CYR, Circuit Judge.
Tresca Brothers Sand & Gravel, Inc. (Tresca) brought suit under section 303(b) of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), 29 U.S.C. § 187(b), charging defendant-ap-pellee Truck Drivers Union, Local 170 (Local 170 or the Union) with unfair labor practices during contract negotiations. Following a two-day bench trial, the district court concluded that a subcontracting proposal advanced by the Union during a strike had indeed violated both NLRA sections 8(b)(4) and 8(e), 29 U.S.C. § 158(b)(4), (e), which prohibit, respectively, compulsion against an employer to require any self-employed person to join a labor organization, and to require an employer to cease doing business with any party. The district court nevertheless found that Tresca had not established a sufficient causal link between the unlawful Union conduct and the injury Tresea allegedly sustained as a result of the strike.
In March 1991, Tresca, in coalition with four other ready-mix concrete companies (collectively “the Companies”), began contract renewal negotiations with Local 170.
By all accounts, negotiations were contentious from the outset. The Companies sought significant work-rule modifications
(e.g.,
a reduction from eight to four guaranteed hours’ pay for each day a driver is called to work) and benefit eligibility restrictions, which the Union considered unacceptable. The Union proposed forty-two separate modifications to the existing contract, including the elimination of the arbitration clause and the addition of a subcontracting clause, both deemed unacceptable by the Companies. After five acrimonious bargaining sessions, the parties remained at loggerheads. On May 4, 1991, the membership of Local 170 rejected the latest contract proposal by the Companies and voted to go out on strike. Although additional bargaining sessions were convened during the strike, the stalemate continued.
The focal point of this appeal is the subcontracting proposal made by the Union at the May 9 bargaining session, whereby the Companies would be required to sever their business relationships with all non-union owner-operators hauling sand and gravel for the Companies. The parties agree that the Union’s May 9 proposal was unlawful.
At a June 13 bargaining session, after the Companies had filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), the Union formally withdrew the unlawful May 9 subcontracting proposal.
The Companies’ most recent “final” contract proposal, containing demands for significant work-rule changes, was rejected by the membership of Local 170 the very next day, on June 14. In short order, the employers’ coalition dissolved and individual companies began separate contract negotiations with the Union. Tresca and the Union were never able to resolve their differences. Replacement workers were hired and the strike continues to this day.
The central dispute at trial concerned the importance attached by the Union leadership and membership to the Union’s unlawful subcontracting proposal and its significance in the decision to strike. The Union contended that economic issues and the work-rule concessions sought by the Companies were always at the heart of the dispute. Tresea insisted that the illegal subcontracting proposal was presented as an ultimatum by the
Union’s negotiators and dominated the contract negotiations.
DISCUSSION
Both parties endorse the applicable legal standard as explained by the district court:
In order to make a legal claim under Section 303(b) of the NLRA, a party must prove that it was injured “by reason of’ an unfair labor practice. [This phrase] has been interpreted to mean there must be some causal nexus between the unfair labor practice and the injury allegedly suffered.
Mead v. Retail Clerks Int’l Ass’n,
523 F.2d 1371, 1378-79 n. 9 (9th Cir.1975) (no liability if an illegal motivation is merely “an object” of a strike),
cited with approval, John B. Cruz Constr. Co. v. [United] Bhd. of Carpenters and Joiners,
907 F.2d 1228, 1232 (1st Cir.1990);
see Feather v. United Mine Workers,
903 F.2d 961, 965-66 (3rd Cir.1990). Under what has become known as the
Mead
test, injury occurs “by reason of’ particular unlawful conduct only if that conduct “materially contributes” to the injury or is a “substantial factor” in bringing it about.
Mead,
523 F.2d at 1376.
Tresca Brothers Sand & Gravel v. Truck Drivers Union, Local 170,
CA No. 91-11590-T, slip op. at'3 (D.Mass. July 29, 1993). Although Tresca attempts on appeal to couch its contention as a challenge to the district court’s application of the
Mead
multiple-motivation test,
its assignments of error all presume “clear error” in the district court’s central finding of fact that
“[a]t no time were the Union’s subcontracting proposals ever a motivation far the strike.” Id.
at 8 (emphasis added). Obviously, unless the unlawful subcontracting proposal was
a
motivation, it could not have been a “substantial factor” in bringing about the strike; and Tresca cannot prevail on its
Mead-test
contention however characterized.
