23-6591 United States v. Carney
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUM- MARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FED- ERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 3 5th day of December, two thousand twenty-four. 4 5 Present: 6 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, 7 Chief Judge, 8 DENNIS JACOBS, 9 STEVEN J. MENASHI, 10 Circuit Judges, 11 _____________________________________ 12 13 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 14 15 Appellee, 16 17 v. 23-6591 18 19 DONNA CARNEY, 20 21 Defendant-Appellant. 22 _____________________________________ 23 24 For Appellee: HEATHER L. CHERRY (Sandra S. Glover, Assistant 25 United States Attorneys, on the brief), for Vanessa Rob- 26 erts Avery, United States Attorney, New Haven, CT. 27 28 For Defendant-Appellant: LAWRENCE GERZOG, New York, NY. 29 30 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
31 (Merriam, J.).
1 1 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
2 DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
3 Defendant-Appellant Donna Carney (“Carney”) appeals from a judgment entered by the
4 United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Merriam, J.) on April 19, 2023, con-
5 victing her, upon her guilty plea, of embezzling Section 8 housing vouchers, 18 U.S.C. § 641,
6 sentencing her to thirty days of imprisonment and three years of supervised release, and ordering
7 restitution of $33,594, to be repaid at a rate of $150 per month. We assume the parties’ familiarity
8 with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal, which we reference only as
9 necessary to explain our decision to AFFIRM.
10 1. Term of Supervised Release
11 We review Carney’s unpreserved procedural challenge to her term of supervised release
12 for plain error. United States v. Davis, 82 F.4th 190, 196 (2d Cir. 2023). As relevant here, a
13 term of supervised release is procedurally unreasonable if a district court fails adequately to ex-
14 plain the chosen sentence under the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. 1 United States v. Singh, 877
15 F.3d 107, 115 (2d Cir. 2017); Peugh v. United States, 569 U.S. 530, 537 (2013). Carney contends
16 the district court procedurally erred by failing to explain why it imposed a disproportionately large
17 term of supervised release relative to her term of imprisonment. We disagree.
18 We have never required a district court, in explaining its sentence, “to provide separate
19 reasoning for the length of supervised release.” United States v. Frink, 849 F. App’x 312, 316
20 (2d Cir 2021). To the contrary, when “the district court explains the basis for imposing a term of
1 For terms of supervised release, those factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for the term to “afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct,” “protect the public from further crimes of the defendant,” and “provide the defendant with . . . correctional treatment in the most effective manner”; (3) the kinds of sentences and sentencing range for the category of offense; (4) relevant policy; (5) the need to avoid unwarranted dispar- ities in sentences; and (6) the need for restitution. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(c) (citing id. § 3553(a)).
2 1 imprisonment, it need not repeat the process in imposing a term of supervised release.” United
2 States v. Williams, 998 F.3d 538, 541 (2d Cir. 2021). 2 A court need merely identify the consid-
3 erations “driving the selection of the sentence that was actually imposed,” United States v. Rosa,
4 957 F.3d 113, 118 (2d Cir. 2020), such that an appellate court can conduct a meaningful review,
