PRELIMINARY PRINT
Volume 604 U. S. Part 2 Pages 408–422
OFFICIAL REPORTS OF
THE SUPREME COURT March 21, 2025
REBECCA A. WOMELDORF reporter of decisions
NOTICE: This preliminary print is subject to formal revision before the bound volume is published. Users are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D. C. 20543, pio@supremecourt.gov, of any typographical or other formal errors. 408 OCTOBER TERM, 2024
Syllabus
THOMPSON v. UNITED STATES
certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the seventh circuit No. 23–1095. Argued January 14, 2025—Decided March 21, 2025 Patrick Thompson took out three loans totaling $219,000 from one bank. After the bank failed, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) became responsible for collecting the outstanding loans. Dur- ing a call with the FDIC's loan servicer, Thompson disputed the $269,120.58 balance shown on his invoice (which consisted of the $219,000 Thompson had borrowed plus interest), stating that he had “no idea where the 269 number comes from” and that he “borrowed . . . $110,000.” Thompson made similar statements in a later call with FDIC contrac- tors. Thompson was later charged with violating 18 U. S. C. § 1014, which prohibits “knowingly mak[ing] any false statement” to infuence the FDIC's action on any loan. A jury found Thompson guilty, and he moved for acquittal, arguing that his statements were not false because he had in fact borrowed $110,000, even though he later borrowed more. The courts below concluded that they did not need to reach that argu- ment because they read § 1014 to also criminalize misleading statements, and Thompson's statements were at least misleading. Held: Section 1014, which prohibits “knowingly mak[ing] any false state- ment,” does not criminalize statements that are misleading but not false. Pp. 413–418. (a) The statutory text criminalizes “false statement[s]” but does not use the word “misleading.” False and misleading are two different things. A misleading statement can be true, and a true statement is not false. Given that, it is signifcant that the statute uses only the word “false,” which means “not true.” Adding “any” before “false statement” does not transform the scope of the statute. A statute that applies to “any false statement” does not cover all misleading state- ments, only the “false” ones. While the Government argues that “false” and “misleading” have long been considered synonyms, the over- lap between false statements and misleading ones is beside the point. The only relevant question under the text of § 1014 is whether the state- ment—even if misleading, deceitful, or some other adjective—is also “false.” Pp. 413–415. (b) Statutory context confrms that § 1014 does not cover all mislead- ing statements. Many other statutes, including other criminal statutes in Title 18, expressly prohibit both “false” and “misleading” statements. Cite as: 604 U. S. 408 (2025) 409
Interpreting “false” in § 1014 to include “misleading” would make the inclusion of “misleading” in those statutes superfuous. Further, when § 1014 was enacted in 1948, none of the 11 predecessor provisions con- solidated into § 1014 used the word “misleading,” while many other statutes from the same period used the phrase “false or misleading.” Historical context thus confrms that when Congress intended to cover all misleading statements, “it knew how to do so.” Custis v. United States, 511 U. S. 485, 492. Pp. 415–416. (c) Precedent supports the Court's reading of § 1014. In United States v. Wells, 519 U. S. 482, the Court held that § 1014 does not incor- porate a materiality requirement because the statute does not “so much as mention materiality,” whereas many other statutes do. Id., at 490, 492. The same logic suggests that § 1014 does not reach all misleading statements. In Williams v. United States, 458 U. S. 279, the Court re- versed a conviction under § 1014 for depositing several bad checks, on the basis that the defendant's conduct “did not involve the making of a `false statement' ” because “a check is not a factual assertion at all, and therefore cannot be characterized as `true' or `false.' ” Id., at 284. That logic shows that a conviction under § 1014 requires at least two things: (1) the defendant made a statement, and (2) that statement can be characterized as “false” and not “true.” Section 1014 does not cover a statement rendered misleading by virtue of a material omission unless that statement can be characterized as “false” and not “true.” Finally, the Court's decision in Kay v. United States, 303 U. S. 1, does not sup- port the Government, as Kay did not suggest that misleading statements were independently unlawful under § 1014's predecessor. Pp. 416–417. (d) The right question under § 1014 is whether Thompson's state- ments were false, and the Court agrees that at least some context is relevant to that determination. The Court remands for the Seventh Circuit to determine whether a reasonable jury could fnd that Thomp- son's statements were false. Pp. 417–418. 89 F. 4th 1010, vacated and remanded.
Roberts, C. J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court. Alito, J., post, p. 418, and Jackson, J., post, p. 421, fled concurring opinions.
