JUDGE GRACE
delivered the opinion oe the court.
This is an appeal by J. G-. Trimble from a judgment against him, rendered .in the Montgomery Circuit Court, for eleven hundred dollars, in favor of Mrs. E. C. Ward.
This judgment was rendered upon a petition filed in that court.by Mrs. Ward alleging, in substance, as follows:
That on the 15th of July, 1887, she purchased of the defendants, J. T. Day and j. G. Trimble, twenty shares- of stock of the Exchange Bank of Mt. Sterling, Ky.', at the sum and price of one hundred and twenty‘dollars per share, That at the time of this purchase J. G. Trimble was, and for some years prior- had been, the president of said bank, and that at the time of this sale Trimble exhibited to her agent, M. S. Tyler, wh.o made this purchase, the- last semi-annual statement, published by said bank, of date June 30, 1887, showing the condition of this bank at that date; its assets, including its loans and discounts, overdrafts, surplus, undivided profits, etc., as well' as its liabilities. And that Trimble then represented that statement.to be correct, stating that all its bad debts had been charged off, except a very small amount, affirming it to be the best bank in Eastern Kentucky, and that its assets were worth .dollar for dollar.
Plaintiff further charges that she did not know the true financial condition. of said bank, nor had she' any other means of ascertaining same, other than from the published statements of said bank; and that in making this purchase she relied upon these statements, both by the bank and the personal statement of defendant, Trimble, as being true.
Plaintiff further, charges .that said bank .statement was [751]*751incorrect, and false, and that defendant Trimble’s statements were not true, and that defendant Trimble knew at the time that they were incorrect and untrue-.
That in fact the solvent resources of said bank were not as much by thousands of dollars as shown by this statement, that it really had no undivided profits, and that the stock of said bank was not then really worth more than sixty-five dollars per share.
Plaintiff says by reason of these false and fraudulent. statements, she was induced to make the purchase and that by reason thereof, she has been damaged in the sum of eleven hundred dollars.
Defendant Day was not brought before the court.
The defendant Trimble filed his answer, denying all the material allegations of the petition.
And on a trial by a jury the verdict was for the plaintiff in the amount stated.
• In addition to the denials filed by Trimble, he also set up in his answer that M. S. Tyler, the agent of plaintiff, who made this purchase, was also a director in said bank at the time that he signed the statement of June 30, 1887, and that said Tyler had ample opportunity to know the condition of said bank.
It will be observed that defendant Trimble Meing at most only the agent of defendant Day in negotiating the sale of this stock, and having at the time' of the sale disclosed his principal, and having no interest in this sale, he can only be held liable in an action for deceit, the essential elements of which are a false and fraudulent statement of the condition of said bank. And that Trimble had knowledge, either actual or constructive, that the statements were untrue at the time he made them.
[752]*752The petition is framed on this line, making these aver inents.
The same line of liability was likewise submitted by the court to the jury in an appropriate instruction, same being as follows: “The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that about July 15,1887, the defendant, Trimble, as agent for his co-defendant, Day, sold and 1 ransferred to the plaintiff, through her agent, Tyler, twenty shares of stock in the Exchange Bank at Mt. Sterling, Ky., at the price of $120 per share, and that at the time of the sale of said stock, or during the pendency of the negotiation for the sale of same, the defendant Trimble referred to the published statement of the bank of date of' June 30, 1887, in which the resources of said bank were stated. . . . And represented and stated to plaintiff’s agent, that said bank statement was correct, and that all the bad debts had been charged off, except a small amount, and that the assets were worth dollar for dollar; and if they further believe from the evidence, that said statements and representations were made to plaintiff’s agent, with the intention that plaintiff’s agent should rely on same, and that he did rely on them in making the purchase; and if they further believe from the evidence that said statements, if made, were untrue, and were known and believed by Trimble to be untrue, to a material extent, either that the assets were not worth dollar for dollar, or in any other respect, which, in a material degree, decreased the amount of the good and solvent assets of said bank, or increased its liabilities. And said statements were not known to or believed by plaintiff’s agent to be untrue at the time of the purchase pf said stock, then they should find for the plaintiff, the difference, if any, between the value of the' stock bought by plaintiff, through her agent at the time of the sale, if said statements were [753]*753false, and its value at the time of the sale if said statements and representations had been true, not exceeding eleven hundred dollars. And they may or may not, in their discretion, give interest at the rate of six per cent, per annum from the time of the sale.
