The City of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp.
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Opinion
24-1568-cv The City of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term 2024
(Argued: March 4, 2025 Decided: October 3, 2025)
Docket No. 24-1568-cv
THE CITY OF NEW YORK,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION; EXXONMOBIL OIL CORPORATION; ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC; SHELL OIL COMPANY; BP P.L.C.; BP AMERICA INC.; AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE,
Defendants-Appellants.
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
Before: JACOBS, CHIN, AND MERRIAM, Circuit Judges. Appeal from an opinion and order of the United States District
Court for the Southern District of New York (Caproni, J.), granting in part the
City of New York's motion for attorneys' fees and costs. The City filed suit
against defendant-appellant oil companies in New York state court alleging
deceptive advertising practices under New York state law. The oil companies
removed the case to federal court, and the City moved to remand the case to state
court. The proceedings were stayed pending a decision in a similar case in this
Court. After this Court ruled in the other case, addressing issues similar to those
raised here, the district court lifted the stay and denied the motion to remand
without prejudice to allow the parties to re-brief the issues with the benefit of
this Court's decision. The City refiled the motion to remand and also requested
attorneys' fees and costs pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). The oil companies
opposed both the motion to remand and the request for fees and costs. The
district court granted the motion to remand and awarded the City attorneys' fees
and costs to cover a portion of the proceedings. The oil companies appeal the
award of attorneys' fees and costs.
AFFIRMED.
JUDGE JACOBS DISSENTS IN A SEPARATE OPINION.
-2- ____________________________
KANNON K. SHANMUGAM (Kyle Smith, William T. Marks, Jake L. Kramer, on the brief), Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, Washington, DC, and
Theodore V. Wells, Jr., Daniel J. Toal, David K. Kessler, on the brief, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, New York, NY, for Defendants-Appellants.
HILARY MELTZER (Alice R. Baker, Nathan Taylor, Tess Dernbach, on the brief), for Muriel Goode-Trufant, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, New York, NY, and
Victor M. Sher, Matthew K. Edling, Quentin C. Karpilow, Anna D. Applebaum, on the brief, Sher Edling LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiff-Appellee. ____________________________
CHIN, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiff-appellee City of New York (the "City") sued defendants-
appellants Exxon Mobil Corporation, ExxonMobil Oil Corporation, Royal Dutch
Shell PLC, Shell Oil Company, BP P.L.C., BP America Inc. and the American
Petroleum Institute (collectively, "Exxon") in New York state court for deceptive
advertising practices under New York state law. Exxon removed the case to the -3- United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and the City
moved to remand. The district court (Caproni, J.) stayed the motion to remand
to await decision in a similar case pending in this Court in which Exxon was
appealing a decision of the District of Connecticut remanding the case to the
Connecticut state court. See Connecticut v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 83 F.4th 122 (2d Cir.
2023) (“Connecticut”).
After we affirmed the district court's order remanding the similar
case, Connecticut, 83 F.4th at 147, the district court in the instant case lifted the
stay, denied the motion to remand without prejudice, and invited the parties to
re-brief the case with the benefit of our decision in Connecticut. The City refiled
its motion to remand and also sought attorneys' fees and costs under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1447(c). Exxon continued to oppose remand, asserting many of the same
arguments it had raised in its initial opposition papers (as well as in many other
cases filed around the country).
The district court granted the motion for remand and granted in
part and denied in part the motion for attorneys' fees and costs. See City of New
York v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 733 F. Supp. 3d 296, 316 (S.D.N.Y. 2024). It awarded
fees only with respect to five of the six grounds that Exxon had asserted as a
-4- basis for removal and only for Exxon's renewed efforts to oppose remand. Id. at
316. The district court concluded that Exxon had not acted reasonably in
continuing to press arguments that had already been rejected by "the
overwhelming majority of federal district and circuit courts around the country,"
including in the Connecticut decision. Id. at 315-16.
Exxon appeals the award of fees and costs. Because we conclude
that the district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding fees and costs in
the circumstances here, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
A. The Removal Statute
As a general matter, a civil case filed in state court may be removed
by the defendant to federal district court if the case could have been brought
there originally. See Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 134 (2005); 28
U.S.C. § 1441(a). After a party removes a case to federal court, the opposing
party may seek to remand the case back to state court. See generally 28 U.S.C.
§ 1447. A motion to remand based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction may be
made "at any time before final judgment." 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). As we recognized
in Connecticut, "the 'defendant always has the burden of establishing that
-5- removal is proper.'" 83 F.4th at 132 (quoting United Food & Com. Workers Union,
Local 919, AFL-CIO v. CenterMark Props. Meriden Square, Inc., 30 F.3d 298, 301 (2d
Cir. 1994)). The removal statute must be construed narrowly, resolving any
doubts against removability. See Connecticut, 83 F.4th at 132 (citing Platinum-
Montaur Life Scis., LLC v. Navidea Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., 943 F.3d 613, 617 (2d
Cir. 2019)). Indeed, "[o]ut of respect for state courts, [the Supreme] Court has
time and again declined to construe federal jurisdictional statutes more
expansively than their language, most fairly read, requires." Merrill Lynch, Pierce,
Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Manning, 578 U.S. 374, 389 (2016) (affirming judgment
remanding case to state court).
Under the "well-pleaded complaint rule," federal question
jurisdiction "generally 'exists only when a federal question is presented on the
face of the plaintiff's properly pleaded complaint,'" and it cannot be triggered
based on "a federal defense." Connecticut, 83 F.4th at 132 (quoting Caterpillar Inc.
v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392, 393 (1987)) (internal quotation marks omitted);
accord Beneficial Nat'l Bank v. Anderson, 539 U.S. 1, 6 (2003) ("As a general rule,
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24-1568-cv The City of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term 2024
(Argued: March 4, 2025 Decided: October 3, 2025)
Docket No. 24-1568-cv
THE CITY OF NEW YORK,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION; EXXONMOBIL OIL CORPORATION; ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC; SHELL OIL COMPANY; BP P.L.C.; BP AMERICA INC.; AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE,
Defendants-Appellants.
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
Before: JACOBS, CHIN, AND MERRIAM, Circuit Judges. Appeal from an opinion and order of the United States District
Court for the Southern District of New York (Caproni, J.), granting in part the
City of New York's motion for attorneys' fees and costs. The City filed suit
against defendant-appellant oil companies in New York state court alleging
deceptive advertising practices under New York state law. The oil companies
removed the case to federal court, and the City moved to remand the case to state
court. The proceedings were stayed pending a decision in a similar case in this
Court. After this Court ruled in the other case, addressing issues similar to those
raised here, the district court lifted the stay and denied the motion to remand
without prejudice to allow the parties to re-brief the issues with the benefit of
this Court's decision. The City refiled the motion to remand and also requested
attorneys' fees and costs pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). The oil companies
opposed both the motion to remand and the request for fees and costs. The
district court granted the motion to remand and awarded the City attorneys' fees
and costs to cover a portion of the proceedings. The oil companies appeal the
award of attorneys' fees and costs.
AFFIRMED.
JUDGE JACOBS DISSENTS IN A SEPARATE OPINION.