We review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error.
John B. Cruz Constr. Co. v. United Bhd. of Carpenters and Joiners,
907 F.2d 1228, 1230 (1st Cir.1990). Thus, the central finding in this case “will be given effect unless, after reading the record with care and making due allowance for the trier’s superior ability to gauge credibility, [we form] ‘a strong, unyielding belief that a mistake has been made.’”
Dedham Water Co. v. Cumberland Farms Dairy, Inc.,
972 F.2d 453, 457 (ist Cir.1992) (quoting
Cumpiano v. Banco Santander Puerto Rico,
902 F.2d 148, 152 (1st Cir.1990));
see Anderson v. Bessemer City,
470 U.S. 564, 573, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 1511, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985) (“If the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety, the court of appeals may not reverse it even though convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently.”).
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CYR, Circuit Judge.
Tresca Brothers Sand & Gravel, Inc. (Tresca) brought suit under section 303(b) of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), 29 U.S.C. § 187(b), charging defendant-ap-pellee Truck Drivers Union, Local 170 (Local 170 or the Union) with unfair labor practices during contract negotiations. Following a two-day bench trial, the district court concluded that a subcontracting proposal advanced by the Union during a strike had indeed violated both NLRA sections 8(b)(4) and 8(e), 29 U.S.C. § 158(b)(4), (e), which prohibit, respectively, compulsion against an employer to require any self-employed person to join a labor organization, and to require an employer to cease doing business with any party. The district court nevertheless found that Tresca had not established a sufficient causal link between the unlawful Union conduct and the injury Tresea allegedly sustained as a result of the strike.
In March 1991, Tresca, in coalition with four other ready-mix concrete companies (collectively “the Companies”), began contract renewal negotiations with Local 170.
By all accounts, negotiations were contentious from the outset. The Companies sought significant work-rule modifications
(e.g.,
a reduction from eight to four guaranteed hours’ pay for each day a driver is called to work) and benefit eligibility restrictions, which the Union considered unacceptable. The Union proposed forty-two separate modifications to the existing contract, including the elimination of the arbitration clause and the addition of a subcontracting clause, both deemed unacceptable by the Companies. After five acrimonious bargaining sessions, the parties remained at loggerheads. On May 4, 1991, the membership of Local 170 rejected the latest contract proposal by the Companies and voted to go out on strike. Although additional bargaining sessions were convened during the strike, the stalemate continued.
The focal point of this appeal is the subcontracting proposal made by the Union at the May 9 bargaining session, whereby the Companies would be required to sever their business relationships with all non-union owner-operators hauling sand and gravel for the Companies. The parties agree that the Union’s May 9 proposal was unlawful.
At a June 13 bargaining session, after the Companies had filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), the Union formally withdrew the unlawful May 9 subcontracting proposal.
The Companies’ most recent “final” contract proposal, containing demands for significant work-rule changes, was rejected by the membership of Local 170 the very next day, on June 14. In short order, the employers’ coalition dissolved and individual companies began separate contract negotiations with the Union. Tresca and the Union were never able to resolve their differences. Replacement workers were hired and the strike continues to this day.
The central dispute at trial concerned the importance attached by the Union leadership and membership to the Union’s unlawful subcontracting proposal and its significance in the decision to strike. The Union contended that economic issues and the work-rule concessions sought by the Companies were always at the heart of the dispute. Tresea insisted that the illegal subcontracting proposal was presented as an ultimatum by the
Union’s negotiators and dominated the contract negotiations.
DISCUSSION
Both parties endorse the applicable legal standard as explained by the district court:
In order to make a legal claim under Section 303(b) of the NLRA, a party must prove that it was injured “by reason of’ an unfair labor practice. [This phrase] has been interpreted to mean there must be some causal nexus between the unfair labor practice and the injury allegedly suffered.
Mead v. Retail Clerks Int’l Ass’n,
523 F.2d 1371, 1378-79 n. 9 (9th Cir.1975) (no liability if an illegal motivation is merely “an object” of a strike),
cited with approval, John B. Cruz Constr. Co. v. [United] Bhd. of Carpenters and Joiners,
907 F.2d 1228, 1232 (1st Cir.1990);
see Feather v. United Mine Workers,
903 F.2d 961, 965-66 (3rd Cir.1990). Under what has become known as the
Mead
test, injury occurs “by reason of’ particular unlawful conduct only if that conduct “materially contributes” to the injury or is a “substantial factor” in bringing it about.