Chris Gair argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs was Stuart Banner. Caroline A. Flynn argued the cause for the United States. With her on the brief were Solicitor General Prelogar, Prin- 410 THOMPSON v. UNITED STATES
Opinion of the Court
cipal Deputy Assistant Attorney General Argentieri, Dep- uty Solicitor General Feigin, and Sofa M. Vickery.* Chief Justice Roberts delivered the opinion of the Court. Patrick Thompson took out three loans totaling $219,000 from the same bank. Later, Thompson told the Federal De- posit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) that he had “borrowed . . . $110,000” from the bank. Thompson was indicted under 18 U. S. C. § 1014 for making “false statement[s]” to the FDIC. Thompson argued that his statements were not false because he had in fact taken out a loan for $110,000 just as he said. Both the District Court and the Seventh Circuit held that they did not need to consider that argument. In their view, the prohibition in § 1014 against “false state- ment[s]” extends to misleading ones as well, and Thompson's statements were at least misleading in failing to mention the additional loans. The question presented is whether § 1014 criminalizes statements that are misleading but not false.
I A Between 2011 and 2014, Patrick Thompson took out three loans from the Washington Federal Bank for Savings. Thompson frst borrowed $110,000 in 2011 to make an equity contribution to a law firm. Thompson then borrowed $20,000 from the Bank in 2013 and another $89,000 in 2014, resulting in a total loan balance of $219,000. In 2017, the Bank failed, and the FDIC became responsible for collecting the Bank's outstanding loans. As part of that process, the FDIC's loan servicer—Planet Home Lending—sent Thomp- son an invoice in February 2018 listing a balance due of
*Briefs of amici curiae urging reversal were fled for the National Asso- ciation of Criminal Defense Lawyers by Steven F. Molo, Eugene A. Soko- loff, and Jeffrey T. Greene; and for Joel S. Johnson, pro se. Cite as: 604 U. S. 408 (2025) 411
$269,120.58, which consisted of the $219,000 Thompson had borrowed plus interest. On February 23, 2018, Thompson called the customer serv- ice line of Planet Home Lending. During the call, which was recorded, Thompson told the customer service agent that he had “no idea where the 269 number comes from.” App. 52. Thompson said, “I borrowed the money, I owe the money— but I borrowed . . . I think it was $110,000.” Id., at 56. Thompson agreed with the agent that he was claiming a “dis- crepancy,” and said that he was “disput[ing]” the balance listed on the invoice. Id., at 53, 61. The agent told Thomp- son that Planet Home Lending would research the issue. Id., at 62. On March 1, 2018, Thompson received a call from two FDIC contractors. The call was not recorded, but the con- tractors took notes. According to those notes, Thompson mentioned borrowing $110,000 for “home improvement.” Id., at 138. Thompson and the FDIC ultimately agreed to settle Thompson's debt for $219,000—the principal amount of his loans. B Thompson was later charged with two counts of violat- ing 18 U. S. C. § 1014. That statute prohibits “knowingly mak[ing] any false statement or report . . . for the purpose of infuencing in any way the action of . . . the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . . . upon any . . . loan.” Count one of the indictment alleged that on the February 23 phone call, Thompson “falsely stated he only owed . . . $110,000 to [the Bank] and that any higher amount was incorrect, when [he] then knew he had received $219,000.” App. 4. Count two alleged that on the March 1 phone call, Thompson “falsely stated that he only owed $110,000 to [the Bank], that any higher amount was incorrect, and that these funds were for home improvement, when [he] then knew he had received 412 THOMPSON v. UNITED STATES
$219,000 from [the Bank] and the $110,000 was paid to a law frm as [his] capital contribution.” Id., at 5. The jury found Thompson guilty on both counts. He moved for acquittal or a new trial, arguing that a “conviction for false statements cannot be sustained where, as here, the alleged statements are literally true, even if misleading.” Defendant's Post-Trial Motion for Judgment of Acquittal and for New Trial in No. 1:21–cr–00279 (ND Ill., Mar. 17, 2022), ECF Doc. 154, p. 7. Thompson argued that his statements about borrowing $110,000 were literally true because he had in fact borrowed that amount of money from the Bank, even though he later borrowed more. Id., at 10–11.* The District Court denied Thompson's motion. It found that “the Seventh Circuit does not require literal falsity in Section 1014 cases.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 52a (citing United States v. Freed, 921 F. 3d 716, 723 (CA7 2019)). The District Court acknowledged that “Thompson's argument would have more traction” in the Sixth Circuit, where “a Section 1014 conviction cannot rest on material omissions or implied misrepresentations.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 52a (cit- ing United States v. Kurlemann, 736 F. 3d 439 (CA6 2013)). But the District Court concluded that Thompson had “failed to direct the Court to a Supreme Court case or Seventh Cir- cuit case that holds that a Section 1014 conviction requires a literally false statement.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 52a. The District Court therefore found it unnecessary to “address the Government's argument that Thompson's statements were literally false,” because “literal falsity is not required to sus- tain a Section 1014 conviction.” Id., at 56a. The Seventh Circuit affrmed. Like the District Court, the Seventh Circuit concluded that it “need not decide whether Thompson's statements were literally true because his argument runs headfrst into [Seventh Circuit] prece-