-2- ____________________________
KANNON K. SHANMUGAM (Kyle Smith, William T. Marks, Jake L. Kramer, on the brief), Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, Washington, DC, and
Theodore V. Wells, Jr., Daniel J. Toal, David K. Kessler, on the brief, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, New York, NY, for Defendants-Appellants.
HILARY MELTZER (Alice R. Baker, Nathan Taylor, Tess Dernbach, on the brief), for Muriel Goode-Trufant, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, New York, NY, and
Victor M. Sher, Matthew K. Edling, Quentin C. Karpilow, Anna D. Applebaum, on the brief, Sher Edling LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiff-Appellee. ____________________________
CHIN, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiff-appellee City of New York (the "City") sued defendants-
appellants Exxon Mobil Corporation, ExxonMobil Oil Corporation, Royal Dutch
Shell PLC, Shell Oil Company, BP P.L.C., BP America Inc. and the American
Petroleum Institute (collectively, "Exxon") in New York state court for deceptive
advertising practices under New York state law. Exxon removed the case to the -3- United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and the City
moved to remand. The district court (Caproni, J.) stayed the motion to remand
to await decision in a similar case pending in this Court in which Exxon was
appealing a decision of the District of Connecticut remanding the case to the
Connecticut state court. See Connecticut v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 83 F.4th 122 (2d Cir.
2023) (“Connecticut”).
After we affirmed the district court's order remanding the similar
case, Connecticut, 83 F.4th at 147, the district court in the instant case lifted the
stay, denied the motion to remand without prejudice, and invited the parties to
re-brief the case with the benefit of our decision in Connecticut. The City refiled
its motion to remand and also sought attorneys' fees and costs under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1447(c). Exxon continued to oppose remand, asserting many of the same
arguments it had raised in its initial opposition papers (as well as in many other
cases filed around the country).
The district court granted the motion for remand and granted in
part and denied in part the motion for attorneys' fees and costs. See City of New
York v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 733 F. Supp. 3d 296, 316 (S.D.N.Y. 2024). It awarded
fees only with respect to five of the six grounds that Exxon had asserted as a
-4- basis for removal and only for Exxon's renewed efforts to oppose remand. Id. at
316. The district court concluded that Exxon had not acted reasonably in
continuing to press arguments that had already been rejected by "the
overwhelming majority of federal district and circuit courts around the country,"
including in the Connecticut decision. Id. at 315-16.
Exxon appeals the award of fees and costs. Because we conclude
that the district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding fees and costs in
the circumstances here, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
A. The Removal Statute
As a general matter, a civil case filed in state court may be removed
by the defendant to federal district court if the case could have been brought
there originally. See Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 134 (2005); 28
U.S.C. § 1441(a). After a party removes a case to federal court, the opposing
party may seek to remand the case back to state court. See generally 28 U.S.C.
§ 1447. A motion to remand based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction may be
made "at any time before final judgment." 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). As we recognized
in Connecticut, "the 'defendant always has the burden of establishing that
-5- removal is proper.'" 83 F.4th at 132 (quoting United Food & Com. Workers Union,
Local 919, AFL-CIO v. CenterMark Props. Meriden Square, Inc., 30 F.3d 298, 301 (2d
Cir. 1994)). The removal statute must be construed narrowly, resolving any
doubts against removability. See Connecticut, 83 F.4th at 132 (citing Platinum-
Montaur Life Scis., LLC v. Navidea Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., 943 F.3d 613, 617 (2d
Cir. 2019)). Indeed, "[o]ut of respect for state courts, [the Supreme] Court has
time and again declined to construe federal jurisdictional statutes more
expansively than their language, most fairly read, requires." Merrill Lynch, Pierce,
Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Manning, 578 U.S. 374, 389 (2016) (affirming judgment
remanding case to state court).
Under the "well-pleaded complaint rule," federal question
jurisdiction "generally 'exists only when a federal question is presented on the
face of the plaintiff's properly pleaded complaint,'" and it cannot be triggered
based on "a federal defense." Connecticut, 83 F.4th at 132 (quoting Caterpillar Inc.
v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392, 393 (1987)) (internal quotation marks omitted);
accord Beneficial Nat'l Bank v. Anderson, 539 U.S. 1, 6 (2003) ("As a general rule,
absent diversity jurisdiction, a case will not be removable if the complaint does
not affirmatively allege a federal claim.").
-6- There are three exceptions to the well-pleaded complaint rule, which
are to be "tightly circumscribed." Connecticut, 83 F.3d at 133. These are:
first, if Congress expressly provides, by statute, for removal of state law claims . . . ; second, if the state law claims are completely preempted by federal law . . . ; and third, in certain cases if the vindication of a state law right necessarily turns on a question of federal law . . . .
Fracassse v. People's United Bank, 747 F.3d 141, 144 (2d Cir. 2014) (citations
omitted); accord Connecticut, 83 F.3d at 133.
The statute also provides for the award of attorneys' fees: "An order
remanding the case may require payment of just costs and any actual expenses,
including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal." 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c).
We discuss § 1447(c) in more detail below.
B. State Court Actions against Exxon
1. Jurisdictions other than Connecticut and New York
Starting in approximately 2017, numerous state and local entities
sued Exxon (and, in some instances, other oil companies as well) in different
state courts under state and local deceptive advertising, nuisance, and other
consumer protection laws. In response, Exxon repeatedly removed the cases to
federal court. The state and local entities moved to remand, and Exxon opposed,
-7- consistently raising the same or similar grounds for removal as proffered in this
case. In virtually all of those cases, Exxon failed in its efforts to oppose remand,
as its jurisdictional arguments were roundly rejected, both before it renewed its
opposition to remand in this case (November 11, 2023) 1 and thereafter, as courts
continued to reject its jurisdictional arguments in later cases. 2 Indeed, Exxon has
1 In the following decisions, circuit courts affirmed district court orders remanding a case to state court where the oil companies, including Exxon, argued that removal was appropriate based on, inter alia, the preemption doctrine and federal question (including the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (the "OCSLA"), 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1)), federal enclave, federal officer, bankruptcy, admiralty, and Class Action Fairness Act ("CAFA") jurisdiction. See Minnesota v. Am. Petroleum Inst., 63 F.4th 703 (8th Cir. 2023); Plaquemines Parish v. Chevron USA, Inc., No. 22-30055, 2022 WL 9914869 (5th Cir. Oct. 17, 2022) (mem.); City of Hoboken v. Chevron, 45 F.4th 699, 706 (3d Cir. 2022); City & Cnty. of Honolulu v. Sunoco LP, 39 F.4th 1101, 1111-12 (9th Cir. 2022); Rhode Island v. Chevron Corp., 35 F.4th 44 (1st Cir. 2022); Cnty. of San Mateo v. Chevron Corp., 32 F.4th 733, 749-51 (9th Cir. 2022); Mayor & City Council of Baltimore v. BP P.L.C., 31 F.4th 178, 217-19 (4th Cir. 2022); Bd. of Cnty. Comm'rs of Boulder Cnty. v. Suncor Energy (U.S.A.) Inc., 25 F.4th 1238, 1275 (10th Cir. 2022). In Platkin v. Exxon Mobil Corp., No. 22-CV-06733, 2023 WL 4086353, at *3 n.2 (D.N.J. June 20, 2023), the district court granted a motion to remand to state court, and the case does not appear to have been appealed. And in District of Columbia v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 640 F. Supp. 3d 95, 106-07 (D.D.C. 2022), the district court granted remand before Exxon renewed its opposition to remand in this case, and the D.C. Circuit affirmed after it did so, 89 F.4th 144 (D.C. Cir. 2023). 2 See District of Columbia v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 89 F.4th 144 (D.C. Cir. 2023) (affirming district court's order remanding case to District of Columbia Superior Court); City of Oakland v. BP P.L.C., No. 22-16810, 2023 WL 8179286 (9th Cir. Nov. 27, 2023) (affirming district court's order remanding case); Anne Arundel Cnty., Maryland v. BP -8- succeeded in keeping only one case in federal court, and even there the district
court denied the motion to remand "reluctantly." Pac. Coast Fed'n of Fishermen's
Ass'ns v. Chevron Corp., No. 18-cv-07477, 2023 WL 7299195, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Nov.
