Mr. Justice McLEAN
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is a writ of error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Columbia.
Richard R. Crawford, of the city of Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, states, that on the fourth Monday of February, 1857-, in' pursuance of an act of Congress to amend the charter of Georgetown, approved the 31st May, 1830, and an act to amend the same charter, approved the 11th August, 1856, by ballot to elect some fit and proper person, having the qualifications required by law, to be mayor of the corporation of Georgetown, to continue in ofiice two years, and until a successor shall be duly elected, said Crawford, being duly qualified, received the greatest • number of legal votes, and was elected mayor of the said corporation, and took the oath as mayor, and continued to discharge the duties for two years.
On the fourth Monday of February, 1859, another election was held for mayor, at which he received the greatest number of legal votes, and was by the judges declared to be duly elected; on which he presented himself in the presence of the two boards of the common council of the said coi’poration, and claimed that the oath should be administered; but the said two boards, alleging that there was a mistake in the returns, and that there was in fact a majority of one vote in favor of Henry Addison, who was the opposing candidate, and to whom the oath of ofiice was administered, and who took possession of the office,, and continues to exercise the duties of the same.
Ami your petitioner represents, that at the ensuing term of
the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, being the court then and still having jurisdiction in the premises, an information, in nature of quo .warrauto, upon the relation of your petitioner, was filed in the said court by Robert Ould, Esq., the attorney of the United States for the District of Columbia, on which due process was issued against the said Henry Addison, requiring him to' answer before the said court by what warrant he claimed to exercise the said office of mayor of the corporation of Georgetown.
. And the said Addison having pleaded to the said information, and certain replications having been made to said plea by the said attorney of the United States, certain issues were joined thereon at the October term, 1859, of the said court, and amongst others the issue to try whether the said Henry Addison had, as alleged by him-in his plea, received the greatest number of legal votes for mayor at the said last-mentioned election ; aud upon the issue it was found by the jury, duly empannelled and sworn to try the sainó, that the said Henry Addison did not receive the greatest number of legal votes for mayor at the said election; and thereupon the said qourt rendered judgment of ouster against the said defendant, and for the costs of your petitioner, as relator in the said proceeding, to wit, on the-day of December instant.
Whereupon due process for the execution of the said judgment, to remove the said defendant and for the recovery of the costs aforesaid, was duly prayed of the said court; but the said Henry Addison, pretending that the proceedings upon the said information'in matter of law may be reviewed by this honorable court upon writ of error, sued out such writ of error, filed a bond, and caused a citation to be issued and served upon your petitioner, to appear and answer to the said writ of error on the return thereof, to wit, at the December term, 1860. And thereupon the said Circuit Court, for the express and sole reason that such writ of error and bond operated as a supersedeas, (which is expressed in their order in that behalf,) refused to' execute the said judgment, or to issue any process to. remove the said defendant or for the -recovery of-.the costs aforesaid.
Your petitioner is advised, and humbly submits, that this honor able court hath no jurisdiction of the matter of the said writ of error, and that the same must be dismissed on the return thereof. But, as hereinbefore stated, the said writ is not returnable until December term, 1860, and the term of office for which your petitioner was elected as aforesaid will then be about to expire.
Your petitioner is advised that his only adequate and proper remedy is by a mandamus from this honorable court, directed to the judges of the said. Circuit Court of the District of Co-' lumbia, commanding them to issue process for the execution of the judgment aforesaid. And for that the transcript of record herewith filed plainly expresses on its face the sole cause for the refiisal of such process, so as distinctly to present the whole matter of law for the consideration of the court, he prays that a peremptory mandamus may issue, or, in the alternative, that such interlocutory order may be passed to that end, as this court may .direct.
Under the thirteenth section of the judiciary act of 1789, the Supreme Court has “ power to issue writs of mandamus, in eases warranted by the principles and usages of law, to any courts appointed or persons holding office under the United States.” The power of the Circuit Courts to issue the writ of mandamus is confined exclusively to those cases in which it may be necessary to the exercise of their jurisdiction. Kendall
'v.
United States, Curtis, 12th vol., 851.
