United States v. Antwan Jones
Opinion
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted November 21, 2018* Decided November 30, 2018
Before
JOEL M. FLAUM, Circuit Judge
DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge
MICHAEL Y. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge
No. 17‐1543
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Appeal from the United States District Plaintiff‐Appellee, Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
v. No. 12 CR 697‐1
ANTWAN JONES, Virginia M. Kendall, Defendant‐Appellant. Judge.
O R D E R
A grand jury returned a multicount superseding indictment charging Antwan Jones and his two codefendants with various drug‐related offenses. Among other crimes, Jones was charged with conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute over five kilograms of cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 846; attempt to possess with intent to distribute over five kilograms of cocaine, id. § 841(a)(1); and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a
* We agreed to decide this case without oral argument because the briefs and record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not significantly aid the court. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
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drug‐trafficking crime, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). A jury convicted Jones on all nine counts against him. Jones then asked the district court to allow him to represent himself. The judge accepted the waiver of counsel and allowed Jones to proceed pro se, as he continues to do on appeal. Jones principally challenges the validity of his indictment for conspiracy and the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial.
At trial the government presented evidence that a drug conspiracy existed between Antwan Jones, James Jones, and Calvin Nelson. Nelson testified that the three bought, stored, and sold drugs out of a multiunit apartment building that Jones leased and in which James Jones and Nelson lived. Nelson elaborated that he stored cocaine, crack, and heroin in his apartment for Jones, and he observed Jones receive, in a variety of transactions, a total of 22.5 kilograms of cocaine at Nelson’s apartment. As corroborating evidence the government also introduced scores of Jones’s phone conversations related to drug dealing and the testimony of law‐enforcement agents about their surveillance of Jones and his associates.
The government also presented evidence of Jones’s attempt to buy 500 grams or more of cocaine on one occasion. Recorded phone calls show that Jones arranged with Edgar Delgado to purchase a large quantity from Delgado’s friend. In a call on April 11, 2012, Jones verified the price of a kilogram and told Delgado that he “may have to do that.” He also asked whether the supplier would lower the price if he “went all the way,” which according to agents’ testimony, referred to purchasing the entire kilogram of cocaine. In a recorded call the morning of April 15, Delgado told Jones that the supplier was almost at Delgado’s house (the arranged delivery spot), and Jones responded that he was “leaving out.” A police officer surveilling the house testified that he witnessed the putative supplier arrive at Delgado’s house. In a recorded call about 40 minutes later, Delgado told Jones that the supplier left because “he didn’t feel right.” The same officer later pulled over the supplier and found 1.25 kilograms of cocaine in his car.
The prosecution also presented evidence that Jones used a firearm in furtherance of a drug conspiracy. On the same day Jones was arrested, June 6, 2012, officers recovered a handgun from his car, which was in a garage located a few feet from the apartment building. The gun was found in a hidden compartment and next to approximately $18,000 in cash. Nelson testified that in a call on January 17, 2012, Jones told him he had heroin in the same car. The indictment charged that “on or about June 6, 2012,” Jones possessed the gun in furtherance of a drug conspiracy.
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On appeal Jones first challenges his conviction for conspiracy. First, he argues that the indictment was defective for failing to include specific intent as an element. Jones asserts that because every essential element must be alleged in an indictment, United States v. Miller, 883 F.3d 998, 1002 (7th Cir. 2018), and specific intent is an element of § 846, see United States v. Ross, 510 F.3d 702, 713 (7th Cir. 2007), the government’s failure to allege specifically that he “knowingly and intentionally” conspired is grounds for dismissing this charge. Because Jones challenges his indictment for the first time on appeal, “it is immune from attack unless it is so obviously defective as not to charge the offense by any reasonable construction.” United States v. Sandoval, 347 F.3d 627, 633 (7th Cir. 2003).
The indictment here was not “obviously defective.” Id. “[A]n indictment under 21 U.S.C. § 846 is sufficient if it alleges a conspiracy to distribute drugs, the time during which the conspiracy was operative and the statute allegedly violated … .” United States v. Sweeney, 688 F.2d 1131, 1140 (7th Cir. 1982) (quoting United States v. Bermudez, 526 F.2d 89, 94 (2d Cir. 1975)). These requirements were satisfied: The indictment alleged that Jones “did conspire” to “knowingly and intentionally possess with intent to distribute” cocaine and other narcotics, beginning in February 2010, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. True, the indictment did not explicitly accuse Jones of “knowingly and intentionally” conspiring. The verb “conspire,” however, necessarily entails an intent to act. See United States v. Cox, 536 F.3d 723, 727–28 (7th Cir. 2008) (explaining that the indictment for § 846 did not need to define the term “conspire” to be sufficient). To “conspire,” like to “induce” or “entice,” United States v. Smith, 223 F.3d 554 (7th Cir. 2000), involves intent.1 And “[i]t is not necessary to spell out each element” of an offense in an indictment so long as “each element [is] present in context.” Id. at 571; see also United States v. Resendiz‐Ponce, 549 U.S. 102, 107–08 (2007) (explaining that the indictment need not specifically allege each element if it is stated implicitly).
Jones next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the finding that the conspiracy trafficked in at least five kilograms of cocaine. He acknowledges that at times he bought cocaine by himself and contends that those transactions were not in furtherance of any conspiracy with James Jones and Nelson. Because Nelson testified to only two transactions in which he acted on Jones’s behalf involving less than five
In an unpublished decision, a panel of this court concluded that the words “did 1
conspire” suffice to allege a knowing and intentional agreement. United States v. Barrios‐ Ramos, 732 F. App’x 457, 460 (7th Cir. 2018).
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kilograms of cocaine total, Jones contends that the government failed to prove the five‐ kilogram quantity.
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