5 United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 193 (2d Cir. 2008).
6 Here, the district court did not err, much less plainly err, in explaining the term of super-
7 vised release. In imposing Carney’s sentence, the district court considered general deterrence
8 and the seriousness and nature of her offense. 3 Carney misrepresented her housing eligibility for
9 over a decade on HUD forms, and her lies were difficult to detect because the government could
10 not confirm every fact she represented. The district court found specific deterrence was also
11 warranted because Carney continued to make misrepresentations even when confronted about
12 them. Finally, the district court weighed the need for rehabilitation, the need to avoid unwar-
13 ranted sentencing disparities, and relevant policy. Because the district court appropriately
14 weighed the § 3553(a) factors in deciding to impose a term of supervised release, Carney cannot
15 point to any error. 4
16 Carney’s claim that her term of supervised release was substantively unreasonable is sim-
17 ilarly unavailing. Because Carney has not shown procedural error, we review her claim for abuse
2 See also United States v. Mostafa, 299 F. App’x 86, 88 (2d Cir. 2008); United States v. Durand, 616 F. App’x 22, 23 (2d Cir. 2015); United States v. Kurzajczyk, 724 F. App’x 30, 33 (2d Cir. 2018). 3 The district court clarified that, in imposing the term of supervised release, as opposed to the term of imprisonment, it could not consider the need for the term to reflect the seriousness of the offense, provide just punishment, and promote respect for law. A-170; 18 U.S.C. § 3583(c). 4 See Kurzajczyk, 724 F. App’x at 33 (affirming the procedural reasonableness of a term of super- vised release where the court outlined the relevant sentencing factors on the record for its decision); United States v. Alvarez, 816 F. App’x 588, 590–91 (2d Cir. 2020) (upholding a similar sentence as procedurally reasonable given the court’s consideration of the relevant sentencing factors); Durand, 616 F. App’x at 23 (holding a term of supervised release was procedurally reasonable because the district court made “specific reference” to several § 3553(a) factors).
3 1 of discretion. United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 121 (2d Cir. 2009). Reversal is warranted
2 where a sentence is “shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of
3 law.” United States v. Preacely, 628 F.3d 72, 83 (2d Cir. 2010) (citation and internal marks
4 omitted). In the “overwhelming majority of cases,” a sentence that falls within the Guidelines
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23-6591 United States v. Carney
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUM- MARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FED- ERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 3 5th day of December, two thousand twenty-four. 4 5 Present: 6 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, 7 Chief Judge, 8 DENNIS JACOBS, 9 STEVEN J. MENASHI, 10 Circuit Judges, 11 _____________________________________ 12 13 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 14 15 Appellee, 16 17 v. 23-6591 18 19 DONNA CARNEY, 20 21 Defendant-Appellant. 22 _____________________________________ 23 24 For Appellee: HEATHER L. CHERRY (Sandra S. Glover, Assistant 25 United States Attorneys, on the brief), for Vanessa Rob- 26 erts Avery, United States Attorney, New Haven, CT. 27 28 For Defendant-Appellant: LAWRENCE GERZOG, New York, NY. 29 30 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
31 (Merriam, J.).
1 1 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
2 DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
3 Defendant-Appellant Donna Carney (“Carney”) appeals from a judgment entered by the
4 United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Merriam, J.) on April 19, 2023, con-
5 victing her, upon her guilty plea, of embezzling Section 8 housing vouchers, 18 U.S.C. § 641,
6 sentencing her to thirty days of imprisonment and three years of supervised release, and ordering
7 restitution of $33,594, to be repaid at a rate of $150 per month. We assume the parties’ familiarity
8 with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal, which we reference only as
9 necessary to explain our decision to AFFIRM.
10 1. Term of Supervised Release
11 We review Carney’s unpreserved procedural challenge to her term of supervised release
12 for plain error. United States v. Davis, 82 F.4th 190, 196 (2d Cir. 2023). As relevant here, a
13 term of supervised release is procedurally unreasonable if a district court fails adequately to ex-
14 plain the chosen sentence under the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. 1 United States v. Singh, 877
15 F.3d 107, 115 (2d Cir. 2017); Peugh v. United States, 569 U.S. 530, 537 (2013). Carney contends
16 the district court procedurally erred by failing to explain why it imposed a disproportionately large
17 term of supervised release relative to her term of imprisonment. We disagree.
18 We have never required a district court, in explaining its sentence, “to provide separate
19 reasoning for the length of supervised release.” United States v. Frink, 849 F. App’x 312, 316
20 (2d Cir 2021). To the contrary, when “the district court explains the basis for imposing a term of
1 For terms of supervised release, those factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for the term to “afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct,” “protect the public from further crimes of the defendant,” and “provide the defendant with . . . correctional treatment in the most effective manner”; (3) the kinds of sentences and sentencing range for the category of offense; (4) relevant policy; (5) the need to avoid unwarranted dispar- ities in sentences; and (6) the need for restitution. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(c) (citing id. § 3553(a)).
