Worden, J.
Suit by Tenbroolc against Brown. Judgment for the plaintiff, who appeals in consequence of the smallness of the verdict and judgment.
Tenbj'ook was one of the heirs and distributees, through his mother, of Samuel Brown, deceased, and the defendant, Brown, was a son of the deceased, and his executor. The complaint sought distribution to the plaintiff of his share of the estate. The controversy in the case grew, mainly, out of the fact that the defendant claimed the most of the personal property, supposed to have been left by the deceased, as having been given to him by the deceased in his lifetime. '
We will notice the points relied upon in the brief of counsel for a reversal.
The first is, that the Courfr erred in overruling a demurrer to a paragraph of the defendant’s answer.
The demurrer in question assigned for cause none of the six specified causes of demurrer provided for by statute. It is a common law general demurrer, in the following form:
“Comes now said plaintiff and demurs to the second paragraph of the defendant’s answer, and says that the same is not sufficient in law to enable the defendant to sustain his said defense, or to bar the plaintiff’s complaint.”
In Lane v. The State, 7 Ind. 426, the Court held substantially such a demurrer to be bad, and that it should have been overruled, as not in compliance with the statute. Following that decision, we hold that no error was committed in overruling the demurrer, without examining the sufficiency of the pleading to which it was filed.
[412]*412At the proper time, the plaintiff asked the following instructions to the jury, viz.,
«4. That if the jury believe from the evidence that the property claimed as a gift by the defendant, was in the possession of the defendant as agent or manager for defendant’s father, before the time the gift is claimed to have been made, and no apparent change of ownership or control had taken place after that time, there is no valid gift.” This charge was refused as asked, but given, striking out the words, “there is no valid gift,” and adding, “it is evidence tending to prove that there had been no gift.”
“ 5. That if the jury believe from the evidence that the relation of parent and child existed between the donee and Samuel Brown, Sr., it is the duty of the jury to weigh well, and scrutinize closely, any facts in evidence tending to show.any undue influence, or improper exercise of authority, over the donor; and if the defendant has taken a gift under such circumstances from Ms father, the proof lies upon the defendant to show that he has dealt fairly with Ms father, as with a stranger, taking no advantage of Ms influence or knowledge.”
This charge was given as asked, with a slight alteration of phraseology, not affecting the substance, in this: instead of saying, “if the defendant has taken a gift under such circumstances,” it was made to read, “ if the defendant has taken a gift under undue influence, or ivnproper exercise of authority,” &c. The Court also added to the charge the following words: “but unfair dealing by the son is not to be presumed because the relation of father and son exists. The burden of proof of undue influence, or unfair dealing, is on the plaintiff.”
We are of opinion that the fourth charge, as asked, was properly refused; and that as given, it “was as favorable to the plaintiff as he could legally claim.
There can be no doubt that delivery is necessary to pass the title to a chattel by gift. Chancellor Kent says on this subject, “ Delivery in this, as in every other case, must be according to the nature' of the thing. It must be an actual delivery, so far as the subject is capable of delivery. It must [413]*413be secundam subjeetum materiam., and be the true and effectual way of obtaining the command and dominion of the subject. If the thing be not capable of actual delivery, there must be some act equivalent to it. The donor must part, not only with the possession, but with the dominion of the property.” 2 Kent’s Com., 3d Ed., p. 438.
Now, it seems clear enough that if the property in question was in the possession of the defendant, as agent or manager for Ms father, at the time of the gift, still, Ms father might execute to Mm a valid gift of the property while thus in Ms possession. The law clearly would not require, in such case, that the defendant should first surrender his actual possession to his father, in order that his father might redeliver the property to him in execution of the gift. It would seem that in such case the gift would be complete, if the father bestowed the property upon the defendant and relinquished all dominion and control over it, and recognized the defendant’s possession thereof as being in Ms own right; and if the defendant, on his part, accepted the gift, and retained possession of the property in virtue thereof’ with his father’s consent. Actual delivery could not be made, without first going through the useless formality of surrendering up possession, because possession was already in the defendant. Such acts as above indicated would seem to be equivalent to a delivery, and to be sufficient to vest the property in the. donee.
