[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________ FILED U.S. COURT OF APPEALS ELEVENTH CIRCUIT No. 02-10320 October 10, 2002 Non-Argument Calendar THOMAS K. KAHN ________________________ CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 01-00058-CR-ORL-28
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
DAVID WILLIAMS,
Defendant-Appellant.
__________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida _________________________ (October 10, 2002)
Before BARKETT, WILSON and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Defendant-Appellant David Williams appeals his conviction for several
drug-related offenses, arguing that the district court erred in denying his motion to
dismiss the indictment because the indictment was not filed within thirty days of his arrest as required by 18 U.S.C. § 3161(b) (the “Speedy Trial Act”). He also
contests the district court’s grant of his motion to proceed pro se, maintaining that
he did not knowingly and voluntarily waive his constitutional right to counsel.
I. BACKGROUND
On December 18, 2000, the government filed a criminal complaint against
Williams and arrested him pursuant to a warrant. The complaint alleged that
Williams had committed several drug-related offenses. On December 18, Williams
made an initial appearance before a magistrate judge, who assigned Williams a
court-appointed attorney to serve as temporary counsel for one day. During this
initial appearance, the magistrate judge granted Williams’s oral motion to continue
the preliminary examination. The government, in turn, requested a three-day
extension because the prosecutor was “involved with some other stuff.” The
magistrate judge scheduled the preliminary examination for December 21 and
appointed Peter Kenny as Williams’s counsel.
On December 21, the court heard limited testimony and then, due to the
limited availability of the U.S. Marshals, continued the preliminary examination
until the next day. On December 22, after hearing more testimony, the magistrate
judge continued the hearing until December 28 because the courts were closing for
2 the Christmas holiday. On December 28, the magistrate determined that the
evidence was sufficient to establish probable cause that Williams had committed
the offenses alleged in the complaint. In granting the continuances between each
of the four proceedings, the magistrate judge made no explicit findings that the
ends of justice served by granting these continuances outweighed the best interests
of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial.
On January 4, 2001, Williams, through Kenny, filed a “Waiver of Speedy
Trial.” The document provided, “After consultation with his undersigned counsel,
the Defendant, DAVID WILLIAMS, hereby voluntarily and knowingly waives his
right to speedy trial under 18 U.S.C. § 3161, et seq., and the Sixth Amendment of
the United States Constitution. This is a waiver of speedy trial for sixty (60) days.”
After consultation, Williams authorized Kenny to sign and file the waiver, but
Williams himself never signed the document.
On March 13, 2001, Williams moved for Kenny to withdraw and for the
court to appoint new counsel. The magistrate judge granted the motion on March
16 and appointed new counsel on March 20. Then, on April 5, Williams filed a pro
se motion to dismiss his new attorney and also moved to dismiss the criminal
complaint, contending that he had not been indicted within thirty days of his arrest
as required by 18 U.S.C. § 3161.
3 While Williams’s motion was still under advisement, the government filed
its indictment on April 10, 2001. The indictment charged Williams with
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute fifty or more grams of cocaine base
and five kilograms or more of cocaine hydrochloride, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §
486; possession with intent to distribute fifty grams or more of cocaine base, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A)(iii); possession with intent to
distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine hydrochloride, in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A)(ii); and possession of a firearm during and in
relation to a drug-trafficking offense and in furtherance thereof, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). On April 20, the magistrate judge determined that
Williams’s motion to dismiss the criminal complaint was moot because an
indictment had already been returned against him.
The magistrate judge allowed Williams to proceed pro se, and with the help
of standby counsel, Williams prepared for trial. In May, Williams filed two more
motions to dismiss the indictment pursuant to the Speedy Trial Act, both of which
were denied. The five-day trial lasted from June 5 to June 12, 2001, and the jury
convicted Williams on all counts.
During post-trial proceedings, the district court analyzed whether the timing
of the government’s indictment violated the Speedy Trial Act. It denied the motion
4 to dismiss, reasoning that the indictment had been filed within thirty days of
Williams’s arrest.1 Alternatively, the court concluded that even if the indictment
was not timely, the indictment should be dismissed without prejudice because the
drug and firearms offenses were “extremely serious,” because the “one- or two-day
delay” in filing the indictment was minimal, and because there was no prejudice to
Williams because the delays were made at his request and for his benefit.
