.3d 1188, 1200–01 (10th Cir. 2011) (quoting
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 466, 687–88 (1984)).
“Solemn declarations in open court carry a strong presumption of verity.”
Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977). Indeed, “the representations of the
defendant, his lawyer, and the prosecutor at [plea hearings], as well as any findings made
by the judge accepting the plea, constitute a formidable barrier in any subsequent
collateral proceedings.” Id. at 73–74. We have also held that the “truth and accuracy” of
statements made at plea proceedings “should be regarded as conclusive in the absence of
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Appellate Case: 21-6165 Document: 010110689374 Date Filed: 05/26/2022 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 26, 2022 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 21-6165 (D.C. Nos. 5:19-CV-00939-D & KEN EJIMOFOR EZEAH, 5:16-CR-00029-D-1) (W.D. Okla.) Defendant - Appellant. _________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY* _________________________________
Before PHILLIPS, MURPHY, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Defendant-Appellant Ken Ejimofor Ezeah seeks a certificate of appealability
(“COA”) to challenge the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion.
Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253, we decline to issue a COA
and dismiss this matter.
BACKGROUND
Based on a superseding indictment, Ezeah was charged with twenty counts of
conspiracy, wire fraud, and aggravated identity theft. He later accepted a plea agreement
with an appeal waiver. In exchange for pleading guilty to one count of conspiracy to
* This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. Appellate Case: 21-6165 Document: 010110689374 Date Filed: 05/26/2022 Page: 2
commit wire fraud, the government dismissed the remaining counts and recommended a
three-level sentencing reduction for acceptance of responsibility.
At his change-of-plea hearing, Ezeah told the district court that he had reviewed
the terms of the plea agreement with his attorney, that he understood the terms, and that
the plea agreement encompassed the full scope of his arrangement with the government.
The district court found that Ezeah had pleaded voluntarily and accepted his guilty plea.
Before his sentencing, Ezeah moved for a downward variance. He pointed to,
among other things, the fact that he cooperated with the government by testifying against
his co-defendant. But Ezeah acknowledged in his motion for a downward variance that
his “cooperation and testimony were not required by his plea agreement; rather, it was
voluntary.” R. vol. 3 at 424 (internal citations omitted). Ezeah also admitted, through
counsel, at the sentencing hearing that he had decided to cooperate “for [the] right
reasons, not just for sentencing reasons.” R. vol. 1 at 235.
The district court sentenced Ezeah to 132 months’ imprisonment—the middle of
his guideline range of 121–151 months. As the district court was announcing the
sentence, Ezeah fainted, leading to the court to adjourn the hearing.
When the parties reconvened a week later to continue the sentencing, Ezeah asked
to withdraw his guilty plea. He insisted that the government had fraudulently induced his
guilty plea by promising to move for a reduction under § 5K1.1,1 which it failed to do. In
1 Through a § 5K1.1 motion, the government may ask a district court to depart from the guidelines if a defendant “has provided substantial assistance in the investigation or prosecution of another who has committed an offense.” U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. K, § 5K1.1. 2 Appellate Case: 21-6165 Document: 010110689374 Date Filed: 05/26/2022 Page: 3
response, the government advised the court that it had promised only to recommend a
three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility. The district court sided with the
government, rejected Ezeah’s request to withdraw his guilty plea, and entered its
previously announced sentence.
Ezeah appealed his sentence. In United States v. Ezeah, 738 F. App’x 591, 594
(10th Cir. 2018), we held that the government “was not obligated to move for the
reduction claimed by Mr. Ezeah, and it therefore ha[d] not breached the plea agreement.”
So we enforced the appeal waiver and dismissed his appeal. Id. at 595. Still, we
recognized that the waiver contained an exception for claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel. Id. at 594. Thus, we noted that Ezeah was not barred from filing a § 2255 motion
to contest his guilty plea and sentence. Id. at 594.
Ezeah then filed a § 2255 motion. He argued that his attorney had been ineffective
by failing to advise the district court that the government had, in an unwritten promise,
agreed to move for a sentence reduction under § 5K1.1 at his sentencing. To support his
motion, Ezeah submitted his own affidavit and one from his brother. The latter included a
text message from Ezeah’s attorney that said, in part, “Ken [Ezeah] will have possibly
two opportunities to give substantial assistance which may result in a reduction of
sentence if he pleads guilty.” R. vol. 2 at 306. The district court denied Ezeah’s § 2255
motion without an evidentiary hearing and refused to issue him a COA.