2 1 imprisonment, it need not repeat the process in imposing a term of supervised release.” United
2 States v. Williams, 998 F.3d 538, 541 (2d Cir. 2021). 2 A court need merely identify the consid-
3 erations “driving the selection of the sentence that was actually imposed,” United States v. Rosa,
4 957 F.3d 113, 118 (2d Cir. 2020), such that an appellate court can conduct a meaningful review,
5 United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 193 (2d Cir. 2008).
6 Here, the district court did not err, much less plainly err, in explaining the term of super-
7 vised release. In imposing Carney’s sentence, the district court considered general deterrence
8 and the seriousness and nature of her offense. 3 Carney misrepresented her housing eligibility for
9 over a decade on HUD forms, and her lies were difficult to detect because the government could
10 not confirm every fact she represented. The district court found specific deterrence was also
11 warranted because Carney continued to make misrepresentations even when confronted about
12 them. Finally, the district court weighed the need for rehabilitation, the need to avoid unwar-
13 ranted sentencing disparities, and relevant policy. Because the district court appropriately
14 weighed the § 3553(a) factors in deciding to impose a term of supervised release, Carney cannot
15 point to any error. 4
16 Carney’s claim that her term of supervised release was substantively unreasonable is sim-
17 ilarly unavailing. Because Carney has not shown procedural error, we review her claim for abuse
2 See also United States v. Mostafa, 299 F. App’x 86, 88 (2d Cir. 2008); United States v. Durand, 616 F. App’x 22, 23 (2d Cir. 2015); United States v. Kurzajczyk, 724 F. App’x 30, 33 (2d Cir. 2018). 3 The district court clarified that, in imposing the term of supervised release, as opposed to the term of imprisonment, it could not consider the need for the term to reflect the seriousness of the offense, provide just punishment, and promote respect for law. A-170; 18 U.S.C. § 3583(c). 4 See Kurzajczyk, 724 F. App’x at 33 (affirming the procedural reasonableness of a term of super- vised release where the court outlined the relevant sentencing factors on the record for its decision); United States v. Alvarez, 816 F. App’x 588, 590–91 (2d Cir. 2020) (upholding a similar sentence as procedurally reasonable given the court’s consideration of the relevant sentencing factors); Durand, 616 F. App’x at 23 (holding a term of supervised release was procedurally reasonable because the district court made “specific reference” to several § 3553(a) factors).
3 1 of discretion. United States v. Rigas, 583 F.3d 108, 121 (2d Cir. 2009). Reversal is warranted
2 where a sentence is “shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of
3 law.” United States v. Preacely, 628 F.3d 72, 83 (2d Cir. 2010) (citation and internal marks
4 omitted). In the “overwhelming majority of cases,” a sentence that falls within the Guidelines
5 will lie “comfortably within the broad range of sentences that would be reasonable in the particular
6 circumstances.” United States v. Friedberg, 558 F.3d 131, 137 (2d. Cir. 2009) (citations and
7 internal marks omitted). It is therefore “difficult to find that a below-Guidelines sentence is un-
8 reasonable.” United States v. Alcius, 952 F.3d 83, 89 (2d Cir. 2020) (citation and internal marks
9 omitted).
10 We cannot conclude that the district court abused its discretion here. Carney’s term of
11 supervised release was within the Guidelines, and her term of imprisonment fell below them. 5 In
12 explaining its sentence, the district court documented Carney’s continued misrepresentations, the
13 amount she stole, and her posturing as a public servant despite her deception of the government.