Williams argues that the district court erred in applying the Speedy Trial Act
when calculating the number of days between his arrest and the filing of the
indictment; he contends that the district court improperly excluded days that should
have been included under 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h). Further, Williams urges that the
date of his initial appearance should not have been excluded because the plain
language of 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1) does not specifically exclude it. He also
argues that the district court improperly excluded the period during which his
preliminary examination was continued because the continuances were granted to
accommodate the government, the U.S. Marshal Service, and the DEA agents and
because the magistrate did not find that the continuances served the “ends of
1 In its speedy-indictment calculation, the district court excluded the following dates: December 15, 2000 (date of Williams’s arrest); December 18 through December 28, 2000 (preliminary examination and continuances); January 4 through March 5, 2001 (Williams’s sixty- day waiver of speedy trial); March 13 through March 20, 2001 (motion to appoint new counsel); and April 4 through April 10, 2001 (motion to dismiss complaint and the filing of the indictment). Under this calculation, the thirtieth day would have fallen on April 4, 2001.
5 justice.” See 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(8)(A). In addition, Williams contends that the
sixty-day period during which his attorney waived his right to speedy trial should
not be excluded because there was no showing that the continuance served the ends
of justice. Williams submits that the indictment should have been dismissed with
prejudice.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a claim under the Speedy Trial Act de novo and review a district
court’s factual determinations on excludable time for clear error. United States v.
Miles, 290 F.3d 1341, 1348-49 (11th Cir. 2002).
III. ANALYSIS
Under the Speedy Trial Act, the government must indict a defendant within
thirty days from the date on which the defendant was arrested or served with a
summons. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(b). In calculating this thirty-day period, certain
events, as specified in 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h), “toll” the speedy-indictment clock.
First, delays resulting from certain “proceedings concerning the defendant” are
excludable. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1). These include any delay resulting from a
pretrial motion, which is calculated from the filing of the motion through the
6 conclusion of the disposition of the motion. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(F). Second,
the thirty-day calculation does not include
[a]ny period of delay resulting from a continuance granted by any judge on his own motion or at the request of the defendant or his counsel or at the request of the attorney for the Government, if the judge granted such continuance on the basis of his findings that the ends of justice served by taking such action outweigh the best interest of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial. No such period of delay resulting from a continuance granted by the court in accordance with this paragraph shall be excludable under this subsection unless the court sets forth, in the record of the case, either orally or in writing, its reasons for finding that the ends of justice served by the granting of such continuance outweigh the best interests of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial.
18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(8)(A) (emphasis added); see also United States v. Godoy, 821
F.2d 1498, 1500 (11th Cir. 1987). Therefore, the clock is tolled for pretrial motions
and certain other proceedings concerning the defendant per 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)
and also for ends-of-justice continuances per 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(8)(A).
For there to be a valid ends-of-justice continuance, the court need not explicitly
enunciate its findings when it grants the continuance “so long as there is sufficient
evidence in the record indicating that it considered the factors identified in the statute
7 when it granted the continuance.”2 United States v. Vasser, 916 F.2d 624, 627 (11th
Cir. 1990).
If an indictment is not filed within the Act’s time limit, the charges against the
individual “shall be dismissed.” 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(1). The court must then
determine whether to dismiss the indictment with or without prejudice. In making this
decision, the court considers three statutory factors: (1) the seriousness of the offense;
(2) the facts and circumstances of the case which led to the dismissal; and (3) the
impact of a reprosecution on the administration of the Act and on the administration
of justice. Id.; United States v. Russo, 741 F.2d 1264, 1267 (11th Cir. 1984).