On a mandamus, a superior court will never direct in what manner the discretion of an inferior tribunal shall be exercised; but they will, in a proper case, require the inferior court to decide. Life Insurance Company
v.
Wilson’s Heirs, 8 Peters, 294. It has repeatedly been declared by this court that it will not by mandamus direct a judge as to the exercise of his discretion ; but it will require him to act. 13 Pet., 279.
A mandamus is a remedy where there is no other appropriate relief, and it is only resorted to on extraordinary .occasions.
The writ of error is a common law writ, and is almost as old as the common law itself. This writ, to operate as a
supersedeas, must be issued within ten days after the rendition -of the judgment, and on security being given for a sum exceeding the amount of the judgment. "Where no supersedeas is required, security for the costs of the Supreme Court must be entered. So that, in these respects, the writ of error is said to be a writ of right, though regulated by statute.
The condition on the supersedeas bond is: “ that the said Henry Addison .shall prosecute the said writ of error to effect, and answer all damages and costs if he shall fail to make his plea good; then the above obligation to be vnid; otherwise to be and remain in full force and virtue.”
In the Columbus Insurance Company
v.
Wheelright and others, 7 Wheat., 534, it was held that a writ of error will lie from this court upon the judgments of the Circuit Courts awarding a peremptory mandamus, if the matter in controversy is of sufficient' value. But in that case, it did appear that the office of director of the insurance company, which was the matter in controversy, -was of less value than one thousand dollars, and that its Value was to be áscertained by the salary paid; the court held it had no jurisdiction.
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Mr. Justice McLEAN
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is a writ of error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Columbia.
Richard R. Crawford, of the city of Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, states, that on the fourth Monday of February, 1857-, in' pursuance of an act of Congress to amend the charter of Georgetown, approved the 31st May, 1830, and an act to amend the same charter, approved the 11th August, 1856, by ballot to elect some fit and proper person, having the qualifications required by law, to be mayor of the corporation of Georgetown, to continue in ofiice two years, and until a successor shall be duly elected, said Crawford, being duly qualified, received the greatest • number of legal votes, and was elected mayor of the said corporation, and took the oath as mayor, and continued to discharge the duties for two years.
On the fourth Monday of February, 1859, another election was held for mayor, at which he received the greatest number of legal votes, and was by the judges declared to be duly elected; on which he presented himself in the presence of the two boards of the common council of the said coi’poration, and claimed that the oath should be administered; but the said two boards, alleging that there was a mistake in the returns, and that there was in fact a majority of one vote in favor of Henry Addison, who was the opposing candidate, and to whom the oath of ofiice was administered, and who took possession of the office,, and continues to exercise the duties of the same.
Ami your petitioner represents, that at the ensuing term of
the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, being the court then and still having jurisdiction in the premises, an information, in nature of quo .warrauto, upon the relation of your petitioner, was filed in the said court by Robert Ould, Esq., the attorney of the United States for the District of Columbia, on which due process was issued against the said Henry Addison, requiring him to' answer before the said court by what warrant he claimed to exercise the said office of mayor of the corporation of Georgetown.
. And the said Addison having pleaded to the said information, and certain replications having been made to said plea by the said attorney of the United States, certain issues were joined thereon at the October term, 1859, of the said court, and amongst others the issue to try whether the said Henry Addison had, as alleged by him-in his plea, received the greatest number of legal votes for mayor at the said last-mentioned election ; aud upon the issue it was found by the jury, duly empannelled and sworn to try the sainó, that the said Henry Addison did not receive the greatest number of legal votes for mayor at the said election; and thereupon the said qourt rendered judgment of ouster against the said defendant, and for the costs of your petitioner, as relator in the said proceeding, to wit, on the-day of December instant.
Whereupon due process for the execution of the said judgment, to remove the said defendant and for the recovery of the costs aforesaid, was duly prayed of the said court; but the said Henry Addison, pretending that the proceedings upon the said information'in matter of law may be reviewed by this honorable court upon writ of error, sued out such writ of error, filed a bond, and caused a citation to be issued and served upon your petitioner, to appear and answer to the said writ of error on the return thereof, to wit, at the December term, 1860. And thereupon the said Circuit Court, for the express and sole reason that such writ of error and bond operated as a supersedeas, (which is expressed in their order in that behalf,) refused to' execute the said judgment, or to issue any process to. remove the said defendant or for the -recovery of-.the costs aforesaid.