2d. Unless the jury believe, from the evidence, that the defendant made the statements ánd representations, as set out in the first instruction, at the time of the sale, or during the pendency of the negotiation for a sale, and that said statements or representations, as made, were untrue and known or believed by defendant to be untrue, then they should find for the defendant.
Thus it will be seen that the court below made the liability of defendant Trimble depend solely on the two facts: First, as to whether these statements and representations, if made, were untrue in point of fact, and whether the defendant knew them to be untrue at the time they were made. There was no confusion and no uncertainty in the law, as submitted by the court.
The liability of the defendant was not made to rest on any constructive knowledge, or any imputed knowledge, by reason of the position as president, which he occupied, but upon his actual knowledge. A nd this exposition of the law was, we think, more favorable to the defendant than the court, under the facts, would have been authorized to lay down.
But, having so held, in behalf of defendant, it was quite proper that only the same rule or standard should be applied to plaintiff’s agent, Tyler. And this was done by the court in saying to the jury that plaintiff could only recover on these false statements, provided, Tyler, her agent, did not, at the time, know or believe those statements to be [754]*754untrue. That this would have defeated a recovery by plaintiff.
And the jury, when this question of actual knowledge was submitted to them by the court, as to both parties— Trimble, as agent for his son-in-law, Day, in making- the sale, and Tyler as agent for his kinswoman, Mrs. Ward — found that Trimble had this knowledge and Tyler did not, and the damage being clear,- they found for plaintiff.
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JUDGE GRACE
delivered the opinion oe the court.
This is an appeal by J. G-. Trimble from a judgment against him, rendered .in the Montgomery Circuit Court, for eleven hundred dollars, in favor of Mrs. E. C. Ward.
This judgment was rendered upon a petition filed in that court.by Mrs. Ward alleging, in substance, as follows:
That on the 15th of July, 1887, she purchased of the defendants, J. T. Day and j. G. Trimble, twenty shares- of stock of the Exchange Bank of Mt. Sterling, Ky.', at the sum and price of one hundred and twenty‘dollars per share, That at the time of this purchase J. G. Trimble was, and for some years prior- had been, the president of said bank, and that at the time of this sale Trimble exhibited to her agent, M. S. Tyler, wh.o made this purchase, the- last semi-annual statement, published by said bank, of date June 30, 1887, showing the condition of this bank at that date; its assets, including its loans and discounts, overdrafts, surplus, undivided profits, etc., as well' as its liabilities. And that Trimble then represented that statement.to be correct, stating that all its bad debts had been charged off, except a very small amount, affirming it to be the best bank in Eastern Kentucky, and that its assets were worth .dollar for dollar.
Plaintiff further charges that she did not know the true financial condition. of said bank, nor had she' any other means of ascertaining same, other than from the published statements of said bank; and that in making this purchase she relied upon these statements, both by the bank and the personal statement of defendant, Trimble, as being true.
Plaintiff further, charges .that said bank .statement was [751]*751incorrect, and false, and that defendant Trimble’s statements were not true, and that defendant Trimble knew at the time that they were incorrect and untrue-.
That in fact the solvent resources of said bank were not as much by thousands of dollars as shown by this statement, that it really had no undivided profits, and that the stock of said bank was not then really worth more than sixty-five dollars per share.
Plaintiff says by reason of these false and fraudulent. statements, she was induced to make the purchase and that by reason thereof, she has been damaged in the sum of eleven hundred dollars.
Defendant Day was not brought before the court.
The defendant Trimble filed his answer, denying all the material allegations of the petition.
And on a trial by a jury the verdict was for the plaintiff in the amount stated.