“[W]here the crime charged is serious, the court should dismiss [with prejudice] only
for a correspondingly severe delay.” Russo, 741 F.2d at 1267. But at some point,
2 A court must consider the following factors when deciding whether to grant an ends-of- justice continuance: (1) “[w]hether the failure to grant such a continuance in the proceeding would be likely to make a continuation of such proceeding impossible, or result in a miscarriage of justice”; (2) “[w]hether the case is so unusual or so complex, due to the number of defendants, the nature of the prosecution, or the existence of novel questions of fact or law, that it is unreasonable to expect adequate preparation for pretrial proceedings or for the trial itself within the time limits established by this section”; (3) “[w]hether, in a case in which arrest precedes indictment, delay in the filing of the indictment is caused because the arrest occurs at a time such that it is unreasonable to expect return and filing of the indictment within the period specified in section 3161(b), or because the facts upon which the grand jury must base its determination are unusual or complex”; and (4) “[w]hether the failure to grant such a continuance in a case which, taken as a whole, is not so unusual or so complex as to fall within clause (2), would deny the defendant reasonable time to obtain counsel, would unreasonably deny the defendant or the Government continuity of counsel, or would deny counsel for the defendant or the attorney for the Government the reasonable time necessary for effective preparation, taking into account the exercise of due diligence.” 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(8)(B); see also United States v. Russo, 741 F.2d 1264, 1267 (11th Cir. 1984).
8 “[t]he length of delay can sometimes be enough, by itself, to justify dismissal with
prejudice.” Godoy, 821 F.2d at 1506 n.2.
A. Violation of the Speedy Trial Act
Applying these rules to the speedy-indictment calculation in the present case,
December 16, 2000 was the first day on the speedy-indictment clock because a
warrant of arrest and criminal complaint was filed against Williams on December 15,
2000. Godoy, 821 F.2d at 1500. Contrary to Williams’s argument, December 18,
2000, the day of his initial appearance, was properly excluded pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
§ 3161(h)(1) because an initial appearance is a “proceeding[] concerning the
defendant.” Godoy, 821 F.2d at 1500.
During the proceeding on December 18, the magistrate judge continued the
preliminary examination until December 21 but failed to make an explicit ends-of-
justice determination in granting the continuance. Further, because there is not
“sufficient evidence in the record indicating that [the magistrate] considered the
factors identified in the statute when it granted the continuance,” December 19 and
December 20 were not excludable. Vasser, 916 F.2d at 627. The district court was
justified in excluding December 21 and 22, on which the magistrate actually heard
testimony, because they were “proceedings concerning the defendant” pursuant to 18
U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1). But, as with the earlier continuance, the period from December
9 23 through December 27 was not excludable because the record does not contain
“sufficient evidence” indicating that the continuance served the ends of justice. Still,
the district court was justified to exclude December 28—the final day of the
preliminary examination—as a “proceeding[] concerning the defendant.” See 18
U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1). The clock resumed on December 29 and ran at least through
January 3, which, according to our calculation, would have been the fifteenth day on
the speedy-indictment clock.
The government contends, and the district court agreed, that Williams’s sixty-
day “Waiver of Speedy Trial” tolled the clock from January 4 through March 4, 2001,
March 4 being the sixtieth day of the waiver. Williams argues that the waiver was not
valid because the magistrate failed to make an ends-of-justice determination before
allowing the sixty-day continuance. Because we do not need to pass on the waiver’s
legality to decide the outcome of this case, we decline to make a finding of
10 invalidity;3 we concluded that the government violated the speedy-indictment
provision of the Act, regardless of whether the waiver was valid.
If the waiver was valid, then the speedy-indictment clock was tolled from
January 4 though March 4 and then ran from March 5 through March 12. If the
waiver was invalid, the clock continued to run, uninterrupted, from December 29
though March 12. Either way, the clock was tolled on March 13, the day that
Williams filed the motion for his attorney to withdraw and for the court to appoint
new counsel.4 Because the magistrate judge resolved the motion upon appointing new
3 There are several reasons to question the waiver’s validity. First, the waiver purports to be a “waiver of speedy trial for sixty (60) days.” It does not specifically waive the right to speedy indictment. Because a defendant has rights both to speedy indictment and to speedy trial under the Act, waiving one right might not necessarily waive the other. Second, the Act itself does not explicitly provide for waivers of the right to speedy indictment. Section 3161(c) explicitly provides for the waiver of certain rights pertaining to the timing of the trial, but it does not provide for waiving rights that pertain to an indictment’s timing. Instead, it might be argued that subsection (h) provides the exclusive means of tolling the clock with respect to an indictment or an information. The Tenth Circuit, the only circuit that has addressed this issue directly, held that a defendant does not have the unilateral authority to waive the speedy-indictment provisions of the Speedy Trial Act. United States v. Saltzman, 984 F.2d 1087 (10th Cir. 1993). The court reasoned that “[t]he right to a speedy indictment belongs to both the defendant and society. Therefore, provisions of the Speedy Trial Act cannot be waived by a defendant acting unilaterally because it would compromise the public interest in speedy justice.” Id. at 1091 (citation omitted). For a defendant’s waiver of speedy indictment to be valid, the court must find that the continuance would serve the “ends of justice.” Id. As stated, we decline to decide whether the sixty-day waiver was valid, because a determination on the issue is not necessary to the disposition of this appeal. The government violated the Speedy Trial Act regardless of whether the waiver was valid, and the indictment should have been dismissed without prejudice regardless of whether the government violated the Act by eight days or by sixty-eight days. 4 If the waiver was valid, then March 12 would have been the twenty-third day on the speedy-indictment clock. If the waiver was ineffective, then March 12 would have been the eighty- third day.