*Thompson did not argue that his alleged statement about “home im- provement” was a true statement. See also Tr. of Oral Arg. 28 (“That is a false statement.”). Cite as: 604 U. S. 408 (2025) 413
dent.” 89 F. 4th 1010, 1016 (2024). According to the panel, the Seventh Circuit had “already decided [in Freed] that § 1014 criminalizes misleading representations.” Ibid. The panel found that Thompson's statements were misleading be- cause “the implication of his statements was that he owed [the Bank] no more than $110,000.” Id., at 1017. The panel acknowledged the Sixth Circuit's contrary holding in United States v. Kurlemann, 736 F. 3d 439, but it concluded that it was bound by Seventh Circuit precedent. 89 F. 4th, at 1017–1018. We granted certiorari to determine whether § 1014 crimi- nalizes statements that are misleading but not false. 603 U. S. 948 (2024). II A We start with the text. Section 1014 criminalizes “know- ingly mak[ing] any false statement or report.” It does not use the word “misleading.” Yet false and misleading are two different things. A misleading statement can be true. See Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Comm'n of Ill., 496 U. S. 91, 102 (1990) (noting that a “state- ment, even if true, could be misleading”). And a true state- ment is obviously not false. See Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U. S. 1, 10 (1994) (“[T]o suppose that the same proposition is both true and false . . . is manifestly absurd.” (quoting 1 Works of James Wilson 519 (J. Andrews ed. 1896))). So basic logic dictates that at least some misleading statements are not false. The Government agrees with this principle, and even sug- gested an example at oral argument: If a tennis player says she “won the championship” when her opponent forfeited, her statement—even if true—might be misleading because it could lead people to think she had won a contested match. Tr. of Oral Arg. 69. The Government also agreed at oral argument with another example: If a doctor tells a patient, 414 THOMPSON v. UNITED STATES
“I've done a hundred of these surgeries,” when 99 of those patients died, the statement—even if true—would be mis- leading because it might lead people to think those surgeries were successful. Id., at 71. Given that some misleading statements are also true, it is signifcant that the statute uses only the word “false.” If that word means anything, it means “not true,” both today and in 1948 when the statute was enacted. Black's Law Dic- tionary 742 (12th ed. 2024) (“Untrue ”); id., at 721 (4th ed. 1951) (“Not true”). Just as a matter of plain text, then, a statement that is misleading but true is by defnition not a “false statement.” Adding “any” before “false statement” does not change that result. Contra, Brief for United States 19–20. Cer- tainly, “any” has an “expansive meaning.” Department of Housing and Urban Development v. Rucker, 535 U. S. 125, 131 (2002) (quoting United States v. Gonzales, 520 U. S. 1, 5 (1997)). But “[e]xpansive, yes; transformative, no.” Free- man v. Quicken Loans, Inc., 566 U. S. 624, 635 (2012). A statute that applies to “any Ford owner” does not cover all car owners, because the car must still be a Ford. So too a statute that applies to “any false statement” does not cover all misleading statements, because the statement must still be false. See Brogan v. United States, 522 U. S. 398, 400 (1998) (defning “ `any' false statement” as “a false statement `of whatever kind' ” (quoting Gonzales, 520 U. S., at 5; empha- sis added)). The Government wisely agrees that “false” means “not true.” Brief for United States 14. But, dictionary in hand, the Government notes that “false” can also mean “deceitful.” Id., at 15 (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 748 (3d ed. 1933); alterations omitted). And, thesaurus in the other hand, the Government adds that “false and misleading have long been considered synonyms.” Brief for United States 26 (citing Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms 327, 549–550 (1942)). Absent from the Government's account, however, is the fact Cite as: 604 U. S. 408 (2025) 415
that some misleading statements are not false, as the Gov- ernment acknowledged at oral argument. Tr. of Oral Arg. 68. Given that fact, the Government's textual arguments simply point out the “substantial overlap” between the two terms. Brief for United States 26. That overlap is beside the point. Certainly, the statute's prohibition on “false statement[s]” could reach some statements that are “mis- lead[ing],” “deceitful,” “deceptive,” or “mendacious,” id., at 15, but only because those particular statements are also false. Regardless of whether other adjectives apply, the only relevant question according to the text of the statute is whether the statement is “false.”