Mead,
523 F.2d at 1376.
Tresca Brothers Sand & Gravel v. Truck Drivers Union, Local 170,
CA No. 91-11590-T, slip op. at'3 (D.Mass. July 29, 1993). Although Tresca attempts on appeal to couch its contention as a challenge to the district court’s application of the
Mead
multiple-motivation test,
its assignments of error all presume “clear error” in the district court’s central finding of fact that
“[a]t no time were the Union’s subcontracting proposals ever a motivation far the strike.” Id.
at 8 (emphasis added). Obviously, unless the unlawful subcontracting proposal was
a
motivation, it could not have been a “substantial factor” in bringing about the strike; and Tresca cannot prevail on its
Mead-test
contention however characterized.
We review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error.
John B. Cruz Constr. Co. v. United Bhd. of Carpenters and Joiners,
907 F.2d 1228, 1230 (1st Cir.1990). Thus, the central finding in this case “will be given effect unless, after reading the record with care and making due allowance for the trier’s superior ability to gauge credibility, [we form] ‘a strong, unyielding belief that a mistake has been made.’”
Dedham Water Co. v. Cumberland Farms Dairy, Inc.,
972 F.2d 453, 457 (ist Cir.1992) (quoting
Cumpiano v. Banco Santander Puerto Rico,
902 F.2d 148, 152 (1st Cir.1990));
see Anderson v. Bessemer City,
470 U.S. 564, 573, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 1511, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985) (“If the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety, the court of appeals may not reverse it even though convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently.”). A careful review of the entire record discloses no clear error in the finding that the unlawful subcontracting proposal was not a motivation for the strike.
First, the unlawful subcontracting proposal was not made until
after
Local 170 voted to strike Tresca on May 4. Second, Tresca concedes that the Union
membership
was never motivated by the subcontracting proposal. Third, the Union membership rejected another contract proposal by the Companies immediately
after
the Union’s unlawful subcontracting proposal was withdrawn on June 13. Thus, there is no dispute that before, during, and after the time the unlawful subcontracting proposal was on the bargaining table, the Union membership was motivated by other concerns — unrelated to the subcontracting proposal — for which the membership was ready to strike. This circumstantial evidence alone provided plausible support for the district court finding.
There remains only the question of the motivations of Union negotiators.
Tresca insists that there is uncontroverted evidence that the Union negotiators presented the unlawful subcontracting proposal as an ultimatum. The record simply does not bear this out. The witnesses presented by the parties at trial gave diametrically opposed accounts as to when the subcontracting proposal was presented and whether subcontracting was
the
key issue, as Tresca maintains, or simply a bargaining chip, as the Union claims. The only objective non-testimonial evidence presented by Tresca indicates that the subcontracting proposal first surfaced at the May 9 bargaining session. But the timing of the subcontracting proposal, while relevant, does not determine the outcome of the motivation test required under
Mead.
Rather, in the present context, the question whether the strike, or its prolongment, was motivated by the subcontracting proposal turns on the actions and
intent
of the Union representatives responsible for the decision to inject it as an element in the collective bargaining.
The chief negotiator for the Union specifically denied that the May 9 subcontracting proposal was ever presented as an ultimatum, and expressly denied that it was ever
a motivation for the strike.
The district court clearly credited the testimony of Local 170’s chief negotiator.
“[W]hen factual findings are based on determinations regarding the credibility of witnesses, Rule 52 demands that the appeals court accord even greater deference to the trial court’s findings.”
Rodriguez-Morales v. Veterans Admin.,
931 F.2d 980, 982 (1st Cir.1991) (citing cases);
see also Anderson,
470 U.S. at 573,105 S.Ct. at 1511. Based on its credibility determination relating to the Union’s motivation, and the undisputed fact that the subcontracting proposal was not a strike motivation for the Union membership, there was no clear error in the district court finding that the May 9 subcontracting proposal was not a motivation behind the strike. Accordingly, we affirm its ruling that Union liability under NLRA § 303(b) was foreclosed.
Affirmed.