14 Yet it did not ignore mitigating factors, highlighting her lack of criminal history, her “minimal risk
15 of recidivism,” and the fact that the Bureau of Prisons “may not be able to offer her the quality of
16 [medical] care” she elsewhere received. A-172. The district court’s balancing of sentencing
17 factors led it to “hedge against a relatively lenient term of imprisonment by imposing a longer term
18 of supervised release.” 6 Carney’s sentence thus is not one that “cannot be located within the
5 The district court determined Carney’s total offense level was 14 with a Level I criminal history. A-162. That placed her advisory Guidelines term of imprisonment at 15–21 months. U.S.S.G. Ch. 5, Pt. A. Because her crime of conviction was a Class C felony, see 18 U.S.C. § 3559(a)(3); id. § 641, the Guidelines-recommended term of supervised release was between one and three years. U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2(a)(2); 18 U.S.C. § 3583(b)(2). 6 United States v. Leon, 663 F.3d 552, 556 (2d Cir. 2011) (citation and internal marks omitted); see also Alvarez, 816 F. App’x at 590–91 (upholding a sentence where the court, recognizing mitigating factors and the defendant’s lengthy criminal history, imposed a below-Guidelines term of imprisonment but a within-Guidelines three-year term of supervised release); United States v. Mayer, No. 21-0204-CR,
4 1 range of permissible decisions.” Cavera, 550 F.3d at 189 (citation and internal marks omitted).
2 2. Restitution Order
3 Carney next challenges the district court’s order of restitution for failing to account for her
4 inability to pay. Because she failed to object below, we review the order for plain error. United
5 States v. Zangari, 677 F.3d 86, 91 (2d Cir. 2012). In ordering restitution, a court must consider
6 the defendant’s financial resources (including whether those assets are jointly controlled), pro-
7 jected income, and financial obligations. 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(2)(A)–(C). If the “economic cir-
8 cumstances of the defendant do not allow” payment of a lump sum or under “any reasonable sched-
9 ule,” a court may order nominal restitution. Id. § 3664(f)(3)(B). However, even indigent de-
10 fendants have an obligation to pay restitution, and therefore a court does not err or abuse its dis-
11 cretion by ordering restitution from a defendant with limited financial resources. See United
12 States v. Mortimer, 52 F.3d 429, 436 (2d Cir. 1995).
13 The district court did not err in imposing a monthly restitution plan. In looking to Car-
14 ney’s finances, the court recognized that she could not pay a lump sum upfront. Imposing a
15 monthly payment plan—rather than ordering nominal restitution—was an appropriate remedy.
16 The monthly amount was not burdensome given Carney’s assets. 7 The district court even kept
17 the option of nominal payment in mind, explaining that although Carney must “attempt to pay
18 [restitution] back,” she could “petition the Court at any time to modify” the order based on changes
2022 WL 1447380, at *2–3 (2d Cir. May 9, 2022) (upholding a sentence based on similar hedging by the district court); United States v. Moore, 563 F. App’x 866, 870 (2d Cir. 2014) (same). 7 See United States v. Scott, 391 F. App’x 92, 94 (2d Cir. 2010) (affirming a restitution payment of 25 percent of a defendant’s “net disposable monthly income”). Carney makes much of the order’s harshness given her debts, including her mortgage. But Carney had already quitclaimed her home to her new husband. Because there was uncertainty about Carney’s financial obligations, the district court did not err in imposing restitution. United States v. Mattice, 186 F.3d 219, 231 (2d Cir. 1999) (explaining that district courts should impose restitution where doubt about ability to pay exists).
5 1 in her financial circumstances. A-181, 183–84 (emphasis added). Because the district court’s
2 order ensured that Carney would “pay restitution when and if funds are eventually acquired,” it
3 did not plainly err. 8
4 * * *
5 We have considered Carney’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. 9
6 Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
7 FOR THE COURT: 8 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
8 Mortimer, 52 F.3d at 436 (emphasis added); compare United States v. Allen, 201 F.3d 163, 167– 68 (2d Cir. 2000) (upholding a monthly payment plan that accounted for low earning potential), with United States v. Mammedov, 304 F. App’x 922, 927–28 (2d Cir. 2008) (finding error where a court required “im- mediate payment of $325,000 restitution despite . . . finding that [the defendant] lacked the ability to pay”). 9 Carney’s challenge to the district court’s explanation of the special conditions of supervised re- lease is unwarranted. The district court made an extensive and individualized assessment on the record concerning the necessity of the conditions. United States v. Betts, 886 F.3d 198, 202 (2d Cir. 2018). Contrary to what Carney claims, district courts are under no obligation to explain why such conditions differ in language from the language in U.S.S.G. § 5D1.3(d).