1, 2023). There, the district court held that the case was properly removed "under
the Class Action Fairness Act, which permits removal of lawsuits brought under
state-law rules similar to Rule 23." Id. at *1. The Pacific Coast Federation of
Fishermen's Associations filed suit on behalf of itself and its members, as a
representative action authorized under section 382 of the California Code of Civil
Procedure, a California rule similar to Rule 23. See id. The district court noted
that all of the other grounds for removal offered by the defendants -- federal
common law, complete preemption, admiralty jurisdiction, federal enclave
P.L.C., 94 F.4th 343 (4th Cir. 2024) (affirming district court's order remanding case to state court); City of Charleston v. Brabham Oil Co., Inc., No. 2:20-cv-03579, 2023 WL 11867279 (D.S.C. July 5, 2023) (granting motion to remand case to state court); Vermont v. Exxon Mobil Corp., No. 2:21-cv-00260, 2024 WL 446086 (D. Vt. Feb. 6, 2024) (granting motion to remand case to state court); County of Multnomah v. Exxon Mobil Corp., No. 3:23-cv-01213, 2024 WL 1991554 (D. Ore. Apr. 10, 2024) (granting motion to remand case to state court); City of Chicago v. BP P.L.C., No. 24-cv-02496, 2025 WL 1426163 (N.D. Ill. May 16, 2025) (granting motion to remand case to state court); Makah Indian Tribe v. Exxon Mobil Corp., No. 2:24-cv-00157, No. 2:24-cv-00158, 2025 WL 913767 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 26, 2025) (granting motion to remand case to state court).
-9- jurisdiction, bankruptcy jurisdiction, OCSLA, First Amendment, and the federal
officer removal statute -- lacked merit. See id. at *3.
In short, with the exception of the one Northern District of
California case in which only one out of nine asserted bases for removal was
accepted, Exxon has repeatedly failed in its efforts to remove these cases from
state and local courts.
2. The Connecticut Decision
Before filing its removal motion in this case, Exxon had already
removed a similar case filed under Connecticut state law in Connecticut state
court to the federal district court in Connecticut. See Connecticut v. Exxon Mobil
Corp., No. 3:20-cv-01555, 2021 WL 2389739, at *2 (D. Conn. June 2, 2021). In that
case, Connecticut sued Exxon under the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act
alleging that Exxon knowingly misled and deceived Connecticut consumers
about the negative climatological effects of fossil fuels that the company was
marketing to consumers. See Connecticut, 83 F.4th at 129.
After Exxon removed the case, Connecticut moved to remand. The
district court granted the motion and Exxon appealed to this Court. In its appeal,
Exxon offered several grounds for removal, including three that were asserted in
- 10 - the instant case: (1) the federal question statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1331; (2) the federal
officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1); and (3) the OCSLA, 43 U.S.C.
§ 1349(b)(1). See 83 F.4th at 129.
On September 27, 2023, this Court issued its opinion in Connecticut,
affirming the district court's granting of the motion for remand. We explained
that removal to federal court is generally limited to cases where the complaint
could have been filed in federal court initially, including cases that "arise[] under
the laws of the United States" as provided by the federal question statute, 28
U.S.C. § 1331. Id. at 132. We noted that under the well-pleaded complaint rule,
federal question jurisdiction generally exists "only when a federal question is
presented on the face of the plaintiff's properly pleaded complaint." Id. (citations
omitted). We reiterated that federal jurisdiction cannot be based on a federal
defense "even if the defense is anticipated in the plaintiff's complaint, and even if
both parties concede that the federal defense is the only question truly at issue."
Id. (citations omitted). We rejected Exxon's arguments that any of the three
exceptions to the well-pleaded complaint rule applied, see id. at 133, and we
found no basis for removal, as follows:
- 11 - 1. We rejected Exxon's argument that removal was warranted
because the state law claims were preempted by federal law. We noted that
Connecticut's claims involved only ordinary preemption, not total preemption as
required to meet the exception. See id. at 135-36 ("Exxon Mobil's argument for a
'federal-common-law exception' would appear to hinge on the proposition that
the well-pleaded complaint rule must yield not only in situations of 'complete[]
preempt[ion]' . . . but also in certain situations of ordinary preemption. That
proposition, however, is contrary to 'settled law' dating back 'since 1887.'"
(citations and footnote omitted) (emphasis in original)).
2. We rejected Exxon's argument that removal was appropriate
based on the third exception to the well-pleaded complaint rule because the
vindication of the state law rights turned on a question of federal law. See id. at
139-40 (referring to the exception recognized in Grable & Sons Metal Prod. Inc. v.
Darue Eng'g & Mfg., 545 U.S. 305, 312 (2005)). Exxon argued that federal common
law was at stake here because Connecticut's claims "implicate[d] the federal
common law of transboundary pollution." Connecticut, 83 F.4th at 140 (citation
omitted). We rejected that argument because the law of transcontinental
pollution was not a necessary element of the deceptive advertising practices
- 12 - claim at issue here. Id. at 140 ("[T]he 'mere presence of a federal issue in a state
cause of action' is insufficient; the pertinent 'question of federal law' must be 'a
necessary element of one of the well-pleaded state claims.'" (emphases in original)
(citations omitted)).
3. We rejected Exxon's argument that there was federal
jurisdiction based on the federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1).
Id. at 142-145. Exxon alleged that although it was not an actual "federal officer," it
qualified as a "federal officer" because it leased drilling sites from the federal
government, operated such sites, and paid royalites to the federal government.
Id. at 143. We disagreed. Id. (observing that this argument had been made to
"five of our sister circuits, all of which have squarely rejected it").
4. We rejected Exxon's argument that there was federal
jurisdiction because Exxon "contributed significantly to the United States military
by providing fossil fuels that support the national defense." Id. at 144 (citation
omitted). In doing so, we noted that "when Exxon Mobil recently made similar
arguments . . . the Fifth Circuit flatly rejected them." Id.
5. We rejected Exxon's argument that there was jurisdiction
under the OCSLA, which provides federal jurisdiction over actions arising out of
- 13 - operations conducted on the outer continental shelf. Id. at 145-46. We observed
that "[t]his argument brings us back to ground well-trodden by our sister
circuits. Exxon Mobil has made virtually the same argument to five other courts
of appeals, all of which have rejected it." Id. at 146.
3. New York -- The Instant Case
As noted above, the City sued Exxon in New York state court in
April 2021 for violations of New York City's Consumer Protection Law ("CPL").