It seems to us that all this might have been done, and yet that there might not have been, in the language of the charge asked, any “ apparent change of ownership or control,” after the gift. The charge implies that there must have been such a change of ownership or control as would be “ apparent” to the world. The defendant, as is assumed in the charge, having the possession of the property at the time of the gift, we think the gift might be valid, although there was no such apparent change of the ownership or control thereof. There might have been a real change of ownership, and of the capacity in which the defendant controlled the property, which appearances would not necessarily indicate. This is a question between an heir of the donor and the donee. If the rights of creditors of the donor [414]*414Were involved, the question might admit of a different solution.
The fifth charge was given, in substance, as asked. The change of phraseology was well enough, for while it did not alter the meaning, it made that meaning more clear, and more easily understood by the jury. The additional matter-appended to the charge may be regarded as an independent charge given by the Court. The matter thus appended we regard as clearly right in point of law. We know of no principle or authority authorizing the presumption of unfair dealing, between father and son, to be drawn simply from the fact of that relationship. On the contrary, it is a general principle, that the burden of proving fraud, undue influence, or unfair dealing, rests upon him who alleges it.
The next point is, that the Court erred in admitting improper evidence to go to the jury. The evidence consisted of the defendant’s tax list of property. The evidence was offered, and though objected to by the plaintiff, was admitted.
The appellee makes the point that no exception was taken to the ruling in this respect. We have examined the record carefully, and find no such exception. In a general bill of exceptions filed in the cause we find the following statement: “Defendant then offered in evidence a sworn tax list of the property given in to the assessor of
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Worden, J.
Suit by Tenbroolc against Brown. Judgment for the plaintiff, who appeals in consequence of the smallness of the verdict and judgment.
Tenbj'ook was one of the heirs and distributees, through his mother, of Samuel Brown, deceased, and the defendant, Brown, was a son of the deceased, and his executor. The complaint sought distribution to the plaintiff of his share of the estate. The controversy in the case grew, mainly, out of the fact that the defendant claimed the most of the personal property, supposed to have been left by the deceased, as having been given to him by the deceased in his lifetime. '
We will notice the points relied upon in the brief of counsel for a reversal.
The first is, that the Courfr erred in overruling a demurrer to a paragraph of the defendant’s answer.
The demurrer in question assigned for cause none of the six specified causes of demurrer provided for by statute. It is a common law general demurrer, in the following form:
“Comes now said plaintiff and demurs to the second paragraph of the defendant’s answer, and says that the same is not sufficient in law to enable the defendant to sustain his said defense, or to bar the plaintiff’s complaint.”
In Lane v. The State, 7 Ind. 426, the Court held substantially such a demurrer to be bad, and that it should have been overruled, as not in compliance with the statute. Following that decision, we hold that no error was committed in overruling the demurrer, without examining the sufficiency of the pleading to which it was filed.
[412]*412At the proper time, the plaintiff asked the following instructions to the jury, viz.,
«4. That if the jury believe from the evidence that the property claimed as a gift by the defendant, was in the possession of the defendant as agent or manager for defendant’s father, before the time the gift is claimed to have been made, and no apparent change of ownership or control had taken place after that time, there is no valid gift.” This charge was refused as asked, but given, striking out the words, “there is no valid gift,” and adding, “it is evidence tending to prove that there had been no gift.”
“ 5. That if the jury believe from the evidence that the relation of parent and child existed between the donee and Samuel Brown, Sr., it is the duty of the jury to weigh well, and scrutinize closely, any facts in evidence tending to show.any undue influence, or improper exercise of authority, over the donor; and if the defendant has taken a gift under such circumstances from Ms father, the proof lies upon the defendant to show that he has dealt fairly with Ms father, as with a stranger, taking no advantage of Ms influence or knowledge.”
This charge was given as asked, with a slight alteration of phraseology, not affecting the substance, in this: instead of saying, “if the defendant has taken a gift under such circumstances,” it was made to read, “ if the defendant has taken a gift under undue influence, or ivnproper exercise of authority,” &c. The Court also added to the charge the following words: “but unfair dealing by the son is not to be presumed because the relation of father and son exists. The burden of proof of undue influence, or unfair dealing, is on the plaintiff.”
We are of opinion that the fourth charge, as asked, was properly refused; and that as given, it “was as favorable to the plaintiff as he could legally claim.
