United States Department of Energy v. Daugherty

687 F.2d 438, 215 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 4, 1982 CCPA LEXIS 109
CourtCourt of Customs and Patent Appeals
DecidedAugust 27, 1982
DocketAppeal No. 81-610
StatusPublished
Cited by11 cases

This text of 687 F.2d 438 (United States Department of Energy v. Daugherty) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Customs and Patent Appeals primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States Department of Energy v. Daugherty, 687 F.2d 438, 215 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 4, 1982 CCPA LEXIS 109 (ccpa 1982).

Opinions

RICH, Judge.

This appeal is from the decision of the United States Patent and Trademark Office Board of Patent Interferences (board), adhered to on reconsideration, awarding priority of invention with respect to all counts in interference to the senior party, Daugherty et al. (Daugherty). We affirm.

Background

Involved in this interference are Daugherty U.S. Patent No. 3,702,973, issued to Avco Corporation, assignee, November 14, 1972, on an application filed September 17, 1970, and application serial No. 162,074, [439]*439filed July 13, 1971, by Fenstermacher and Boyer, assignors to the United States as represented by the Department of Energy. The patent is entitled “Laser or Ozone Generator in which a Broad Electron Beam with a Sustainer Field Produce a Large Area, Uniform Discharge.” The application is entitled “Electron Beam Method and Apparatus for Obtaining Uniform Discharges in Electrically Pumped Gas Lasers.”

The counts call for method and apparatus for creating uniform volumetric discharges in gaseous working media. The invention is potentially useful in many applications, most notably lasers. In previous similar devices, an electric field was used both to ionize the working medium (production), and to move the ions (transport). The involved invention differs from those devices in that it uses separate, independent mechanisms for production and transport. An electric field is still used for transport, but production is created and controlled by externally applied ionizing radiation, an electron beam in the disclosed embodiments. The electric field is purposefully kept weak so that it cannot contribute substantially to ion production. More precisely, a criterion expressed as the electric field gradient E divided by the pressure of the gaseous working medium p (E/p) is kept low so that the Townsend coefficient, a measure of field-induced ionization (called “self-regenerative ionization” in the counts), is negligible. A requirement that this criterion not exceed threshold values associated with self-regenerative ionization is expressed in part (d) of count 1 (hereinafter “count 1(d)”), and in similar language in the other counts.

Count 1 is illustrative of the five counts in interference:

1. In the method of producing a spatially uniform controlled discharge substantially throughout a gaseous working medium in a working region, the steps comprising:
a. providing a gaseous working medium at a pressure in a working region disposed in a cavity having imperforate walls for confining the gaseous working medium that upon the production of secondary electrons in said medium said medium has ambipolar and thermal diffusion rates incapable of damping local increases in secondary electron density in said medium;
b. generating ionizing radiation externally of said cavity;
c. introducing said ionizing radiation into said cavity through one of said walls to produce substantially throughout said working region a substantially spatially uniform predetermined density of secondary electrons in said medium by ionizing said medium, said one wall being impervious to gases and pervious to said ionizing radiation; and
d. providing a sustainer field for providing substantially uniformly throughout said working region a predetermined electron temperature effective to increase the average energy of said secondary electrons without substantially increasing said . predetermined electron density by self-regenerative ionization, said electron temperature producing said controlled discharge substantially uniformly throughout said working region at a predetermined level.

Count 2 is a similar apparatus count, count 3 depends therefrom, count 4 is another independent method count, and count 5 depends from count 4. Counts 1-5 correspond to claims 1, 7, 13, 16, and 19 of the Daugherty patent, which applicants copied as claims 29-33 of their application to provoke this interference.

Appellants attempted to prove priority dates, by actual reduction to practice, of November 24, 1969, for counts 1 and 2; of February 10, 1970, for all counts; and September 2, 4, and 8,1970, for counts 3, 4, and 5. Each date or set of dates corresponds to a group of experiments, the groups being distinguishable from one another according to the type of electron beam source used.

The November 24, 1969, experiment was performed using an electron accelerator called a Febetron. “Febetron” is the trade designation of an electron accelerator gun [440]*440commercially available from the Field Emission Corporation. It produces a narrow pencil beam of relativistic electrons in 3 to 5 nano-second pulses.

The February 10,1970, experiments were run with an electron gun called the Phermex. “Phermex” is an acronym for pulsed high energy radiographic machine emitting x-rays. Applicants switched to the Phermex as the ionizing radiation source because of its longer pulse length — around 0.2 microseconds. As the name behind the acronym suggests, the Phermex system was originally designed as an x-ray source, and incorporates an electron gun, a three-cavity linear accelerator, and a tungsten target which produces x-rays when bombarded with highly energetic electrons. The entire Phermex system is approximately 142 feet long. Applicants apparently did not use the entire system, but only the Phermex electron gun. The cathode of the Phermex gun has a diameter of 10 centimeters, or about 4 inches. Hence, in this case it has come to be known as the 4" Phermex.

The September 1970 experiments were performed with a Phermex gun having a 2" diameter cathode; and this device has been dubbed the 2" Phermex. It is a scaled-down version of the 4" Phermex. Applicants switched from the 4" to 2" Phermex because the 4" Phermex was under the control of another research group, and applicants had access to it only when their use did not interfere with that group’s experiments. Applicants had unlimited access to the 2" Phermex.

Although the testimony of record in this interference is voluminous, the parties are in dispute over the import of only a few statements made by a handful of key individuals. Two are the applicants, Dr. Charles Fenstermacher, who was the head of the laser task force, and the man to whom he reported, Dr. Keith Boyer. Other electrical engineers who actually performed the experimental work were John Rink and Murlin Nutter. The electrical engineer most familiar with the operating characteristics of the Phermex system was Robert Stapleton, who, along with the senior mechanical technician named Jimmy Elliott, maintained it for the research group, group GMX-11, who loaned it to the applicants. Appellants also cite the testimony of David Gregg, a researcher in lasers suitable for laser fusion at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, who was familiar with Dr. Boyer and his work.

As already mentioned, appellants allege that each group of experiments constitutes a conception and an actual reduction to practice of the invention of the counts. Appellants also alleged at final hearing before the board that Daugherty should not be allowed to rely on the filing date of the Daugherty patent as a constructive reduction to practice because of failure to comply with the enablement and “best mode” requirements of 35 U.S.C. § 112.

Summary of the Board Opinion

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687 F.2d 438, 215 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 4, 1982 CCPA LEXIS 109, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-department-of-energy-v-daugherty-ccpa-1982.