• In addition to the denials filed by Trimble, he also set up in his answer that M. S. Tyler, the agent of plaintiff, who made this purchase, was also a director in said bank at the time that he signed the statement of June 30, 1887, and that said Tyler had ample opportunity to know the condition of said bank.
It will be observed that defendant Trimble Meing at most only the agent of defendant Day in negotiating the sale of this stock, and having at the time' of the sale disclosed his principal, and having no interest in this sale, he can only be held liable in an action for deceit, the essential elements of which are a false and fraudulent statement of the condition of said bank. And that Trimble had knowledge, either actual or constructive, that the statements were untrue at the time he made them.
[752]*752The petition is framed on this line, making these aver inents.
The same line of liability was likewise submitted by the court to the jury in an appropriate instruction, same being as follows: “The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that about July 15,1887, the defendant, Trimble, as agent for his co-defendant, Day, sold and 1 ransferred to the plaintiff, through her agent, Tyler, twenty shares of stock in the Exchange Bank at Mt. Sterling, Ky., at the price of $120 per share, and that at the time of the sale of said stock, or during the pendency of the negotiation for the sale of same, the defendant Trimble referred to the published statement of the bank of date of' June 30, 1887, in which the resources of said bank were stated. . . . And represented and stated to plaintiff’s agent, that said bank statement was correct, and that all the bad debts had been charged off, except a small amount, and that the assets were worth dollar for dollar; and if they further believe from the evidence, that said statements and representations were made to plaintiff’s agent, with the intention that plaintiff’s agent should rely on same, and that he did rely on them in making the purchase; and if they further believe from the evidence that said statements, if made, were untrue, and were known and believed by Trimble to be untrue, to a material extent, either that the assets were not worth dollar for dollar, or in any other respect, which, in a material degree, decreased the amount of the good and solvent assets of said bank, or increased its liabilities. And said statements were not known to or believed by plaintiff’s agent to be untrue at the time of the purchase pf said stock, then they should find for the plaintiff, the difference, if any, between the value of the' stock bought by plaintiff, through her agent at the time of the sale, if said statements were [753]*753false, and its value at the time of the sale if said statements and representations had been true, not exceeding eleven hundred dollars. And they may or may not, in their discretion, give interest at the rate of six per cent, per annum from the time of the sale.
2d. Unless the jury believe, from the evidence, that the defendant made the statements ánd representations, as set out in the first instruction, at the time of the sale, or during the pendency of the negotiation for a sale, and that said statements or representations, as made, were untrue and known or believed by defendant to be untrue, then they should find for the defendant.
Thus it will be seen that the court below made the liability of defendant Trimble depend solely on the two facts: First, as to whether these statements and representations, if made, were untrue in point of fact, and whether the defendant knew them to be untrue at the time they were made. There was no confusion and no uncertainty in the law, as submitted by the court.
The liability of the defendant was not made to rest on any constructive knowledge, or any imputed knowledge, by reason of the position as president, which he occupied, but upon his actual knowledge. A nd this exposition of the law was, we think, more favorable to the defendant than the court, under the facts, would have been authorized to lay down.
But, having so held, in behalf of defendant, it was quite proper that only the same rule or standard should be applied to plaintiff’s agent, Tyler. And this was done by the court in saying to the jury that plaintiff could only recover on these false statements, provided, Tyler, her agent, did not, at the time, know or believe those statements to be [754]*754untrue. That this would have defeated a recovery by plaintiff.
And the jury, when this question of actual knowledge was submitted to them by the court, as to both parties— Trimble, as agent for his son-in-law, Day, in making- the sale, and Tyler as agent for his kinswoman, Mrs. Ward — found that Trimble had this knowledge and Tyler did not, and the damage being clear,- they found for plaintiff.
If this were a question of diligence only, whereby the rights of these parties were to be determined, as we think it is not, yet in this, plaintiff’s agent would have the presumption of law in his favor.
This court has held in cases Brannin & Co. v. Loving, etc., 6 Ky. L. R., 331, and Savings Bank of Louisville’s Assignee v. Caperton, 87 Ky., 314, that a higher degree of diligence is required of a president of a bank than of the other directors. And he stands in a different attitude, even where there is no evidence of mala fidcs on his part, and no motive of personal gain can be imputed to him.