Specifically, the City alleged that Exxon violated the CPL by misleading
consumers in New York City about the role of Exxon's products in contributing
to climate change.
On May 28, 2021, Exxon removed the case to the district court below
asserting seven grounds for federal jurisdiction:
1. federal question jurisdiction, based on federal common law governing transboundary pollution and foreign affairs;
2. the federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442;
3. the OCSLA;
4. federal enclave jurisdiction (contending that Exxon's production and sale of fossil fuels occurred in "federal enclaves");
- 14 - 5. diversity jurisdiction;
6. CAFA; and
7. federal constitutional issues, specifically, the First Amendment.
See generally 733 F. Supp. 3d at 304 (reviewing Exxon's grounds for removal and
noting that Exxon had "abandoned" its argument that the court had jurisdiction
pursuant to the OCSLA). Id. at 304 n.2.
On June 25, 2021, the City moved to remand. Exxon opposed. On
November 12, 2021, the district court stayed the case pending a decision by this
Court in Connecticut.
On September 27, 2023, we issued our opinion in Connecticut,
affirming the district court's order remanding the case to the Connecticut state
court. See 83 F.4th at 147.
In light of that decision, on October 2, 2023, the City asked the
district court to lift the stay in this case and decide its motion to remand. [JA 7].
On October 4, 2023, the district court lifted the stay but denied the motion to
remand, without prejudice, to allow the parties to re-brief the issues with the
benefit of our decision in Connecticut.
- 15 - The next day, October 5, 2023, counsel for the City wrote an email to
counsel for Exxon, asking Exxon to consider withdrawing the grounds for
removal addressed in Connecticut, so that the parties could "avoid spending time
re-briefing issues that are controlled by the Second Circuit's recent decision."
Joint App'x at 213. Exxon's counsel agreed only that "Connecticut controls the
third ground for removal (OCSLA)," and contended that otherwise Connecticut
was not controlling. Joint App'x at 211. See Connecticut, 83 F.4th at 145-47
(rejecting OCSLA as basis for federal jurisdiction).
On October 20, 2023, the City refiled its motion to remand and also
sought attorneys' fees and costs under § 1447(c). On November 11, 2023, Exxon
opposed the motion. Exxon dropped the OCSLA argument, but pressed two
arguments that we had specifically rejected in Connecticut: federal question
jurisdiction based on federal common law governing transboundary pollution
and foreign affairs, see 733 F. Supp. 3d at 305-08, and the federal officer removal
statute, see id. at 308; see also Connecticut, 83 F.4th at 132-42, 142-45 (addressing
federal question jurisdiction and the federal officer removal statute). Exxon also
reiterated four arguments that it had raised in its initial opposition to remand in
this case, which had not been addressed (at least not explicitly) in Connecticut: (1)
- 16 - federal enclave jurisdiction; (2) diversity jurisdiction; (3) class action jurisdiction;
and (4) federal constitutional claims, i.e., the First Amendment. 3 Hence, the
parties briefed six grounds asserted by Exxon as a basis for federal subject matter
jurisdiction.
On May 8, 2024, the district court issued an opinion granting the
City's motion to remand and granting in part the City's request for attorneys' fees
and costs. 733 F. Supp. 3d at 303, 316.
First, the district court reviewed -- and rejected -- the six grounds
asserted by Exxon for federal jurisdiction:
1. The district court rejected Exxon's argument that federal
common law governing transboundary pollution and foreign affairs dominated
the field such that any claims involving those areas necessarily arose under
federal law, noting that Exxon had "made the same argument in many if not all
3 We did not explicitly address the First Amendment issue in Connecticut because there, as the district court noted, Exxon abandoned the argument on appeal. See 733 F. Supp. 3d at 316 n.17. In Connecticut, however, we reiterated that federal question jurisdiction cannot be based on a federal defense. See 83 F.4th at 132. Based on this reasoning the district court concluded that Exxon's reliance on a First Amendment defense was "not objectively reasonable following Connecticut." 733 F. Supp. 3d. at 316 n.17. - 17 - of the similar consumer protection cases filed by other state and local
governments" and "[n]one has succeeded." 733 F. Supp. 3d at 306 & n.4 (citing
numerous decisions). The district court observed that the City's claims were
"about false and misleading advertisements," not about "emissions." Id. at 306.
2. The district court rejected Exxon's reliance on the federal
officer removal statute, noting that it had been rejected in Connecticut. Id. at 308.
3. The district court rejected Exxon's reliance on federal enclave
jurisdiction, calling it "the silliest of all of its arguments." Id. The district court
noted that "[Exxon's] theory of federal enclave jurisdiction has been rejected by
every court to consider it in similar consumer protection cases that touch on
deception about climate change. The Court finds no reason to part company
with those courts." Id. at 309 (footnote omitted citing numerous decisions). The
district court noted in particular that Exxon's assertion that federal enclave
jurisdiction existed because its advertisements reached federal enclaves was
"absurd," because "all advertisements on the internet, television, radio and in
newspapers can be viewed or heard by persons who happen to be in a federal
enclave." Id.
- 18 - 4. The district court rejected Exxon's argument that diversity
jurisdiction existed because the one non-diverse defendant had been
fraudulently joined, concluding that the complaint asserted a "colorable claim"
against that party. Id. at 310-11.
5. The district court rejected Exxon's reliance on class action
jurisdiction, characterizing it as "[s]econd in absurdity" to the federal enclave
argument. Id. at 312. The district court noted that the complaint had not been
filed under Rule 23 or a New York statutory equivalent and that New York law
provided "a cause of action only for the City, which means a claim under [the
New York City Code] bears absolutely no similarity to a class action." Id. at 312-
13.
6. Finally, the district court rejected Exxon's reliance on the First
Amendment as a basis for jurisdiction. The district court concluded that, to the
extent Exxon was arguing that its advertisements were protected by the First
Amendment, "[t]he fact that [Exxon] may have a defense, even a defense rooted
in the First Amendment, is not adequate to establish the [third] exception" to the
well-pleaded complaint rule. Id. at 314. The district court noted that in
Connecticut we had reiterated that the "mere presence of a federal issue in a state
- 19 - cause of action is insufficient" to establish federal jurisdiction. 83 F.4th at 140; see
733 F. Supp. 3d at 314.
Second, the district court granted -- in part -- the City's request for
attorneys' fees and costs. It awarded fees and costs "in connection with
arguments that it was not reasonable for [Exxon] to press when the City renewed
its motion for remand: arguments that had largely been decided by the Circuit in
Connecticut -- federal common law, federal officer removal, and First
Amendment defenses, and those that were objectively absurd -- federal enclaves
and CAFA." 733 F. Supp. 3d at 316 (footnote omitted). In determining that these
arguments were not reasonable, the court noted that the arguments at issue had
been either abandoned or rejected in Connecticut, or had been universally rejected
in every court in the country where they had been raised. Id. at 316. The court
further noted that "[a]lthough [Exxon's] diversity jurisdiction argument was not a
winner, the Court cannot say that it was unreasonable for [Exxon] to press that
argument." Id. Hence, the district court awarded fees only for five of the six
bases asserted by Exxon for removal and only for work performed and costs
incurred on those five bases after our ruling in Connecticut.
