TURNER v. the STATE.

811 S.E.2d 97

• Court: Court of Appeals of Georgia
• Decided: March 6, 2018
• Docket: A17A1625
• Status: Published

Opinion

BARNES, Presiding Judge.

Tyler Turner and a co-defendant were charged with crimes arising from two separate armed robberies, and after a consolidated trial, Turner was acquitted of all charges related to one of the robberies, but, as to the second robbery, he was convicted of armed robbery, four counts of false imprisonment, three counts of aggravated assault, possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Turner was sentenced as a recidivist pursuant to OCGA § 17-10-7 (a), and received a sentence of life plus 90 years. Following the denial of his motion for new trial, Turner appeals and contends that the trial court erred in admitting a prior conviction and that trial counsel was ineffective. Following our review, we affirm.

Although Turner does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence, we note that "on appeal from a criminal conviction, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to support the verdict, and the defendant no longer enjoys a presumption of innocence." (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Strobel v. State , 322 Ga. App. 569 , 569-570, 745 S.E.2d 796 (2013). So viewed, a brief summary of the evidence at trial demonstrates that at approximately 12:45 a.m. on December 5, 2012, the Fast Stop gas station was robbed at gunpoint by two men wearing masks . The men, who were also wearing white gloves, pointed guns at a cashier, demanded the money from the register, and left the store. Although the incident was captured on surveillance video, it was unclear whether the masked men had escaped in a car or on foot. A BOLO had been previously been issued for suspects in a similar robbery that had occurred on December 2, 2012, involving two suspects in a red Ford focus with a missing driver's side rear-view mirror.

About 30 minutes later, while combing the area for the suspects, a police officer saw a car that matched the BOLO description parked at another gas station. Turner and his co-defendant were in the vehicle. The men were questioned, and later, after a search of the vehicle, police recovered a white latex glove, a two dollar bill stamped with the number "226"-the store number of the Gate Station convenience store, and other small denomination bills stashed in the glove compartment. The store's clerk testified that there had been no twenty dollar bills or higher in the register because the larger bills had been removed before the robbery.

1. Turner contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of Turner's 2007 robbery conviction pursuant to OCGA § 24-4-404 (b) ("Rule 404 (b)"). He asserts that the prior conviction does not meet all three-prongs of the test for admissibility per Brannon v. State , 298 Ga. 601 , 606 (4), 783 S.E.2d 642 (2016). We disagree.

This Court reviews a trial court's decision under Rule 404 (b) to admit evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts under a clear abuse of discretion standard. Parks v. State , 300 Ga. 303 , 305-306 (2), 794 S.E.2d 623 (2016). At the Rule 404 (b) hearing before trial, the State proffered evidence of Turner's guilty plea to a 2006 robbery by force of a BP convenience store during which he had also worn a mask. The State argued that the two crimes "involve the same mental state," and that one of the purposes for which it was introducing the evidence of the prior crime was to prove intent. Turner maintained that the two cases were not similar because there was no weapon used in the 2006 robbery, and "the fact that [in the present case] there was a weapon used clearly has got to distinguish this case that the State is trying to bring in from that previous case." He argued that admitting the prior conviction would result in undue prejudice because the jury would think "once a robber, always a robber." Over Turner's objection, the trial court subsequently admitted the prior conviction, finding that the State had met its burden of showing that the evidence was being admitted for a *100 proper purpose pursuant to Rule 404 (b). Although the trial court did not specifically rule at that time that the prior conviction was being admitted for the purpose of proving intent, during the jury charge, the trial court instructed the jury that the evidence of the prior conviction was being admitted only for use in the State's effort to prove intent.

Rule 404 (b) provides in part:

Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts shall not be admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, including, but not limited to, proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident....

But evidence offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404 (b) may be excluded as provided by OCGA § 24-4-403 ("Rule 403"), "if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." Id. To determine the admissibility of other acts evidence under these provisions, the trial court must exercise its discretion under a three-part test:

(1) the evidence must be relevant to an issue other than defendant's character; (2) the probative value must not be substantially outweighed by its undue prejudice; (3) the government must offer sufficient proof so that the jury could find that defendant committed the act.

Smart v. State , 299 Ga. 414 , 417, 788 S.E.2d 442 (2016). Turner does not contend that the State failed to meet its burden under the third prong of the test, but asserts that the State failed to show that the prior act was relevant to any issue other than his character, or that the probative value outweighed the undue prejudice.