So that, it would not be at all consonant to justice or authority, where actual knowledge has been required to be shown before the defendant can be held liable, thus to assert that if plaintiff’s agent had been guilty of negligence only, and did not, in fact, know as much about the actual value of this stock as he should have known that, therefore, the court or jury would punish his client, who is confessedly ignorant of all these matters, by compelling her to take and accept the stock in this bank at a price nearly double its value.
We have just reversed two cases, at the instance of appellant from the same court, because the court did not submit this question of knowledge of these errors and false statements to the jury for their consideration. And now [755]*755when we find, as in .this case, that it was properly submitted, and found against him by the jury, we are constrained to hold that the law has been correctly administered in this case. And that while the court would not suffer defendant Trimble to be presumed guilty, simply because he was president of the bank, neither will it presume or instruct the plaintiff out of court, simply because Tyler, plaintiff’s agent, was a director in this bank.
This rule must, in these cases, work both ways.
Upon this question of notice on the part of Tyler, and of the effect of same, and of knowledge imputed to him, counsel for both sides quote from Mr. Bigelow on Fraud. By appellant this author is quoted, p. 522, as saying: “All the cases upon this aspect of the subject fall, as before, under the ‘means of knowledge.’ It has, indeed, been laid down as a broad proposition of law, that if the means of knowdedge be at hand and equally available to both parties, and the subject of the transaction be open to both alike, the injured party must avail himself of such means, if he would .be heard to say that he was deceived by the representation of the other party, unless there was a warranty of the facts.”
And, yet, this same author is quoted by counsel as saying on the next page, 523: “But there is serious ground for doubting the correctness of this proposition in its broad form .... Recent authority has, however, gone far towards setting the matter right in principle. The proposition has now become largely accepted, at law as well as in equity, at least as general doctrine, that a man may act upon a positive representation of facts, notwithstanding the fact that the means of knowdedge were specially open to him, or though he had legal notice, as, for example, in the public registry, of the real state of things. If the representations were of a character to induce action, and did induce [756]*756it, that is enough; for it is not just that a man who had deceived another should be permitted to say to him, 'You ought not to have believed or trusted me,* or, ‘You, yourself, were guilty of negligence.’ This, indeed, appears to be true, even in cases in which the injured party had, in fact, made a partial examination.”
Here, this author may be said to get back to sound principle of good faith and honest and fair dealing between man and man, and; practically, to ignore the idea that because a. man may have been guilty of some negligence, and may not, in fact, have the knowledge of the transaction that he ought, to have had, yet he may be regarded fairly within the-law, as a legitimate and helpless subject of imposition and wrong.
The view taken by the court below was the correct one, making the validity of this transaction depend upon the actual knowledge of each, and on a submission on this line the jury found that appellant had the knowledge of the untruth of these bank statements, and that Tyler, the agent of appellee, did not. In fact, it is almost impossible to conceive that Tyler did, in fact, have this knowledge of the falsehood in this bank statement, to the extent developed by the evidence, showing this stock to have been worth but little oyer half the contract price, and yet that he bought same at $120 per share, for his kinswoman. Such conduct, if possible to conceive, would border closely on the criminal side of the law.
The jury evidently did not believe the imputation as to Tyler. And while the general doctrine, “that the knowledge of the agent may be imputed to his principal,” is doubtless correct, yet here the very thing in issue, “the knowledge of the agent” . was found not to exist. So that there was. nothing, in fact, to be imputed to his principal.
[757]*757Another objection is made, that the court below erred in sustaining a demurrer to the second and third paragraphs of defendant’s answer. We perceive no error. They were at best only repleading wbat was sufficiently pleaded in the first paragraph, or reciting evidence which could properly have been beard, and which was, in fact, heard, on the trial, under the general issue formed by the denials in the first paragraph of the answer. We perceive no error in this case authorizing its reversal.
Wherefore, the judgment is affirmed.