- 20 - On June 7, 2024, Exxon appealed the fee award. To avoid further
litigation over the amount of fees and costs, the City and Exxon stipulated that in
the event the fee award was affirmed on appeal, Exxon would pay the City
$68,262.46. The district court "so ordered" the stipulation on July 10, 2024.
DISCUSSION
We review a decision to award attorneys' fees and costs under 28
U.S.C. § 1447(c) for abuse of discretion. See Calabro v. Aniqua Live Poultry Corp.,
650 F.3d 163, 166 (2d Cir. 2011). "A district court has abused its discretion if it
based its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous
assessment of the evidence, or rendered a decision that cannot be located within
the range of permissible decisions." Id. (citation omitted).
A. Applicable Law
Section 1447(c) provides that "[a]n order remanding the case may
require payment of just costs and any actual expenses, including attorney fees,
incurred as a result of the removal." 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). In Martin v. Franklin
Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132 (2005), the Supreme Court provided guidance as to the
award of fees and costs:
- 21 - Absent unusual circumstances, courts may award attorney's fees under § 1447(c) only where the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal. Conversely, when an objectively reasonable basis exists, fees should be denied. In applying this rule, district courts retain discretion to consider whether unusual circumstances warrant a departure from the rule in a given case.
546 U.S. at 141 (emphasis added; citations modified). Thus, as the Court made
clear, a district court retains discretion to award fees in "unusual circumstances,"
even where an objectively reasonable basis for removal existed.
In exercising its discretion in awarding fees, the district court's
"reasons for departing from the general rule should be 'faithful to the purposes’
of awarding fees under § 1447(c)." Id. (citations omitted). The Court further
explained:
Congress thought fee shifting appropriate in some cases. The process of removing a case to federal court and then having it remanded back to state court delays resolution of the case, imposes additional costs on both parties, and wastes judicial resources. Assessing costs and fees on remand reduces the attractiveness of removal as a method for delaying litigation and imposing costs on the plaintiff. The appropriate test for awarding fees under § 1447(c) should recognize the desire to deter removals sought for the purpose of prolonging litigation and imposing costs on the opposing party, while not undermining Congress' basic decision to afford defendants a right to remove as a general matter, when statutory criteria are satisfied.
- 22 - Id. at 140.
B. Application
On appeal, Exxon does not challenge the district court's order to
remand the case; it challenges only the district court's award of fees and costs. It
argues that the district court abused its discretion in awarding fees and costs
because the district court made two legal errors: first, it awarded fees and costs
despite finding one of Exxon's six grounds for removal to be objectively
reasonable; and, second, the district court assessed the reasonableness of the
grounds for removal based on the law and circumstances at the time of its
renewed motion to remand rather than at the time the case was initially
removed. We address both arguments in turn, and then consider the
reasonableness of the district court's award of fees and costs.
1. Grounds for Removal
As noted above, in Martin the Supreme Court held that "[a]bsent
unusual circumstances, courts may award attorney's fees under § 1447(c) only
where the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for seeking
removal" and "[c]onversely, when an objectively reasonable basis exists, fees
should be denied." 546 U.S. at 141. Exxon argues that because the district court
- 23 - found that the diversity jurisdiction argument was not "unreasonable," 733 F.
Supp. 3d at 316 ("the Court cannot say that it was unreasonable for [Exxon] to
press [the diversity] argument"), it was error for the district court to award fees
because there was a reasonable ground for removal.
We are not persuaded; Exxon's argument ignores the words
"[a]bsent unusual circumstances." Martin, 546 U.S. at 141. The Court made clear
in Martin that, in "unusual circumstances," fees could be assessed under § 1447(c)
even if there was a reasonable basis for removal. 4 Id. The question thus becomes
whether this case presented "unusual circumstances" and, if so, whether the
district court abused its discretion in awarding fees in those circumstances.
This case, in our view, clearly presented unusual circumstances.
Exxon's renewed opposition to remand in this case was not made in a vacuum,
but after efforts to remove similar state cases to federal court had been rejected
4 While arguing that the unusual circumstances exception does not apply in this case, Exxon acknowledges in its brief on appeal that "'district courts retain discretion to consider whether unusual circumstances warrant a departure from the [general] rule in a given case,' Martin, 546 U.S. at 141." Appellants' Br. at 20.
- 24 - all around the country. On November 11, 2023, when Exxon renewed its
opposition to the City's motion to remand below, its arguments opposing
remand had been rejected by eight circuits -- the First, Third, Fourth, Fifth,
Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth as well as by this Court in Connecticut -- and by at least
eleven district courts (including the district court in Connecticut). 5 As the district
court here put it:
Although Defendants may have removed this case in good faith in 2021, their opposition to the City's Renewed Motion to Remand, which was briefed in October 2023, made multiple arguments that had previously been made to and universally rejected by federal courts across the country. Defendants conceded that Connecticut controlled one of its grounds for removal, . . . but conceded nothing else, despite the string of cases in district and circuit courts that have rejected the very arguments they were pursuing. Whatever may have been the state of play in 2021, this can no longer be considered a good faith litigation strategy.
733 F. Supp. 3d at 315.
Exxon contends that here the district court did not invoke the
unusual circumstances exception, and it is true that the district court did not use
those words in its decision. See id. at 314-16. As a general matter, however, we
5 See footnote 1 supra. In the circuit cases cited in footnote 1, the circuit courts were affirming district court decisions granting motions to remand.
- 25 - can affirm on any ground supported by the record. See Mallet v. New York State
Dep't of Corr., 126 F.4th 125, 137 n.9 (2d Cir. 2025) ("[W]e 'may affirm on any basis
for which there is sufficient support in the record, including grounds not relied
on by the district court.'") (citations omitted). The record here supports the
conclusion that this case presented unusual circumstances. Indeed, even defense
counsel acknowledged during oral argument that this was an "unusual" case.
Moreover, the record makes clear that the district court believed this
case presented "unusual circumstances," even if it did not use those precise
words. The language of the decision -- including the language quoted above --
bears this out. The district court also characterized some of defendants'
arguments as: "the silliest of all its arguments" (id. at 308); "ridiculous" (id. at 308);
"[s]econd in absurdity" (id. at 312); and "objectively absurd" (id. at 316).
Accordingly, we hold that this case presented unusual
circumstances such that the district court had the discretion to award fees and
costs pursuant to § 1447(c) even though, as the district court found, Exxon had
one objectively reasonable – though meritless – basis for removing the case in
2021 and for renewing its opposition to remand in November 2023.
- 26 - 2. Timing
Exxon argues that the district court erred in evaluating the validity
of its jurisdictional arguments based on the law when it renewed its opposition
to remand in November 2023 (after our decision in Connecticut), rather than
when it initially removed the case 2021. Exxon contends that because all of the
removal arguments were "reasonable" at the time of the initial removal, the
district court erred in awarding fees based on the state of the law in 2023. We
disagree.
First, we consider the unusual timeline of the proceedings in the
case -- the case was stayed for two years after it was removed pending our
decision in Connecticut. During that time, many of the precise arguments
asserted in this case -- by the same oil companies represented by the same
lawyers -- had been raised and were rejected in many similar cases in other parts
of the country. After we ruled in Connecticut, the parties had the benefit not only
of our decision but of decisions of seven other circuits and many other district
courts. Hence, the state of the law had indeed changed from 2021 to 2023, and
Exxon's jurisdictional arguments had been, as the district court put it, "roundly
rejected." 733 F. Supp. 3d at 315.
