NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 27 2022 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 20-10368
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 1:19-cr-00275-DAD-SKO-1 v.
EDGAR BARRERA, AKA Cito, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California Dale A. Drozd, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 16, 2022 San Francisco, California
Before: CHRISTEN and BRESS, Circuit Judges, and FEINERMAN,** District Judge. Concurrence by Judge FEINERMAN.
Edgar Barrera pleaded guilty to one count of being a felon in possession of a
firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He had three prior convictions for
domestic battery under California Penal Code § 273.5. The district court found
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Gary Feinerman, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation. that those three convictions were for “violent felon[ies] … committed on occasions
different from one another,” and therefore sentenced him to the mandatory
minimum fifteen-year prison term under the Armed Career Criminal Act
(“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Barrera appeals his sentence. We review de
novo whether a state conviction qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA,
whether the district court’s factfinding regarding the timing of Barrera’s prior
offenses violated his Sixth Amendment jury trial right, and whether those prior
offenses in fact were committed on different occasions. See United States v.
Walker, 953 F.3d 577, 578 n.1 (9th Cir. 2020); United States v. Phillips, 149 F.3d
1026, 1031 (9th Cir. 1998). We review the district court’s underlying factual
findings for clear error. See United States v. Gardenhire, 784 F.3d 1277, 1280
(9th Cir. 2015). We affirm.
1. We held in Walker that domestic battery under § 273.5 is a violent felony
for ACCA purposes. See Walker, 953 F.3d at 579-80. As a three-judge panel, we
must adhere to that holding unless an “intervening higher authority” has “undercut
the theory or reasoning … in such a way that the cases are clearly irreconcilable.”
Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 900 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). Barrera points to
Borden v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1817 (2021), but that decision is not clearly
irreconcilable with Walker.
2 Borden held that an offense cannot “count as a ‘violent felony’ [for ACCA
purposes] if it requires only a mens rea of recklessness.” Id. at 1821-22 (plurality
opinion).1 That holding followed from the ACCA’s elements clause, which
defines “violent felony” to include a crime that “has as an element the use,
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another.”
18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). Borden reasoned that the word “against”
“introduc[es] the conscious object (not the mere recipient) of the force,” which
means “the clause covers purposeful and knowing acts, but excludes reckless
conduct.” 141 S. Ct. at 1826.
Barrera’s prior convictions fall within Borden’s interpretation of the
ACCA’s elements clause because a person convicted of violating § 273.5 must
“willfully inflict a direct application of force on the victim,” “where willfully is a
synonym for intentionally.” Walker, 953 F.3d at 579 (alterations and emphasis
omitted) (first quoting Banuelos-Ayon v. Holder, 611 F.3d 1080, 1084 (9th Cir.
2010); then quoting United States v. Laurico-Yeno, 590 F.3d 818, 821 (9th Cir.
1 For purposes of this appeal, we assume that Justice Kagan’s plurality opinion in Borden is controlling under Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188 (1977). See Lair v. Bullock, 798 F.3d 736, 747 (9th Cir. 2015) (“With no majority opinion, [a Supreme Court decision] cannot serve as the requisite ‘controlling authority’ capable of abrogating our precedent.”); Lair v. Bullock, 697 F.3d 1200, 1204-06 (9th Cir. 2012) (conducting a Marks analysis to decide whether a splintered Supreme Court decision produced a “majority” opinion that abrogated circuit precedent).
3 2010)). In other words, § 273.5 requires that a defendant “consciously deployed”
force “opposed to or directed at” the victim. Borden, 141 S. Ct. at 1827. Walker
therefore is not clearly irreconcilable with Borden, and we accordingly remain
bound by Walker’s holding that a violation of § 273.5 is a “violent felony” under
the ACCA.
2. The district court did not violate Barrera’s Sixth Amendment jury trial
right by making a finding—that his prior § 273.5 offenses occurred on different
occasions—that increased his maximum sentence. See Apprendi v. New Jersey,
530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000) (holding that, in general, a jury must find “any fact that
increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum”). But
for the ACCA’s fifteen-year mandatory minimum, Barrera’s maximum sentence
would have been ten years. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2).
A sentencing court “cannot[] rely on its own finding about a non-elemental
fact to increase a defendant’s maximum sentence.” Descamps v. United States,
570 U.S. 254, 270 (2013); see also Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S. 500, 511
(2016) (“[A] judge cannot go beyond identifying the crime of conviction to explore
the manner in which the defendant committed that offense.”). That prohibition has
a “narrow exception[]” for “the fact of a defendant’s a prior conviction.” United
States v. Haymond, 139 S. Ct. 2369, 2377 n.3 (2019) (plurality opinion) (citing
Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998)). We held in Walker that
4 the exception authorizes “a sentencing judge [to] find the dates of prior offenses in
deciding if a defendant has committed three or more violent felonies.” 953 F.3d at
580 (citing United States v. Grisel, 488 F.3d 844, 845-47 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc),
abrogated in part on other grounds by United States v. Stitt, 139 S. Ct. 399
(2018)).