First as to relevance, "[a] culpable state of mind-intent or criminal negligence-is an essential element of every crime." Olds v. State , 299 Ga. 65 , 72 (2), 786 S.E.2d 633 (2016). "And because a plea of not guilty puts the prosecution to its burden of proving every element of the crime-including intent-evidence of other acts that tends to make the requisite intent more or less probable to any extent is relevant." Id. at 75 , 786 S.E.2d 633 . See Bradshaw v. State , 296 Ga. 650 , 657, 769 S.E.2d 892 (2015) ("where the state of mind required for the charged and extrinsic offenses is the same, the first prong of the Rule 404 (b) test is satisfied.") (citation omitted).

In this case a Screven County Sheriff's Office investigator testified that on August 3, 2006, he received a call about a robbery at the "Browers BP Amoco in Cooperville." As the clerk left the store, two men wearing masks confronted her, demanded money, and grabbed the bank bag that she was carrying. During the course of their investigation, the police executed an unrelated search warrant at a residence where Turner was located, and during the search discovered the bank bag from the store, checks written to the store, the clerk's purse, and $1440.00 in cash. Turner's defense in the current robbery was essentially that he was "unfortunate to be in the vehicle" when it was stopped, and that if his co-defendant had committed the robbery, "he committed it with somebody else."

Although Turner contends that intent was not an issue in this case, his defense that he was merely present in the car when police stopped it, "squarely challenges the element of intent. And under these circumstances, the trial court did not err in finding that the first prong of the similar-transaction test was satisfied because the evidence at issue was admissible for a purpose other than [Turner's] character." Curry v. State , 330 Ga. App. 610 , 615 (1), 768 S.E.2d 791 (2015).

Next, as to prejudice prong, if the evidence is found to be relevant, the evidence is subject to the balancing test set forth in Rule 403 to determine whether its admission is more probative than prejudicial. Olds , 299 Ga. at 70 (2), 786 S.E.2d 633 . But, "Rule 403 is an extraordinary remedy which should be used only sparingly since it permits the trial court to exclude concededly probative evidence." (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Bradshaw , 296 Ga. at 659 (3), 769 S.E.2d 892 . And, "in close cases, balance under Rule 403 should be struck in favor of admissibility."

*101 State v. Jones , 297 Ga. 156 , 164 (3), 773 S.E.2d 170 (2015).

Although Turner contends that the probative value of the prior robbery was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, in assessing this risk, appellate courts are required to make a "common sense assessment of all the circumstances surrounding the extrinsic offense, including prosecutorial need, overall similarity between the extrinsic act and the charged offense, ... [and] temporal remoteness" to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence pursuant to Rule 403. Brannon , 298 Ga. at 606 (4), 783 S.E.2d 642 . In so assessing, "there is no requirement that the prior crime or transaction be absolutely identical in every respect[,] ... the proper focus is on the similarities, not the differences, between the separate crime and the crime in question." Curry , 330 Ga. App. at 615-616 (1), 768 S.E.2d 791 . Here, in light of the similar nature of the acts and the strength of the prior act's connection to demonstrating Turner's intent, and while acknowledging that "the balance under Rule 403 should be struck in favor of admissibility," State v. Jones , 297 Ga. 156 , 164 (3), 773 S.E.2d 170 , we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the probative value of the prior conviction was not outweighed by its prejudicial effect.

2. Turner also contends that trial counsel was ineffective for not advising him that he was facing a mandatory life sentence if convicted, failing to stipulate that intent was not an issue in the case, failing to object to evidence that Turner's prior conviction was discovered through a drug warrant, and failing to object to the State's improper closing argument.

To establish an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, [Turner] must show that the counsel's performance was deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668 , 687 (III) [ ( 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 ) ] (1984). [Turner] must show that both prongs of the Strickland test are met. Further, a strong presumption exists that the counsel rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment. Ineffectiveness claims are mixed questions of law and fact. We accept the trial court's findings of fact unless clearly erroneous and apply the law to the facts independently.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Brooks v. State , 323 Ga. App. 681 , 684 (2), 747 S.E.2d 688 (2013).

a) Turner contends that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance when he failed to advise Turner that, if convicted, a life sentence was mandatory, rather than a possibility. This issue was first raised in a third amended motion for new trial that was filed in November 2016, several months after the May 2016 hearing on the motion for new trial. Turner also filed a supporting affidavit in which he stated that the State had offered him a deal of 10 years if he testified against his co-defendant, and that trial counsel had told him that if he went to trial he faced a possible life sentence, rather than a mandatory life sentence. Turner averred that had he known that the life sentence was mandatory, he would have accepted the plea.