- 27 - Second, the case was stayed in the district court precisely to give the
parties the benefit of this Court's decision in Connecticut. Exxon had the ability in
2023 to evaluate this Court's ruling in Connecticut -- as well as all the other
decisions from around the country -- to decide whether to persist in its
opposition to remand. At that point, it was largely irrelevant whether Exxon had
reasonable grounds for removing the case in 2021; the question was whether,
given the undeniable change in the legal landscape, Exxon had reasonable
grounds for prolonging litigation by continuing to oppose remand.
Third, neither § 1447(c) nor Martin places limits on the timing of a
district court's fees analysis. Rather, the Court in Martin made clear that a district
court has discretion to award fees and costs "when such an award is just." 546
U.S. at 138. The only limitation on the exercise of a court's discretion, the Court
explained, is that the court's "reasons for departing from the general rule should
be 'faithful to the purposes' of awarding fees under § 1447(c)." Id. at 141 (quoting
Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517, 534 n.19 (1994)). A rule limiting the temporal
scope of the court's analysis would unduly restrict its discretion to award fees
"when such an award is just." That outcome cannot be what the Supreme Court
intended when it held in Martin that "district courts retain discretion to consider
- 28 - whether unusual circumstances warrant a departure from the [general] rule in a
given case." 546 U.S. at 141. Such a result would undermine § 1447(c)'s purpose
to discourage removals designed to delay litigation and inflict costs. Id. at 140. 6
Consequently, we conclude that the district court did not err in
evaluating the soundness of Exxon's jurisdictional arguments in 2023, when
Exxon renewed its jurisdictional arguments for removal, rather than when the
case was first removed in 2021.
3. The Reasonableness of the Award
Finally, we consider the reasonableness of the district court's award
of fees and costs in light of the considerations discussed above.
6 Exxon argues that the Supreme Court's citation in Martin to Valdes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 199 F.3d 290, 293 (5th Cir. 2000), see 546 U.S. at 141, supports its argument that the district court was strictly limited to considering the legal landscape at time of the initial removal in 2021. [Blue at 21]. In Valdes, the Fifth Circuit stated: "We evaluate the objective merits of removal at the time of removal, irrespective of the fact that it might ultimately be determined that removal was improper." 199 F.3d at 294. Exxon reads too much into the Supreme Court's citation to Valdes. Martin does not include the quoted language or otherwise refer to it. Rather, Martin does not discuss timing at all and cites Valdes only for the general rule as to when fees should be granted or denied. See 546 U.S. at 141. Furthermore, Valdes does not address the situation where, as here, a party continues to press legal arguments that many courts have already rejected.
- 29 - While it might have been problematic if the district court had
awarded the City fees and costs from the point of removal in 2021, it awarded
fees and costs only "in connection with arguments that it was not reasonable for
Defendants to press when the City renewed its motion to remand." Id. at 316.
The district court exercised its discretion to award fees and costs in a measured
way -- that is, only with respect to fees associated with the objectively
unreasonable grounds for removal and only for work required after the legal
landscape had shifted significantly. The district court's approach was certainly
"faithful to the purposes" of fee awards under § 1447(c), as it balanced the right of
Exxon to remove the case to federal court against the costs of delay and
prolonged litigation. See Martin, 546 U.S. at 140-41.
The district court did not find that Exxon had acted in bad faith in
renewing its opposition to remand, nor do we reach that conclusion. 7 The law
does not require that a removal be made in bad faith to warrant an award of fees
under § 1447(c). See Morgan Guar. Trust Co. of New York v. Republic of Palau, 971
7 Cf. 733 F. Supp. 3d at 315 ("Whatever may have been the state of play in 2021, this can no longer be considered a good faith litigation strategy.").
- 30 - F.2d 917, 923 (2d Cir. 1992) ("[T]he statute as amended makes no reference at all
to the state of mind or intent of the party removing the action, instead focusing
strictly on the mere absence of subject matter jurisdiction."). 8 Nonetheless,
although Exxon may have had one objectively reasonable ground for renewing
its opposition to remand, it continued to press many other arguments that had
been "roundly rejected" either by this Court in Connecticut or by many other
courts around the country -- eight circuit courts and at least eleven district
courts. While perhaps not asserted in bad faith, many of the arguments were
plainly meritless, and some, as the district court concluded here, "objectively
absurd." Yet, the parties were required to litigate these claims, the district court
was required to decide them, and the litigation was multiplied and delayed.
8 Nor does § 1447(c) require a finding of frivolousness for an award of fees and costs. While the Supreme Court has noted that "a district court may order a defendant to pay the plaintiff's costs and expenses (including attorney's fees) if it frivolously removes a case from state court," BP P.L.C. v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 141 S. Ct. 1532, 1542 (2021), the Court did not hold that frivolousness was a requirement. As we held in Morgan Guaranty, "[t]he statute as a whole, particularly the reference that an order remanding the case 'may require payment' of costs and fees, . . . affords a great deal of discretion and flexibility to the district courts in fashioning awards of costs and fees." 971 F.2d at 924; see also Martin, 546 U.S. at 140-41.
- 31 - In these circumstances, we conclude that the district court did not
abuse its discretion in awarding fees and costs to the extent that it did, that is, for
work done after we issued our decision in Connecticut and only with respect to
five of the six grounds asserted by Exxon. Indeed, the final award is only
$68,262.46 -- a nominal sum in the context of the overall, nation-wide litigation. 9
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the order of the district court is
9 In Part IV, the dissent writes that fees and costs should not have been assessed against
Exxon because "the underlying complaint can be characterized as frivolous." Dissent at 14. Of course, the fact that an underlying claim may be frivolous does not justify questionable or oppressive conduct on the other side. Even assuming the City's claims are meritless, two wrongs do not make a right.
- 32 - City of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp., No. 24-1568
DENNIS JACOBS, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
At issue is a narrow statutory remedy: a district court’s authority under 28
U.S.C. § 1447(c) to “order a defendant to pay [costs and fees] if it frivolously
removes a case from state court.” BP P.L.C. v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore,
593 U.S. 230, 141 S. Ct. 1532, 1542 (2021). It follows that otherwise no costs or fees
may be imposed. I respectfully dissent.
New York City (the “City”) sued defendants—oil companies and their
trade association—under the City’s consumer protection statutes, on the theory
that the defendants had misled consumers about how oil products contribute to
global climate change. The defendants removed to federal court in 2021, citing
seven bases for federal removal jurisdiction. In 2023, after a stay of proceedings
to await a precedent from this Court, the City filed a renewed motion to remand
based on lack of removal jurisdiction. The defendants opposed on six of the
bases they had cited in their notice of removal (the seventh was abandoned in
light of intervening case law). The district court ruled that one basis was
objectively reasonable, and the rest not.
The City’s motion was granted and the case was remanded to state court.
Additionally, the City was awarded certain costs and fees under 28 U.S.C. §
1 1447(c), which allows a remanding district court to award “just costs and any
actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal.”
Barring “unusual circumstances, courts may award attorney’s fees under
§ 1447(c) only where the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis
for seeking removal.” Martin v. Franklin Cap. Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 141 (2005). The
district court grounded its award here on its determination that of the six bases
that the defendants invoked in their 2023 brief opposing remand, only one was
“objectively reasonable.”
