Case: 16-14819 Date Filed: 02/27/2018 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 16-14819 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:14-cr-00217-WSD-AJB-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
EPHREN TAYLOR, II,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(February 27, 2018)
Before TJOFLAT, NEWSOM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 16-14819 Date Filed: 02/27/2018 Page: 2 of 6
Ephren Taylor seeks review of the district court’s order granting the
government’s motion for a 12-month sentence reduction for post-sentencing
substantial assistance under Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b). He argues that the district
court erred when it granted the government’s substantial assistance motion because
it failed to take into account multiple factors that counseled in favor of a greater
sentence reduction, such as allegedly ineffective assistance of counsel and his drug
abuse problems. He also argues that the amount of assistance that he provided was
worth more than a one-year sentence reduction. Finally, he argues that his counsel
was ineffective at sentencing and that the district court erred at sentencing by
failing to compel the government to file a motion for a downward departure under
U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1.
We review the district court’s legal rulings on a substantial assistance
motion under Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b) de novo. United States v. Chavarria-Herrara,
15 F.3d 1033, 1036 (11th Cir. 1994).
Under Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b), the government may file a motion to reduce a
defendant’s sentence if the defendant provides substantial assistance after
sentencing in prosecuting or investigating another person. Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b).
A decision by the district court to grant or deny a Rule 35(b) motion is
discretionary. United States v. Manella, 86 F.3d 201, 204-05 & n.6 (11th Cir.
1996). A Rule 35(b) motion is meant to provide relief for substantial assistance
2 Case: 16-14819 Date Filed: 02/27/2018 Page: 3 of 6
provided after sentencing, whereas a motion by the government under U.S.S.G.
§ 5K1.1 is meant to provide relief for any substantial assistance that the defendant
provided before sentencing. U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1; Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b); United
States v. Howard, 902 F.2d 894, 896 (11th Cir. 1990). Nevertheless, the district
court may consider the defendant’s pre-sentence assistance when ruling on a Rule
35(b) motion. Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b)(3).
When a district court grants a sentence-reduction motion for substantial
assistance, “[s]uch sentence shall be imposed in accordance with the guidelines
and policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(e); Chavarria-Herrara, 15 F.3d at 1037 n.7. When evaluating the extent of
a defendant’s substantial assistance, the Sentencing Guidelines provide that a court
should consider factors that include (1) the court’s evaluation of the significance
and usefulness of the defendant’s assistance; (2) the truthfulness, completeness,
and reliability of any information provided by the defendant; (3) the nature and
extent of the defendant’s assistance; (4) any injury suffered, or any danger or risk
of injury to the defendant or his family resulting from the assistance; and (5) the
timeliness of the defendant’s assistance. U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1(a).
Appeals from a district court’s discretionary decision to deny or grant a Rule
35(b) motion are generally not within our subject matter jurisdiction. See Manella,
86 F.3d at 203. However, a defendant may raise the legal issue of whether the
3 Case: 16-14819 Date Filed: 02/27/2018 Page: 4 of 6
district court misapplied Rule 35(b) by relying on improper factors and therefore
imposed a sentence in violation of law. Id.
A district court’s decision to reduce a sentence under Rule 35(b) may be
based only on factors related to the defendant’s substantial assistance, and it is
error to consider any other factor that would counsel in favor of a sentence
reduction. Chavarria-Herrara, 15 F.3d at 1037 (concluding that the district court
erred when it considered the defendant’s first-time offender status, relative
culpability, and good prison behavior when granting a sentence reduction under
Rule 35(b)). A district court may consider other factors, including the factors
listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), but only to the extent that they militate against a
sentence reduction or in favor of a smaller reduction. Manella, 86 F.3d at 204-05.
An appellate court generally cannot adequately decide an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim raised for the first time on direct appeal because the
focus at trial was not whether defense counsel’s actions were prejudicial or
supported by reasonable strategy. Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504-05
(2003). The preferable means for deciding a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is through a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion, “even if the record contains some
indication of deficiencies in counsel’s performance.” Id.
In a criminal case, a defendant must file a notice of appeal within 14 days
after the challenged order is entered on the docket. Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(1)(A).
4 Case: 16-14819 Date Filed: 02/27/2018 Page: 5 of 6
However, the deadline in Rule 4(b) for a defendant to file a notice of appeal in a
criminal case is not jurisdictional. United States v. Lopez, 562 F.3d 1309, 1313
(11th Cir. 2009). Nevertheless, if the government raises the issue of timeliness,
then this Court must apply the time limit. Id. at 1313-14. A pro se prisoner’s
notice of appeal is deemed filed on the date that he delivers it to prison authorities
for mailing, and, absent evidence to the contrary, we will assume that a prisoner
delivered a filing to prison authorities on the day the prisoner signed it.
Fed. R. App. P. 4(c)(1); United States v.
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Case: 16-14819 Date Filed: 02/27/2018 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 16-14819 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:14-cr-00217-WSD-AJB-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
EPHREN TAYLOR, II,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(February 27, 2018)
Before TJOFLAT, NEWSOM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 16-14819 Date Filed: 02/27/2018 Page: 2 of 6
Ephren Taylor seeks review of the district court’s order granting the
government’s motion for a 12-month sentence reduction for post-sentencing
substantial assistance under Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b). He argues that the district
court erred when it granted the government’s substantial assistance motion because
it failed to take into account multiple factors that counseled in favor of a greater
sentence reduction, such as allegedly ineffective assistance of counsel and his drug
abuse problems. He also argues that the amount of assistance that he provided was
worth more than a one-year sentence reduction. Finally, he argues that his counsel
was ineffective at sentencing and that the district court erred at sentencing by
failing to compel the government to file a motion for a downward departure under
U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1.