In the order denying the motion for new trial, the trial court noted that it had consented to Turner filing a post-hearing second amended motion for new trial and a responsive supplemental affidavit from trial counsel, but there is no indication that the trial court consented to Turner subsequently filing a third amended motion and affidavit. Given this, it does not appear that the assertion, although arguably "raised" below, was even considered or ruled upon by the trial court. In this circumstance, ordinarily, the issue could not be considered for the first time on appeal. See Gipson v. State, 332 Ga. App. 309 , 323 (8) (g), 772 S.E.2d 402 (2015) (holding that a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel was waived on appeal when it was not raised in the appellant's motion for a new trial); Darby v. State , 230 Ga. App. 32 , 33 (3), 495 S.E.2d 146 (1997) ("[i]ssues presented for the first time on appeal furnish nothing for us to review, for this is a court for correction of errors of law committed by the trial court where proper exception is taken, because one may not ... on appeal raise questions or *102 issues neither raised nor ruled on by the trial court.") (citation omitted.).

However, even assuming that Turner had properly raised a claim of ineffectiveness in relation to this particular issue, we have held that, even if Turner was not informed that life sentence was mandatory, he knew that he could receive a life sentence and was therefore "sufficiently apprised of the risks of going to trial." Biggins v. State , 322 Ga. App. 286 , 291 (3) (a), ( 744 S.E.2d 811 ) (2013) ; Whitehead v. State , 211 Ga. App. 121 , 438 S.E.2d 128 (1993) ; Carson v. State , 264 Ga. App. 763 , 592 S.E.2d 161 (2003). Moreover, we "have recognized the self-serving nature of a defendant's post-conviction testimony regarding his intent with respect to a plea offer and have required some further objective evidence that defendant would have accepted a plea offer." (Punctuation omitted.) Biggins v. State , 322 Ga. App. at 290 (3) (a), 744 S.E.2d 811 . And no such objective evidence exists here. Thus, this claim of ineffectiveness fails.

b) With regard to Turner's claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to stipulate that intent was not an issue in the case, Turner does not demonstrate how he was prejudiced by such failure because the prior conviction could have been found to be admissible for another proper purpose. See Mims v. State , 301 Ga. App. 436 , 437 (2), 687 S.E.2d 670 (2009) (when a defendant fails to show prejudice, we need not address the deficient performance prong).

c) Turner's contention that the trial court was ineffective for failing to object to testimony that Turner's prior conviction was discovered through a drug warrant is also meritless. The "testimony came well within the scope of the facts brought up in the [Rule 404 (b) ] hearing." Woods v. State , 250 Ga. App. 164 , 167 (1) (b), 550 S.E.2d 730 (2001). As the evidence was admissible, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to make a meritless objection. Wesley v. State , 286 Ga. 355 , 357 (3) (e), 689 S.E.2d 280 (2010). Moreover, he has also not demonstrated that he is entitled to relief as to the prejudice prong. Green v. State , 291 Ga. 579 (2), 731 S.E.2d 359 (2012) (if Turner fails to satisfy either the "deficient performance" or the "prejudice" prong of the Strickland test, this Court is not required to examine the other).

d) Likewise, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the portion of the State's closing argument in which it referred to Turner as a "dangerous" man. Trial counsel averred that he did not object to the closing argument because he did not think it "was sufficient to warrant an objection." It is true that it is improper for a prosecutor to argue to the jury during the guilt-innocence phase of a trial that if the defendant is found not guilty, the defendant will pose a threat of future dangerousness, and that the failure of defense counsel to object may be found to constitute deficient performance. Fulton v. State , 278 Ga. 58 , 64 (8), 597 S.E.2d 396 (2004). But contrary to Turner's contention, the prosecutor made no reference to future behavior in which Turner might engage. Instead, the State argued, as to Turner and his co-defendant, that "these men are dangerous. And I ask that you come back with a verdict of guilty not just because they broke the law, but they terrorized their victims." "The prosecutor's argument urged conviction based on current evidence ... and cannot be seen as urging conviction based on the future dangerousness of [Turner]." Cooper v. State , 258 Ga. App. 825 , 833 (6) (c), 575 S.E.2d 691 (2002). See generally Hooker v. State , 278 Ga. App. 382 , 385 (3), 629 S.E.2d 74 (2006) ("[T]he inference that Hooker was a 'dangerous man' was a conclusion that should have been reserved for closing once the evidence was presented.").

Judgment affirmed.

* DIVISION 2(b) OF THIS OPINION IS PHYSICAL PRECEDENT ONLY. COURT OF APPEALS RULE 33.2 (a)

Mercier, J., concurs. McMillian, J. concurs as to Division 1, 2 (a), (c), and (d), into judgment only to 2(b).*