B Statutory context confrms that § 1014 does not cover all misleading statements. Again, the statute uses the word “false.” It does not use “misleading.” Many other statutes do, including other criminal statutes in Title 18 of the U. S. Code. See, e. g., 18 U. S. C. § 1038(a) (“convey false or mis- leading information”); § 1365(b) (“renders materially false or misleading the labeling of . . . a consumer product”); § 1515(b) (“making a false or misleading statement”); see also Securi- ties Act of 1933, 48 Stat. 84–85, as amended, 15 U. S. C. § 77q(a)(2) (prohibiting obtaining property through “any un- true statement of a material fact” or “any omission” that renders a statement “misleading”). Interpreting the word “false” to include “misleading” would make the inclusion of “misleading” in those statutes superfuous. See Gustafson v. Alloyd Co., 513 U. S. 561, 574 (1995) (“[T]he Court will avoid a reading which renders some words altogether redundant.”). Context from the time of enactment of § 1014 further con- frms that the statute does not reach all misleading state- ments. As we explained in a previous case, “Congress origi- nally enacted § 1014 as part of its recodifcation of the federal criminal code in 1948.” United States v. Wells, 519 U. S. 482, 416 THOMPSON v. UNITED STATES
492 (1997). Eleven of the thirteen provisions brought to- gether by § 1014 prohibited “false” statements, and none used the word “misleading,” see 7 U. S. C. §§ 1026(a), 1514(a) (1946 ed.); 12 U. S. C. §§ 596, 981, 1122, 1138d(a), 1248, 1312, 1441(a), 1467(a) (1946 ed.); 15 U. S. C. § 616(a) (1946 ed.). These predecessor statutes were all enacted in the decades prior to 1948. Many other statutes enacted in the same pe- riod used the phrase “false or misleading.” See, e. g., Perish- able Agricultural Commodities Act, 1930, § 2(4), 46 Stat. 532; Public Utility Act of 1935, § 16(a), 49 Stat. 829; Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, § 602(a), 52 Stat. 1054. The language of these other statutes shows that when Congress intended to cover all misleading statements, “it knew how to do so.” Custis v. United States, 511 U. S. 485, 492 (1994).
C Precedent supports our reading of the text. For example, in United States v. Wells, 519 U. S. 482, we held that § 1014 does not incorporate a materiality requirement because the statute does not “so much as mention materiality,” whereas many other statutes do. Id., at 490, 492. The same logic suggests that § 1014 does not reach all misleading statements. Our decision in Williams v. United States, 458 U. S. 279 (1982), is also instructive. The defendant in that case depos- ited several bad checks, then was convicted under § 1014 on the theory that he falsely represented having more money than he had. See id., at 283. We reversed the conviction because the defendant's “course of conduct did not involve the making of a `false statement' ” for the “simple reason” that “a check is not a factual assertion at all, and therefore cannot be characterized as `true' or `false.' ” Id., at 284. That logic shows that a conviction under § 1014 requires at least two things: (1) the defendant made a statement, and (2) that statement can be characterized as “false” and not “true.” The dissent in Williams observed that this reason- Cite as: 604 U. S. 408 (2025) 417
ing “would apply equally to material omissions.” Id., at 296 (opinion of Marshall, J.). Precisely so. If a material omis- sion renders a statement misleading, § 1014 still does not cover that statement unless it can be characterized as “false” and not “true.” A statement that is true but misleading does not ft the bill. The Government contends that one of our precedents points in the opposite direction. In Kay v. United States, 303 U. S. 1 (1938), this Court described a predecessor statute to § 1014 as “secur[ing] protection against false and mislead- ing representations,” even though that statute used only the word “false.” Id., at 7 (emphasis added); see also id., at 3, n. 1. Indeed, as the Government points out, this Court used the word “misleading” (or “mislead”) several times through- out the opinion. Id., at 6, 7, 8. But nearly every time the word appears, it describes a person's intent while making a false statement, not the statement itself. See id., at 5–6 (“making false statements with intent to mislead”); id., at 6 (“falsely with intent to mislead”); id., at 7 (“false statements designed to mislead”). And in describing the statute as “se- cur[ing] protections against false and misleading representa- tions,” the Court used the word “and” rather than “or.” Id., at 7; see also id., at 8. Kay thus did not suggest that misleading statements were independently unlawful under § 1014's predecessor. Instead, the Government's argument about Kay again comes down to the overlap between false and misleading. Certainly, a statute that criminalizes “false” statements also criminalizes statements that are both false and misleading, or false statements made with intent to mislead. But the question before us is whether such a statute also criminalizes statements that are misleading but not false. The answer to that question must be no.