There can be no doubt that delivery is necessary to pass the title to a chattel by gift. Chancellor Kent says on this subject, “ Delivery in this, as in every other case, must be according to the nature' of the thing. It must be an actual delivery, so far as the subject is capable of delivery. It must [413]*413be secundam subjeetum materiam., and be the true and effectual way of obtaining the command and dominion of the subject. If the thing be not capable of actual delivery, there must be some act equivalent to it. The donor must part, not only with the possession, but with the dominion of the property.” 2 Kent’s Com., 3d Ed., p. 438.
Now, it seems clear enough that if the property in question was in the possession of the defendant, as agent or manager for Ms father, at the time of the gift, still, Ms father might execute to Mm a valid gift of the property while thus in Ms possession. The law clearly would not require, in such case, that the defendant should first surrender his actual possession to his father, in order that his father might redeliver the property to him in execution of the gift. It would seem that in such case the gift would be complete, if the father bestowed the property upon the defendant and relinquished all dominion and control over it, and recognized the defendant’s possession thereof as being in Ms own right; and if the defendant, on his part, accepted the gift, and retained possession of the property in virtue thereof’ with his father’s consent. Actual delivery could not be made, without first going through the useless formality of surrendering up possession, because possession was already in the defendant. Such acts as above indicated would seem to be equivalent to a delivery, and to be sufficient to vest the property in the. donee.
It seems to us that all this might have been done, and yet that there might not have been, in the language of the charge asked, any “ apparent change of ownership or control,” after the gift. The charge implies that there must have been such a change of ownership or control as would be “ apparent” to the world. The defendant, as is assumed in the charge, having the possession of the property at the time of the gift, we think the gift might be valid, although there was no such apparent change of the ownership or control thereof. There might have been a real change of ownership, and of the capacity in which the defendant controlled the property, which appearances would not necessarily indicate. This is a question between an heir of the donor and the donee. If the rights of creditors of the donor [414]*414Were involved, the question might admit of a different solution.
The fifth charge was given, in substance, as asked. The change of phraseology was well enough, for while it did not alter the meaning, it made that meaning more clear, and more easily understood by the jury. The additional matter-appended to the charge may be regarded as an independent charge given by the Court. The matter thus appended we regard as clearly right in point of law. We know of no principle or authority authorizing the presumption of unfair dealing, between father and son, to be drawn simply from the fact of that relationship. On the contrary, it is a general principle, that the burden of proving fraud, undue influence, or unfair dealing, rests upon him who alleges it.
The next point is, that the Court erred in admitting improper evidence to go to the jury. The evidence consisted of the defendant’s tax list of property. The evidence was offered, and though objected to by the plaintiff, was admitted.
The appellee makes the point that no exception was taken to the ruling in this respect. We have examined the record carefully, and find no such exception. In a general bill of exceptions filed in the cause we find the following statement: “Defendant then offered in evidence a sworn tax list of the property given in to the assessor of Reserve township, in-by Perry Brown. Plaintiff objects. Objection overruled. (Which tax list was never filed nor placed among the papers of the cause.)” This is all that appears in the bill of exceptions. Appended to the transcript is-an agreement of counsel setting out a description of the tax list, and stating that it was offered in'evidence for the purpose of showing that all the property on the place belonged to the defendant. That “it was objected to by the plaintiff, for the reason that it was manufacturing evidence for the defendant, and the objection was overruled, and that it is the same list referred to in the exceptions.”
This means, we suppose, that the list was the same as that referred to in (he bill of exceptions, for it is no where else referred to at all. It will be observed that neither the bill of exceptions nor the agreement states that any [415]*415exception, was taken to the ruling of the Court in admitting the evidence. No exception having been taken, there is no question properly before us, as to the admissibility of the evidence.
R. Maxwell, S. O. Wilson, L. Wallace and J. P. Usher, for the appellant.
J. M. Allen, U. G. Grain, J. E. McDonald and A. L. Lioache, for the appellee.
The next point assumes that the Court made verbal modifications and explanations of the charges given. A party has the right, if properly asserted, to have all modifications and explanations of charges reduced to writing, and if this should he refused, an exception might be taken to such refusal. McClay v. The State, 1 Ind. 385. In this case, however, it does not appear from the record that any such verbal explanations or modifications were made.
The only remaining point is, that the plaintiff was entitled to interest upon the amount due him, whatever that might he. There is no instruction in the record on the subject of interest, nor do we find that anjr was asked and refused. If there is any question before us as to interest, it arises on the evidence, upon which we see no good reason for disturbing the verdict and judgment.
Per Ouriam,.- — The judgment is affirmed, with costs.