Your petitioner is advised, and humbly submits, that this honor able court hath no jurisdiction of the matter of the said writ of error, and that the same must be dismissed on the return thereof. But, as hereinbefore stated, the said writ is not returnable until December term, 1860, and the term of office for which your petitioner was elected as aforesaid will then be about to expire.
Your petitioner is advised that his only adequate and proper remedy is by a mandamus from this honorable court, directed to the judges of the said. Circuit Court of the District of Co-' lumbia, commanding them to issue process for the execution of the judgment aforesaid. And for that the transcript of record herewith filed plainly expresses on its face the sole cause for the refiisal of such process, so as distinctly to present the whole matter of law for the consideration of the court, he prays that a peremptory mandamus may issue, or, in the alternative, that such interlocutory order may be passed to that end, as this court may .direct.
Under the thirteenth section of the judiciary act of 1789, the Supreme Court has “ power to issue writs of mandamus, in eases warranted by the principles and usages of law, to any courts appointed or persons holding office under the United States.” The power of the Circuit Courts to issue the writ of mandamus is confined exclusively to those cases in which it may be necessary to the exercise of their jurisdiction. Kendall
'v.
United States, Curtis, 12th vol., 851.
On a mandamus, a superior court will never direct in what manner the discretion of an inferior tribunal shall be exercised; but they will, in a proper case, require the inferior court to decide. Life Insurance Company
v.
Wilson’s Heirs, 8 Peters, 294. It has repeatedly been declared by this court that it will not by mandamus direct a judge as to the exercise of his discretion ; but it will require him to act. 13 Pet., 279.
A mandamus is a remedy where there is no other appropriate relief, and it is only resorted to on extraordinary .occasions.
The writ of error is a common law writ, and is almost as old as the common law itself. This writ, to operate as a
supersedeas, must be issued within ten days after the rendition -of the judgment, and on security being given for a sum exceeding the amount of the judgment. "Where no supersedeas is required, security for the costs of the Supreme Court must be entered. So that, in these respects, the writ of error is said to be a writ of right, though regulated by statute.
The condition on the supersedeas bond is: “ that the said Henry Addison .shall prosecute the said writ of error to effect, and answer all damages and costs if he shall fail to make his plea good; then the above obligation to be vnid; otherwise to be and remain in full force and virtue.”
In the Columbus Insurance Company
v.
Wheelright and others, 7 Wheat., 534, it was held that a writ of error will lie from this court upon the judgments of the Circuit Courts awarding a peremptory mandamus, if the matter in controversy is of sufficient' value. But in that case, it did appear that the office of director of the insurance company, which was the matter in controversy, -was of less value than one thousand dollars, and that its Value was to be áscertained by the salary paid; the court held it had no jurisdiction.
The weight of this authority is not lessened by the fact on which the question of jurisdiction turned. The salary of the mayor of Georgetown was established by law at one thousand dollars per annum ; and if this be the matter of controversy it settles the jurisdiction.
But it is contended that a year’s salary cannot be regarded as the amount iu controversy, as the salary is paid monthly or quarterly, as. may be most convenient to the mayor. The law regulates the pay of all salaried officers by the year, and the estimates are so appropriated in the reported bills. Any departui’e from this annual allowance would derange, more or less, the fiscal action of a Government or corporation.
But it is said that the remedy by writ of error is inappropriate and ineffectual, as the office of the relator will expire about the time the writ of error is made returnablé. This may be a defect in the law, which the legislative power only can remove. A'writ of error returnable instan ter would give
more speedy relief, and might be more satisfactory, but we must administer the law as we find it.
The bond and security given on the writ of error cannot be regarded as an idle ceremony. It was designed as an indemnity to the defendant in error, should the plaintiff fail to prosecute with effect his writ of error.
We can entertain no doubt that the writ of error is the legal mode of revising the judgment of the Circuit Court in this case; and that security having been given on the judgment, as the law requires, it is superseded.
Mr. Justice WAYNE and Mr. Justice GRIER dissented.