III The Government argues that we should affrm on the al- ternative basis that Thompson's statements were false. But 418 THOMPSON v. UNITED STATES
Alito, J., concurring
neither the District Court nor the Seventh Circuit answered that question, and “we are a court of review, not of frst view.” Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U. S. 709, 718, n. 7 (2005). Our holding shows, however, that this question is the right one to ask under § 1014. And as the litigation before us has clarifed, even Thompson agrees that “[c]ontext obviously matters in determining whether a statement is false.” Reply Brief 7. Thompson concedes, for example, that if he “had made his statement in response to a question like `did you borrow $269,000?,' ” then “his statement, in context, would have been false.” Id., at 9. We agree with the par- ties that at least some context is relevant to determining whether a statement is false under § 1014. We leave for re- mand the question whether a reasonable jury could fnd that Thompson's statements in this case were false.
* * *
Page In casualProof Pending conversation, people use Publication many overlapping words to describe shady statements: false, misleading, dis- honest, deceptive, literally true, and more. Only one of those words appears in the statute. Section 1014 does not criminalize statements that are misleading but true. Under the statute, it is not enough that a statement is misleading. It must be “false.” The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit is vacated, and the case is remanded for further pro- ceedings consistent with this opinion. It is so ordered. Justice Alito, concurring. I join the opinion of the Court but write separately to sum- marize my understanding of the decision. Five aspects of today's decision are most important. First, the Court holds that 18 U. S. C. § 1014 criminalizes only those statements that are “false.” Other related stat- utes refer to both “false” and “misleading” statements. But Cite as: 604 U. S. 408 (2025) 419
§ 1014 does not, so we assume the omission was intentional. See Rotkiske v. Klemm, 589 U. S. 8, 14 (2019) (“Congress has shown that it knows how to adopt the omitted language”). The decision below, which held that § 1014 applies to merely “misleading representations,” 89 F. 4th 1010, 1016 (CA7 2024), was therefore erroneous. Second, as used in § 1014, the term “false” means “not true.” Ante, at 414 (internal quotation marks omitted). That is what it means in ordinary speech. See, e. g., Web- ster's Third New International Dictionary 819 (1976) (“not corresponding to truth or reality: not true”); Random House Dictionary of the English Language 695 (2d ed. 1987) (“not true or correct; erroneous”). Neither party advocates giv- ing “false statement” a specialized or term-of-art reading, and the Court rightly declines to do so. Accordingly, “false statement” in § 1014 bears its ordinary meaning. Third, in considering whether a statement is “false,” judges and juries must view the statement in “the context in which it is made.” United States v. Briggs, 592 U. S. 69, 72 (2020). That is how people generally evaluate the truth or falsity of a statement. Cf. Deal v. United States, 508 U. S. 129, 132 (1993) (discussing the “fundamental principle . . . of language” that “the meaning of a word” or statement “cannot be determined in isolation”). And since § 1014 uses the ad- jective “false” in the ordinary sense of the term, the same approach applies. In ordinary speech, we do not regard a statement as true or false based solely on the literal or semantic meaning of its words viewed in isolation. Two examples illustrate this principle. Start with an example adapted from the parties' briefs. See Brief for United States 16; Reply Brief 8–9. After noticing that a plate of 12 fresh-baked cookies has only crumbs remaining, a mother asks her daughter, “Did you eat all the cookies?” If the child says “I ate three” when she actually had all 12, her words would be literally true in isola- tion but false in context. The child did eat three cookies 420 THOMPSON v. UNITED STATES
(then nine more). In context, however, the child is implic- itly saying that she ate only three cookies, and that is false. Consider another example, adapted from a law-review arti- cle by Professor Richard Fallon. See The Statutory Inter- pretation Muddle, 114 Nw. U. L. Rev. 269, 272 (2019). Par- ents James and Rachel are talking about their teenage son Alex. James enlists Alex to help rake leaves, but Alex is distracted and does little work. Afterwards, James tells Rachel: “As usual, Alex was a big help.” Taken literally, his statement is false. But if James and Rachel have often spo- ken about Alex's unwillingness to help with household chores, Rachel would understand that James's statement was ironic and that James actually meant Alex was no help at all. So, in