Barrera argues that this aspect of Walker cannot be reconciled with the
Supreme Court’s decisions in Descamps and Mathis. But Walker postdates those
Supreme Court decisions, so it remains binding here.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 27 2022 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 20-10368
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 1:19-cr-00275-DAD-SKO-1 v.
EDGAR BARRERA, AKA Cito, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California Dale A. Drozd, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 16, 2022 San Francisco, California
Before: CHRISTEN and BRESS, Circuit Judges, and FEINERMAN,** District Judge. Concurrence by Judge FEINERMAN.
Edgar Barrera pleaded guilty to one count of being a felon in possession of a
firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He had three prior convictions for
domestic battery under California Penal Code § 273.5. The district court found
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Gary Feinerman, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation. that those three convictions were for “violent felon[ies] … committed on occasions
different from one another,” and therefore sentenced him to the mandatory
minimum fifteen-year prison term under the Armed Career Criminal Act
(“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Barrera appeals his sentence. We review de
novo whether a state conviction qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA,
whether the district court’s factfinding regarding the timing of Barrera’s prior
offenses violated his Sixth Amendment jury trial right, and whether those prior
offenses in fact were committed on different occasions. See United States v.
Walker, 953 F.3d 577, 578 n.1 (9th Cir. 2020); United States v. Phillips, 149 F.3d
1026, 1031 (9th Cir. 1998). We review the district court’s underlying factual
findings for clear error. See United States v. Gardenhire, 784 F.3d 1277, 1280
(9th Cir. 2015). We affirm.
1. We held in Walker that domestic battery under § 273.5 is a violent felony
for ACCA purposes. See Walker, 953 F.3d at 579-80. As a three-judge panel, we
must adhere to that holding unless an “intervening higher authority” has “undercut
the theory or reasoning … in such a way that the cases are clearly irreconcilable.”
Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 900 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). Barrera points to
Borden v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1817 (2021), but that decision is not clearly
irreconcilable with Walker.
2 Borden held that an offense cannot “count as a ‘violent felony’ [for ACCA
purposes] if it requires only a mens rea of recklessness.” Id. at 1821-22 (plurality
opinion).1 That holding followed from the ACCA’s elements clause, which
defines “violent felony” to include a crime that “has as an element the use,
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another.”
18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). Borden reasoned that the word “against”
“introduc[es] the conscious object (not the mere recipient) of the force,” which
means “the clause covers purposeful and knowing acts, but excludes reckless
conduct.” 141 S. Ct. at 1826.
Barrera’s prior convictions fall within Borden’s interpretation of the
ACCA’s elements clause because a person convicted of violating § 273.5 must
“willfully inflict a direct application of force on the victim,” “where willfully is a
synonym for intentionally.” Walker, 953 F.3d at 579 (alterations and emphasis
omitted) (first quoting Banuelos-Ayon v. Holder, 611 F.3d 1080, 1084 (9th Cir.
2010); then quoting United States v. Laurico-Yeno, 590 F.3d 818, 821 (9th Cir.
1 For purposes of this appeal, we assume that Justice Kagan’s plurality opinion in Borden is controlling under Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188 (1977). See Lair v. Bullock, 798 F.3d 736, 747 (9th Cir. 2015) (“With no majority opinion, [a Supreme Court decision] cannot serve as the requisite ‘controlling authority’ capable of abrogating our precedent.”); Lair v. Bullock, 697 F.3d 1200, 1204-06 (9th Cir. 2012) (conducting a Marks analysis to decide whether a splintered Supreme Court decision produced a “majority” opinion that abrogated circuit precedent).
3 2010)). In other words, § 273.5 requires that a defendant “consciously deployed”
force “opposed to or directed at” the victim. Borden, 141 S. Ct. at 1827. Walker
therefore is not clearly irreconcilable with Borden, and we accordingly remain
bound by Walker’s holding that a violation of § 273.5 is a “violent felony” under
the ACCA.
2. The district court did not violate Barrera’s Sixth Amendment jury trial
right by making a finding—that his prior § 273.5 offenses occurred on different
occasions—that increased his maximum sentence. See Apprendi v. New Jersey,
530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000) (holding that, in general, a jury must find “any fact that
increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum”). But
for the ACCA’s fifteen-year mandatory minimum, Barrera’s maximum sentence
would have been ten years. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2).