The defendants appeal only the award of costs and fees. They argue that
the court abused its discretion by committing two legal errors: (1) awarding
costs and fees despite finding that there was an objectively reasonable ground for
removal; and (2) assessing objective reasonableness as of the defendants’ briefing
on the renewed remand motion (2023, after the law had further crystalized),
rather than as of 2021, the time of removal.
The combination of these two errors requires reversal or vacatur. Under
Martin, a finding that the defendant had at least one reasonable ground for
removal defeats a motion for Section 1447(c) costs and fees absent “unusual
circumstances.” 546 U.S. at 141. The district court here concluded that the
2 defendants had an objectively reasonable ground to seek removal based on
diversity jurisdiction. The district court therefore lacked discretion to award
Section 1447(c) costs and fees without a determination of “unusual
circumstances.” The City urged the district court to invoke this exception to the
otherwise bright-line Martin rule; but the district court rested its decision entirely
on the rule, not the exception. That it could not do.
In another case, it might be possible for us to affirm on the alternative
ground that “unusual circumstances” were present under Martin, even if the
district court did not invoke the exception. But that approach is not available
here. There was no circumstance other than the surplus of claims, which is by no
means unusual. Moreover, the district court’s principal error is compounded by
use of the wrong time frame in assessing “objective reasonableness.” The district
court asked whether the defendants’ grounds for removal were reasonable as of
the last time they advocated those grounds to the court—in the 2023 briefing, not
as of the time of removal in 2021. But the Supreme Court teaches that Section
1447(c) awards punish only the act of “frivolously remov[ing]”: bringing a state
court action to federal court when it clearly does not belong there. BP, 141 S. Ct.
at 1542. “Frivolous arguments” to avoid a later remand, like those “in virtually
3 any context,” are instead the province of “sanction[s]” under Fed. R. Civ. P. 11,
id. (emphasis added), or 28 U.S.C. § 1927, for vexatious multiplication of
proceedings, or the court’s inherent authority. Each has attendant procedural
protections distinct from Section 1447(c).
The use of the wrong time period matters because the district court did not
make a finding necessary to permit our review of its exercise of discretion:
whether defendants’ removal was frivolous at the time of removal. Without that
determination, the district court lacked discretion to find that removal here was
“frivolous,” see BP, 141 S. Ct. at 1542—whether based on the “unusual
circumstances” of this case or not. The majority opinion makes a belated finding
to that effect on appeal; but that is displacement of the district court’s power of
discretion.
True, the district court plainly decided that the defendants’ conduct here
was not “a good faith litigation strategy.” City of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp.,
733 F. Supp. 3d 296, 315 (S.D.N.Y. 2024). Such conduct may have been
sanctionable. But that says nothing about whether fee shifting was authorized
under Section 1447(c).
4 I.
In 2021, New York City sued the defendants in New York state court under
the City’s consumer protection law. Id. at 303. The City alleges that the
defendants “systematically and intentionally misled consumers . . . about the
central role their products play in causing the climate crisis.” Id.
The defendants removed to federal court, asserting seven grounds for
removal: (1) federal question jurisdiction based on the application of federal
common law; (2) the federal officer removal statute; (3) the Outer Continental
Shelf Lands Acts (OCSLA); (4) federal enclave jurisdiction; (5) diversity
jurisdiction, based on the alleged fraudulent joinder of non-diverse defendant
ExxonMobil Oil Corporation; (6) the Class Action Fairness Act; and (7) the
substantial federal question doctrine. See id. at 304 & n.2.
After the City’s motion was briefed, the district court entered a stay
pending the Second Circuit’s decision in Connecticut v. Exxon Mobil, 83 F.4th 122
(2d Cir. 2023). Connecticut held that an analogous consumer deception claim
against Exxon was not removable under (1) federal question jurisdiction
premised on federal common law; (2) the federal officer removal statute; or (3)
OCSLA. 83 F.4th 122 at 129. After Connecticut, the district court lifted its stay,
5 denied the City’s motion for remand without prejudice, and granted the City
leave to file a renewed motion for remand that took account of Connecticut.
The City’s renewed motion to remand requested Section 1447(c) costs and
fees. Exxon Mobil, 733 F. Supp. 3d at 304, 314. The defendants again opposed. Id.
The defendants renewed all but one of their arguments for federal jurisdiction.
Id. at 304 & n.2. They relinquished their argument premised on OCSLA, which
they conceded could not withstand Connecticut. See id.
The district court granted the motion for remand, ruling that all six of the
defendants’ remaining theories of federal jurisdiction failed. See id. at 303-04.
This appeal arises because the district court also granted “the City’s request for
costs and fees . . . as to five of the six bases for removal at issue.” Id. at 316. Per
the district court, these five were “not reasonable for Defendants to press when
the City renewed its motion for remand.” Id. Costs and fees were denied as to
the sixth basis for removal: diversity jurisdiction, arguing fraudulent joinder of a
peripheral New York entity. See id. While that argument “was not a winner,” the
district court “[could not] say that it was unreasonable for Defendants to press”
it. Id.
6 II.
We review a district court’s award of attorney’s fees and costs under
section 1447(c) for “abuse of discretion.” Calabro v. Aniqa Halal Live Poultry Corp.,
650 F.3d 163, 166 (2d Cir. 2011). “A district court has abused its discretion if it
based its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous
assessment of the evidence, or rendered a decision that cannot be located within
the range of permissible decisions.” Id. (citation omitted).
“[A]bsent unusual circumstances, attorney’s fees should not be awarded
when the removing party has an objectively reasonable basis for removal.”
Martin, 546 U.S. at 136. To be clear, “[a]bsent unusual circumstances, courts may
award attorney’s fees under § 1447(c) only where the removing party lacked an
objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal.” Id. at 141 (emphasis added).
“Conversely, when an objectively reasonable basis exists, fees should be denied.”
Calabro, 650 F.3d at 166 (quoting Martin, 546 U.S. at 141).
The district court, however, concluded that it has discretion to grant fees
under Section 1447(c) notwithstanding that the removing party had “an
objectively reasonable basis for removal,” because five objectively unreasonable
7 (alternative) grounds were pressed in opposition to remand. Exxon Mobil, 733 F.
Supp. at 314-16 (citation omitted).
That was error. As the Seventh Circuit recognized in Lott v. Pfizer, Inc.,
“[t]he only question” in the primary Martin inquiry is whether at least a single
basis for removal was “objectively reasonable.” 492 F.3d 789, 792 (7th Cir. 2007).
Lott reversed an award of Section 1447(c) costs and fees because one of the two
bases cited for removal was “objectively reasonable.” See id. And because one
basis was objectively reasonable, the Seventh Circuit held that it “need not
consider whether” the defendant’s other basis for removal “was also reasonable.”
Id. at 794.
Under Martin, a district court’s discretion to award Section 1447(c) fees
against a defendant who had one or more objectively reasonable bases for
removal is constrained: such an award is forbidden “[a]bsent unusual
circumstances.” Martin, 546 U.S. at 141. Accordingly, the award of fees here was
an abuse of discretion unless the court availed of the exception for “unusual
circumstances.”