We review the district court’s legal rulings on a substantial assistance
motion under Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b) de novo. United States v. Chavarria-Herrara,
15 F.3d 1033, 1036 (11th Cir. 1994).
Under Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b), the government may file a motion to reduce a
defendant’s sentence if the defendant provides substantial assistance after
sentencing in prosecuting or investigating another person. Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b).
A decision by the district court to grant or deny a Rule 35(b) motion is
discretionary. United States v. Manella, 86 F.3d 201, 204-05 & n.6 (11th Cir.
1996). A Rule 35(b) motion is meant to provide relief for substantial assistance
2 Case: 16-14819 Date Filed: 02/27/2018 Page: 3 of 6
provided after sentencing, whereas a motion by the government under U.S.S.G.
§ 5K1.1 is meant to provide relief for any substantial assistance that the defendant
provided before sentencing. U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1; Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b); United
States v. Howard, 902 F.2d 894, 896 (11th Cir. 1990). Nevertheless, the district
court may consider the defendant’s pre-sentence assistance when ruling on a Rule
35(b) motion. Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b)(3).
When a district court grants a sentence-reduction motion for substantial
assistance, “[s]uch sentence shall be imposed in accordance with the guidelines
and policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(e); Chavarria-Herrara, 15 F.3d at 1037 n.7. When evaluating the extent of
a defendant’s substantial assistance, the Sentencing Guidelines provide that a court
should consider factors that include (1) the court’s evaluation of the significance
and usefulness of the defendant’s assistance; (2) the truthfulness, completeness,
and reliability of any information provided by the defendant; (3) the nature and
extent of the defendant’s assistance; (4) any injury suffered, or any danger or risk
of injury to the defendant or his family resulting from the assistance; and (5) the
timeliness of the defendant’s assistance. U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1(a).
Appeals from a district court’s discretionary decision to deny or grant a Rule
35(b) motion are generally not within our subject matter jurisdiction. See Manella,
86 F.3d at 203. However, a defendant may raise the legal issue of whether the
3 Case: 16-14819 Date Filed: 02/27/2018 Page: 4 of 6
district court misapplied Rule 35(b) by relying on improper factors and therefore
imposed a sentence in violation of law. Id.
A district court’s decision to reduce a sentence under Rule 35(b) may be
based only on factors related to the defendant’s substantial assistance, and it is
error to consider any other factor that would counsel in favor of a sentence
reduction. Chavarria-Herrara, 15 F.3d at 1037 (concluding that the district court
erred when it considered the defendant’s first-time offender status, relative
culpability, and good prison behavior when granting a sentence reduction under
Rule 35(b)). A district court may consider other factors, including the factors
listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), but only to the extent that they militate against a
sentence reduction or in favor of a smaller reduction. Manella, 86 F.3d at 204-05.
An appellate court generally cannot adequately decide an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim raised for the first time on direct appeal because the
focus at trial was not whether defense counsel’s actions were prejudicial or
supported by reasonable strategy. Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504-05
(2003). The preferable means for deciding a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is through a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion, “even if the record contains some
indication of deficiencies in counsel’s performance.” Id.
In a criminal case, a defendant must file a notice of appeal within 14 days
after the challenged order is entered on the docket. Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(1)(A).
4 Case: 16-14819 Date Filed: 02/27/2018 Page: 5 of 6
However, the deadline in Rule 4(b) for a defendant to file a notice of appeal in a
criminal case is not jurisdictional. United States v. Lopez, 562 F.3d 1309, 1313
(11th Cir. 2009). Nevertheless, if the government raises the issue of timeliness,
then this Court must apply the time limit. Id. at 1313-14. A pro se prisoner’s
notice of appeal is deemed filed on the date that he delivers it to prison authorities
for mailing, and, absent evidence to the contrary, we will assume that a prisoner
delivered a filing to prison authorities on the day the prisoner signed it.
Fed. R. App. P. 4(c)(1); United States v. Glover, 686 F.3d 1203, 1205 (11th Cir.
2012).
A judgment of conviction that includes a sentence of imprisonment
“constitutes a final judgment for all other purposes” notwithstanding the fact that a
sentence to imprisonment can subsequently be modified or corrected under Rule
35(b). 18 U.S.C. § 3582(b), (c). We have concluded that a district court’s
resentencing following the grant of a Rule 35(b) motion does not reset the statute
of limitations to file a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate. Murphy v. United
States, 634 F.3d 1303, 1314 (11th Cir. 2011). In reaching this holding, we
concluded that Congress made clear in § 3582(b), that a sentence modification
under Rule 35(b) does not affect the finality of the judgment for “any other
purpose.” Id. at 1309. “Had Congress not done so, a defendant could have argued
that a sentence modification entitled him to a new direct appeal where he could
5 Case: 16-14819 Date Filed: 02/27/2018 Page: 6 of 6
challenge anything that could have been challenged on a first direct appeal.” Id. at
1308. We also stated that a Rule 35(b) motion is merely a plea for leniency and
that “it is impossible for the validity of the underlying conviction, and, indeed, of
the sentence itself, to be at issue in a Rule 35(b) proceeding.” Id. at 1313 (citation
omitted).
The district court was correct to overlook the sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a), or any other reason that was not related to Taylor’s substantial
assistance because a district court may only consider factors unrelated to the
defendant’s substantial assistance when those factors counsel against granting a
sentence reduction. We otherwise lack jurisdiction to address Taylor’s arguments
that the record shows that the substantial assistance he provided to the government
was worth more than a one-year reduction, and we decline to address any claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel at this time. Finally, Mr. Taylor’s notice of
appeal is untimely to seek review of his original sentencing.
AFFIRMED.