A sentencing court “cannot[] rely on its own finding about a non-elemental
fact to increase a defendant’s maximum sentence.” Descamps v. United States,
570 U.S. 254, 270 (2013); see also Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S. 500, 511
(2016) (“[A] judge cannot go beyond identifying the crime of conviction to explore
the manner in which the defendant committed that offense.”). That prohibition has
a “narrow exception[]” for “the fact of a defendant’s a prior conviction.” United
States v. Haymond, 139 S. Ct. 2369, 2377 n.3 (2019) (plurality opinion) (citing
Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998)). We held in Walker that
4 the exception authorizes “a sentencing judge [to] find the dates of prior offenses in
deciding if a defendant has committed three or more violent felonies.” 953 F.3d at
580 (citing United States v. Grisel, 488 F.3d 844, 845-47 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc),
abrogated in part on other grounds by United States v. Stitt, 139 S. Ct. 399
(2018)).
Barrera argues that this aspect of Walker cannot be reconciled with the
Supreme Court’s decisions in Descamps and Mathis. But Walker postdates those
Supreme Court decisions, so it remains binding here. See Miller, 335 F.3d at 900.
3. The district court did not err in determining that Barrera’s prior § 273.5
offenses were “committed on occasions different from one another.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(1). Barrera was convicted twice in 2010 and once in 2015. Relying on
charging documents alleging that his first two domestic battery offenses occurred
“[o]n or about December 25, 2009,” and “[o]n or about April 12, 2010,”
respectively, the district court found that all three prior offenses “occur[red] on
different dates.” That was not clear error.
Barrera suggests that his two 2010 convictions theoretically could have
arisen from conduct that occurred on the same day because California law does not
require a charging document’s allegations to match the offense’s actual date. But
the district court reasonably could have inferred from the fact that the offenses
were separately charged months apart that they were committed on different days.
5 Cf. People v. Goolsby, 363 P.3d 623, 624 (Cal. 2015) (noting that California law
“generally requir[es] all offenses involving the same act or course of conduct to be
prosecuted in a single proceeding”). It follows that the district court correctly held
that Barrera’s three prior offenses occurred on separate occasions for ACCA
purposes. See Wooden v. United States, 142 S. Ct. 1063, 1070-71 (2022)
(explaining that although the separate-occasions analysis is “multi-factored,”
“[c]ourts … have nearly always treated offenses as occurring on separate occasions
if a person committed them a day or more apart”); see also United States v. Lewis,
991 F.2d 524, 526 (9th Cir. 1993) (holding that crimes committed three days apart
took place on separate occasions).
AFFIRMED.
6 FILED United States v. Barrera, No. 20-10368 APR 27 2022 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FEINERMAN, District Judge, concurring:
The panel faithfully applies circuit precedent that forecloses Barrera’s Sixth
Amendment challenge to his sentence. See United States v. Walker, 953 F.3d 577,
580 (9th Cir. 2020); United States v. Grisel, 488 F.3d 844, 847 (9th Cir. 2007) (en
banc), abrogated in part on other grounds by United States v. Stitt, 139 S. Ct. 399
(2018)). No intervening higher authority has abrogated that precedent. See
Wooden v. United States, 142 S. Ct. 1063, 1068 n.3 (2022) (declining to consider
“whether the Sixth Amendment requires that a jury, rather than a judge, resolve
whether prior crimes occurred on a single occasion”). The panel’s disposition of
the Sixth Amendment issue accordingly is correct.
I write separately, however, to note that Walker and Grisel are difficult to
reconcile with the Supreme Court’s admonition that a sentencing judge evaluating
whether a defendant’s prior offenses qualify as ACCA predicate offenses “can do
no more, consistent with the Sixth Amendment, than determine what crime, with
what elements, the defendant was convicted of.” Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S.
500, 511-12 (2016). California Penal Code § 273.5 does not include the date of
offense as an element. It seems to follow, then, that the dates set forth in Barrera’s
charging documents are “amplifying but legally extraneous circumstances,” and
therefore that they “cannot license a later sentencing court to impose extra punishment.” Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 270 (2013); see also
United States v. Haymond, 139 S. Ct. 2369, 2381 (2019) (plurality opinion) (“A
mandatory minimum … sentence that comes into play only as a result of additional
judicial factual findings by a preponderance of the evidence cannot stand.”); id. at
2386 (Breyer, J., concurring) (“[I]n an ordinary criminal prosecution, a jury must
find facts that trigger a mandatory minimum prison term.”).
Given the apparent conflict between circuit law and Supreme Court
precedent, this case may be an appropriate candidate for further review, whether by
the en banc court, see Fed. R. App. P. 35(a)(1), or the Supreme Court, see Wooden,
142 S. Ct. at 1087 n.7 (Gorsuch, J., concurring in the judgment) (noting that “there
is little doubt” the Supreme Court will consider the Sixth Amendment question
“soon”).