11 counsel on March 20, the speedy-indictment clock resumed on March 21 and
continued running through April 4. Williams’s motion to dismiss the criminal
complaint tolled the clock from April 5 until April 10, the day on which the
government finally filed the indictment.
If the waiver was valid, then March 27 was the thirtieth day on the speedy-
indictment clock, and the government would have violated the Act by eight days. If
the waiver was not valid, then January 18 was the thirtieth day, and the government
would have violated the Act by sixty-eight days. Either way, there is no doubt that the
government violated the Act. Accordingly, the indictment should have been
dismissed.
B. Dismissal With or Without Prejudice
Having decided that the government violated the Act’s speedy-indictment
provision, the next inquiry is whether the district court should have dismissed with
prejudice or without prejudice. We apply the statutory factors found in § 3162(a)(1).
1. Seriousness of the Offense
No one disputes that the charges against Williams were extremely serious.
Williams was charged with several serious drug-related offenses, including conspiracy
to possess with intent to distribute and possession with intent to distribute a substantial
amount of cocaine—at least fifty grams of cocaine base and five kilograms of cocaine
12 hydrochloride. The fact that Williams possessed a handgun during the offenses
significantly enhanced their seriousness.
2. Facts and Circumstances Leading to the Dismissal
In addressing the facts and circumstances leading to the speedy-indictment
violation, we focus on “the culpability of the delay-producing conduct.” United States
v. Hastings, 847 F.2d 920, 925 (1st. Cir. 1988). In its alternative holding, the district
court found that any speedy-indictment violation was minimal and that Williams had
contributed to and benefitted from the possible delay. Although, as discussed
previously, it is possible that the delay was not merely minimal, the district court was
correct to find that Williams benefitted from and contributed to the delay. For
example, the continuances in December gave Williams more time to consult with his
attorneys in preparing his defense, and it was Williams who, at least in one instance,
asked that the preliminary examination be continued. Furthermore, Williams was
complicit in effecting a waiver of questionable validity, a document that gave the
government reason to believe that the clock was tolled while it negotiated a plea
agreement. As such, there was some affirmative justification for the delay.
The record reveals that the delay in filing the indictment was not intentional,
but mere negligence or inadvertence does not automatically call for dismissal without
prejudice. Russo, 741 F.2d at 1267. “Because the filing of the indictment or
13 information lies entirely within the prosecutor’s discretion, it is ultimately the
obligation of the Government to ensure compliance with the Speedy Trial Act.”
United States v. Saltzman, 984 F.2d 1087, 1091 (10th Cir. 1993). Here, the
government negotiated the waiver and should have known that it had defects, both in
its language and in its legal efficacy. Furthermore, whether or not the sixty-day
waiver was effective, and whether or not we had excluded every day between
December 18 and December 28, the government still violated the speedy-indictment
time limit. Finally, even if Williams somehow benefitted from the delay, the
government’s negligence caused harm to another constituency. One of the primary
objectives of the Act is to protect society’s interest in speedy disposition of criminal
cases. This interest was not served.
3. Impact of Reprosecution on the Administration of the Act and on the Administration of Justice
In applying the third statutory factor, there is almost always “some tension
between the administration of the Act and the administration of justice.” Godoy, 821
F.2d at 1506. Indeed, “[d]efendants can always argue that the minimal sanction of
dismissal without prejudice takes the teeth out of the Act’s requirements. In response,
the government can always argue that reprosecution furthers the public’s interest in
bringing criminals to trial.” Id. Even though these two “standard” arguments
neutralize each other, this third factor is not always neutral. Id. The third factor not
14 only allows courts to review the seriousness of the criminal charges and the reason for
the delayed indictment but also “provides authority for considering such aggravating
and mitigating factors as the length of the delay and the prejudice to the defendant.”