Ezeah now appeals, arguing that, at minimum, he is entitled to an evidentiary
hearing. He also seeks a COA.
3 Appellate Case: 21-6165 Document: 010110689374 Date Filed: 05/26/2022 Page: 4
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
Ezeah must obtain a COA to pursue an appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B). We will
issue a COA “only if the applicant has made substantial showing of the denial of a
constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). This standard is satisfied when a prisoner
shows that “reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the
petition should have been resolved in a different manner.” Welch v. United States, 578
U.S. 120, 127 (2016) (quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)).
II. Merits
When a defendant challenges his guilty plea based on a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, he must show: (1) that his attorney’s performance “fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness”; and (2) that “the deficient performance prejudiced
the defense.” United States v. Weeks, 653 F.3d 1188, 1200–01 (10th Cir. 2011) (quoting
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 466, 687–88 (1984)).
“Solemn declarations in open court carry a strong presumption of verity.”
Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977). Indeed, “the representations of the
defendant, his lawyer, and the prosecutor at [plea hearings], as well as any findings made
by the judge accepting the plea, constitute a formidable barrier in any subsequent
collateral proceedings.” Id. at 73–74. We have also held that the “truth and accuracy” of
statements made at plea proceedings “should be regarded as conclusive in the absence of
a believable, valid reason” that would justify departing from them. Hedman v. United
States, 527 F.2d 20, 22 (10th Cir. 1975).
4 Appellate Case: 21-6165 Document: 010110689374 Date Filed: 05/26/2022 Page: 5
Here, the district court found that Ezeah’s “self-serving, post-hoc statements”
could not overcome the “formidable barrier” presented by his own declarations, those of
his attorney, and those of the government at his plea hearing. R. vol. 2 at 339, 341
(citation omitted). This was so, the court reasoned, because Ezeah’s version of events
would require Ezeah’s attorney and the government to have “lied to the Court about the
contents of the plea agreement,” and for Ezeah to have “perjured himself when describing
his understanding of the plea agreement.” R. vol. 2 at 339.
We agree. As the district court correctly pointed out, Ezeah’s cooperation was “a
means of arguing for leniency”—not an unwritten agreement for the government to
submit a motion based on substantial assistance. R. vol. 2 at 341. In fact, Ezeah stated
that his “cooperation and testimony were not required by his plea agreement; rather, it
was voluntary.” R. vol. 3 at 424 (internal citations omitted). On top of that, at his plea
hearing, he assured the district court, through counsel, that he had decided to cooperate
“for [the] right reasons, not just for sentencing reasons.” R. vol. 1 at 235. Ezeah’s two
affidavits don’t overcome the “strong presumption of verity” that we place on these
statements. Blackledge, 431 U.S. at 74.
To the extent that Ezeah argues that the district court erred by denying his § 2255
motion without an evidentiary hearing, we see no abuse of discretion.2 No evidentiary
hearing is needed when the “the district court finds the case record conclusively shows
2 In a § 2255 proceeding, we review the denial of an evidentiary hearing for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Clingman, 288 F.3d 1183, 1187 n.4 (10th Cir. 2002).
5 Appellate Case: 21-6165 Document: 010110689374 Date Filed: 05/26/2022 Page: 6
the prisoner is entitled to no relief.” United States v. Marr, 856 F.2d 1471, 1472 (10th
Cir. 1988); see also 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b). As we’ve explained above, the record
demonstrates that Ezeah is not entitled to relief.3
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we deny Ezeah’s request for a COA and dismiss this matter.
Entered for the Court
Gregory A. Phillips Circuit Judge
3 The Supreme Court has noted that when a defendant’s motion is based on a claim “that not only his own transcribed responses, but those given by two lawyers, were untruthful,” he will be entitled “to an evidentiary hearing only in the most extraordinary circumstances.” Blackledge, 431 U.S. at 80 n.19. Such circumstances aren’t present here. 6