As noted, the district court did not purport to have invoked “unusual
circumstances,” even though the City flagged the exception in its briefing below.
8 As Martin implies, a court that invokes “unusual circumstances” should explain
itself. Martin requires that the “reasons for departing from the general rule” in
“unusual circumstances” “should be faithful to the purposes of awarding fees
under § 1447(c).” Id. (citation omitted). And Martin recites with approval the
tenet that “when an issue is committed to judicial discretion, the judge’s decision
must be supported by a circumstance that has relevance to the issue at hand.”
Martin, 546 U.S. at 141 (quoting Milwaukee v. Cement Div., Nat. Gypsum Co., 515
U.S. 189, 196 n.8 (1995)).
Martin has thus given guidance as to when and how the “unusual
circumstances” exception may be invoked; but there is no sign in the district
court opinion that the court intended to invoke its limited discretion under that
exception, and exercise it. If, hypothetically, the district court did rely on
“unusual circumstances” here, the failure to justify the “depart[ure] from the
general rule” of Martin would frustrate meaningful appellate review. Id. That
itself would be an abuse of discretion.
III.
A second, independent ground for reversal is that the district court
erroneously assessed the objective reasonableness of removal as of “when the
9 City renewed its motion for remand,” Exxon Mobil, 733 F. Supp. at 316, and not as
of the 2021 removal. The district court faulted the defendants for their briefing
on the renewed remand motion “in October 2023,” after their arguments “had
previously been made to and universally rejected by federal courts across the
country.” Id. The district court reasoned that “[w]hatever may have been the
state of play in 2021,” that state of play did not bear upon the City’s motion for
Section 1447(c) fees. 1 See id. Crucially, however, the district court conceded that
“defendants may have removed this case in good faith in 2021.” Id. at 315.
The district court misapplied Martin. Absent unusual circumstances,
Martin allows fee awards only where the removal was objectively unreasonable
at the time of removal. 2 Martin holds that “when an objectively reasonable basis
1 Because the defendants conceded in 2023 that their seventh asserted basis for removal (OCSLA jurisdiction) had been foreclosed by Connecticut, the district court did not consider the “reasonableness” of the OCSLA argument at all (whether in 2021 or thereafter). See id. at 314-16 (assessing the “objective reasonableness” of only the six bases reasserted in the defendants’ opposition to the renewed remand motion). 2 The City suggests that the defendants have waived objection to the district
court’s choice of 2023 over 2021 when assessing the objective reasonableness of the defendants’ bases for removal. Even assuming that the City is correct, we may still decide the issue. “[I]t is a well-established general rule that an appellate court will not consider an issue raised for the first time on appeal.” Dean v. Blumenthal, 577 F.3d 60, 67 n.6 (2d Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). However, “this rule is prudential, not jurisdictional, and we have discretion to consider waived 10 exists, fees should be denied.” 546 U.S. at 141. In support of that proposition,
Martin cites Valdes v. Wal–Mart Stores, Inc., 199 F.3d 290, 293 (5th Cir. 2000), which
states at the page cited: “We evaluate the objective merits of removal at the time of
removal, irrespective of the fact that it might ultimately be determined that
removal was improper.” 199 F.3d at 293 (emphasis added); see also Lott, 492 F.3d
at 792 (observing that Martin approved of Valdes, which “applied the objectively
reasonable standard by examining the clarity of the law at the time the notice of
removal was filed” (emphasis added)).
Martin’s reliance on Valdes confirms what the rest of Martin indicates: that
the Section 1447(c) inquiry concerns the removal itself, not a party’s later opposition
to remand. Martin holds that “courts may award attorney’s fees under § 1447(c)
only where the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for seeking
removal.” 546 U.S. at 141 (emphasis added). Likewise, Martin directs courts to
look back in time to consider whether “the removing party lacked an objectively
reasonable basis.” Id. (emphasis added). Every court of appeals to address the
issue in a published opinion appears to have so concluded. See, e.g., Virgin
arguments,” especially where, as here, “the argument presents a question of law and there is no need for additional fact-finding.” Id. (cleaned up).
11 Islands Hous. Auth. v. Coastal Gen. Const. Servs. Corp., 27 F.3d 911, 917 (3d Cir.
1994); Ohio ex rel. Skaggs v. Brunner, 629 F.3d 527, 533 (6th Cir. 2010); Convent
Corp. v. City of North Little Rock, 784 F.3d 479, 483 (8th Cir. 2015); Lussier v. Dollar
Tree Stores, Inc., 518 F.3d 1062, 1066 (9th Cir. 2008); Martin v. Franklin Capital
Corp., 393 F.3d 1143, 1148, 1151 (10th Cir. 2004); Legg v. Wyeth, 428 F.3d 1317, 1320
(11th Cir. 2005). And a panel of this Court has agreed in a summary order. See
Williams v. Int’l Gun-A-Rama, 416 Fed. App’x 97, 99 (2d Cir. 2011) (“Objective
reasonableness is evaluated based on the circumstances as of the time that the
case was removed.”).
The City urges that a different rule should apply here because the
defendants were “given the opportunity to, in effect, re-do a notice of removal”
when they were given a second opportunity to brief remand in 2023. However, a
brief in opposition to a motion to remand does not remove a case; nor does a
brief in opposition to renewed motion for remand.
True, defendants maintained some of the grounds for removal for years as
courts nationwide rejected them. But parties often preserve arguments for
consideration, reconsideration, or review, and the Supreme Court has warned
against imposing sanctions for doing so. See McKnight v. Gen. Motors Corp., 511
12 U.S. 659, 659-60 (1994) (per curiam). Thus, “if the only basis for the order
imposing sanctions . . . was that [the] argument was foreclosed by Circuit
precedent, the order was not proper.” Id. at 660. Defendants here were not
obliged to abandon an argument they wished to preserve. In any event, the
district court never asked at all whether the five grounds that were “objectively
unreasonable” to assert in 2023 were “objectively unreasonable” at the time of
removal in 2021. No matter how one reads the district court opinion, the court
“based its ruling on an erroneous view of the law” and thereby abused its
discretion. Calabro, 650 F.3d at 166.
IV.
I would reverse. At the least, we should vacate and remand, with the
following pertinent observations.
What is frivolous in this case is the claim, not its removal. On remand, the
Supreme Court of New York County dismissed the underlying case on the
pleadings. As Justice Patel explained:
The City cannot have it both ways by, on one hand, asserting that consumers are aware of and commercially sensitive to the fact that fossil fuels cause climate change, and, on the other hand, that the same consumers are being duped by Defendants’ failure to disclose that their fossil fuel products emit greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. In this respect, the City’s allegation that
13 Defendants “conceal the central role of fossil fuels in causing climate change” is not cognizable where the City has otherwise conceded widespread public awareness of this information.
City of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 226 N.Y.S.3d 863 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2025).
Considering that summary dismissal was entered under the indulgent New York
pleading standard, the underlying complaint can be characterized as frivolous.
In any event, a party that uses a local consumer protection law to combat global
climate change should not be compensated on the premise that the other side is
filing frivolous papers.
* * *
I respectfully dissent.
Related
Cite This Page — Counsel Stack
The City of New York v. Exxon Mobil Corp., Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/the-city-of-new-york-v-exxon-mobil-corp-ca2-2025.