context, James's statement is actually true. Petitioner readily acknowledges that falsity must be judged in context. See Reply Brief 7–8; Tr. of Oral Arg. 6–7. Courts should keep this important point in mind in future § 1014 cases. Fourth, as used in ordinary speech, the terms “false” and “misleading” may “overlap.” Ante, at 415. A statement that might in ordinary speech be casually described as “mis- leading” may actually be misleading and false when viewed in context. Because there is no clear line demarcating state- ments that are false in context from those that are merely misleading, there is no reason why a court should make any reference to misleading statements in a § 1014 case. It was error for the Court of Appeals to hold that § 1014 applies to “misleading” statements, and it would likewise be wrong for a court to instruct a jury that it must acquit if it fnds that a charged statement is misleading. The pattern jury in- structions used in the various Circuits avoid this problem,*
*Most Circuits simply have the trial judge instruct the jury, in relevant part, that it must fnd the defendant “made a false statement.” E. g., Model Crim. Jury Instr. § 15.41 (CA9 2022); Pattern Crim. Jury Instr. § 2.48 (CA10 2025). Some Circuits also have the judge add that “[a] state- ment is `false' if it was untrue when made.” E. g., Pattern Crim. Jury Cite as: 604 U. S. 408 (2025) 421
Jackson, J., concurring
and our decision in this case does not necessitate any change. Finally, the question that the Seventh Circuit must ad- dress on remand is narrow. Although the Court of Appeals affrmed petitioner's conviction on the ground that his state- ments were “misleading,” the trial judge gave no such in- struction to the jury. Petitioner did not object to the judge's § 1014 instructions below, and he does not challenge them here. Instead of basing his request for reversal on instruc- tional error, he moved after trial for a judgment of acquittal based on insuffcient evidence. See Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 29(c). Thus, the applicable test on remand is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Gov- ernment, any rational fnder of fact could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that petitioner's statements were false in context. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 318–319 (1979); United States v. Armbruster, 48 F. 4th 527, 531 (CA7 2022). With these observations, I join the Court's opinion.
Justice Jackson, concurring. I agree with the Court's conclusion that 18 U. S. C. § 1014 criminalizes only false statements. Ante, at 418. I write separately to note that the pre-verdict instructions the Dis- trict Court provided to the jury in this case did not say oth- erwise. That is, while the lower courts may have misunder- stood the scope of § 1014, the jury was properly instructed that it could fnd Thompson guilty only if the prosecution proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Thompson “made the charged false statement[s].” App. 157–158. For count two, the jury specifcally found that Thompson made all of the statements alleged. Id., at 160. Moreover, and impor-
Instr. § 4.18.1014 (CA1 2024); Model Crim. Jury Instr. § 6.18.1014 (CA8 2023). And it appears that none of the pattern jury instructions mentions “misleading” statements. See 2 L. Sand et al., Modern Federal Jury Instructions–Criminal ¶37.03 (2024). 422 THOMPSON v. UNITED STATES
tantly, the jury was not advised that § 1014 “criminalizes misleading representations,” 89 F. 4th 1010, 1016 (CA7 2024), as was mistakenly required by the Seventh Circuit precedent the Court rejects today. Thus, in my view, there is little for the Seventh Circuit to do on remand but affrm the District Court's judgment upholding the jury's guilty verdict. Whether Thompson's statements were, in fact, false is a question for the jury— and here, one the jury has already answered. At most, then, the Seventh Circuit can properly assess whether any reason- able jury could have found that Thompson's statements satis- fed § 1014's falsity element. On this record, I think that legal issue is not subject to reasonable debate.
Reporter’s Note
The attached opinion has been revised to refect the usual publication and citation style of the United States Reports. The revised pagination makes available the offcial United States Reports citation in advance of publication. The syllabus has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader and constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court. A list of counsel who argued or fled briefs in this case, and who were members of the bar of this Court at the time this case was argued, has been inserted following the syllabus. Other revisions may include adjustments to formatting, captions, citation form, and any errant punctuation. The following additional edits were made:
None