Id.
Here, Williams does not argue that he was prejudiced by the delay,5 but in our
calculation of excludable days, the government violated the Act by either eight days
or sixty-eight days. If the government filed the indictment eight days late, then the
violation of the Act was minimal and, without question, the indictment should have
been dismissed without prejudice. If, however, the violation was one of sixty-eight
days, then the violation was severe. At some point, “[t]he length of delay can
sometimes be enough, by itself, to justify dismissal with prejudice.” Godoy, 821 F.2d
at 1506 n.2. Therefore, we must decide whether a speedy-indictment violation of
sixty-eight days would have been enough, by itself, to require dismissal with
Here, we conclude that the sixty-eight-day violation of the Speedy Trial Act
was not so substantial per se as to require dismissing an indictment with prejudice.
Precedent from other circuits supports this result. The Eighth Circuit has held that a
5 Williams does, however, argue that he “was prejudiced in that he was erroneously placed in the position of having to go to trial pro se.” Reply Br. Appellant at 14.
15 fifty-nine day delay beyond the seventy-day speedy-trial time limit, though not
insubstantial, is “not so substantial that dismissal with prejudice is mandated
regardless of other circumstances.” United States v. Koory, 20 F.3d 844, 848 (8th Cir.
1994). The Tenth Circuit has held that a speedy-indictment violation of almost six
months is not enough, by itself, to compel dismissing an indictment with prejudice.
Saltzman, 984 F.2d at 1087 (10th Cir. 1993). Finally, the Seventh Circuit has held
that a three-month violation of the Act is not, by itself, so substantial as to require
dismissal with prejudice. United States v. Arango, 879 F.2d 1501 (7th Cir. 1989).
Therefore, under the worst-case scenario for this case—in which the waiver was not
valid and there was a violation of sixty-eight days—the delay was similar to or less
egregious than the Speedy Trial Act violations in other cases. Accordingly, even a
sixty-eight-day violation of the Act would not be sufficient, by itself, to compel
dismissing the indictment with prejudice.
Even so, we must balance the three statutory factors to decide whether or not
the district court should have dismissed the indictment with prejudice. As stated, if
the government violated the Act by only eight days, then the seriousness of the
charges would clearly outweigh the severity of the speedy-indictment violation. If,
on the other hand, the violation was one of sixty-eight days, the balancing test would
produce a closer result. Nevertheless, dismissal without prejudice was the appropriate
16 remedy even if the government violated the Act by sixty-eight days. The federal drug
charges against Williams were extremely serious. This factor weighs heavily in favor
of dismissing the indictment without prejudice. In fact, one district court has noted
that “[i]t is rare to find a circuit court opinion upholding a dismissal with prejudice for
violation of the Act in a federal drug prosecution.” United States v. Nejdl, 773 F.
Supp. 1288 (D. Neb. 1991). Also, as discussed above, there was some affirmative
justification for the delay. The government believed that the clock had been tolled
from December 18 though December 28 and had also relied on the defendant’s sixty-
day waiver. Furthermore, Williams contributed to and, in some instances, benefitted
from the delay.
This court has instructed that “where the crime charged is serious, the court
should dismiss [with prejudice] only for a correspondingly severe delay.” Russo, 741
F.2d at 1267. In light of the charges against Williams, we hold that the severity of the
delay—in terms of both its length and the culpability of the delay-producing
conduct—was not sufficient to warrant dismissing the indictment with prejudice.
IV. CONCLUSION
Because the indictment was not filed within thirty days of Williams’s arrest
under the calculation scheme of the Speedy Trial Act, we conclude that the district
17 court erred in denying Williams’s motion to dismiss the indictment. Nevertheless,
despite the delay in bringing the indictment, the district court should have dismissed
the indictment without prejudice. As such, Williams’s argument regarding the motion
to proceed pro se is moot.
We REVERSE the judgment of the district court and REMAND the case with
instructions to vacate Williams’s conviction and to dismiss the indictment without