By the Court
Nisbet, Judge.
This was an action of assumpsit, brought by the defendant in error against the plaintiff, to recover a bill of lumber. A bill of particulars was appended to plaintiff’s writ, which was admitted in evidence as his original entries, being first proven to be such by the oath of plaintiff, and proof being had also that the plaintiff was in the habit of keeping correct accounts. The lumber was delivered, it seems, in part by a person who swore that he kept memoranda of his sales, and reported them to the plaintiff; the plaintiff swearing that a part of the entries made in his account were made from the memoranda of his sawyer, as he reported to him ; the sawyer further proving that he did not act as clerk for the plaintiff, but only as his employee, to saw and deliver lumber.
The points of error taken, grew out of the admission of the plaintiff to prove his own account, and the admission of the account itself as a book of original entries ; and also out of the charge of the court in relation to the account.
The first error assigned is, that the plaintiff in the court below was permetitd to prove, by his own oath,that the. account sued upon was his
i [233]*233original entries, and that he had no other book of original entries. In disposing of this assignment, it is proper to premise, that the record discloses that plaintiff kept no clerk, and that the account proven, was the identical paper upon which the plaintiff made his original entries ; and that he made no other entries but these. The account contained various items of lumber, of different kinds, entered at different times, with the price of each item footed, and 25 per cent, upon the whole sum added— which addition of 25 per cent, made what is called, in the argument, the credit price of the lumber.
In many States of our Union, the admission of the parties’ own books and his own entries, has been authorized and regulated by statute, as in Vermont, Connecticut, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and some others. In almost all the rest, as in our own State, they have been admitted without statute authority, under the common law. This rule of evidence has been usually held a departure from the common law. I see not why it should be so held. Mr. Greenleaf says, in speaking of this kind of evidence : “ In general, its admission will be found in harmony with the rules of the common law, the entry being admitted only when it was evidently contemporaneous with the fact, and part of the res gestee.” — Greenleaf's Ev. sec. 118.
The testimony is admitted ex necessitate rei, and being the act of the party, should be received with great caution. The caution with which it has been admitted, is manifest in those limitations and restrictions which the courts have thrown around the rule. It is so carefully guarded that it can do no harm, and is fruitful of good, particularly to that class of small dealers whose business will not permit them to keep a clerk. The rule was at first limited to merchants and shopmen, but now embraces all persons having continuous dealings with another, and who have no other way of proving their accounts. In South Carolina, however, the books of shopkeepers, mechanics and tradesmen, are only admitted. — 2 Bay, 173; 2 McCord, 328 ; 4 McCord, 76.
The objections to books of original entries, are to their competency and their credibility. They are first to be submitted to the inspection of the court, and if found free from all fraudulent appearances or circumstances, such as material and gross alterations, false additions, &c., and appear to contain the first entries or charges by the party, made at or near the time of the transaction to be proved, they are competent. If the contrary is discoverable from the books themselves, or comes out upon the examination of the party, they ought to he rejected. The credibility, both of the books and of the party, is to be weighed by the jury,“and depends upon various circumstances, of which they are the judges. — 2 Mass. 221; 13 Mass. 427 ; 2 Conn. R. 633; 5 Conn. R. 443; 12 Johns. 461; Greenleaf's Ev. sec. 118-19; Cowen & Hill's Notes to 1 Phil. Ev. 266.
From the Roman law we have borrowed the “ juramentum suppleiivum the suppletory oath of the parly. By the Roman law, the books, regularly and fairly kept, in the usual manner, were deemed prima facie evidence of the justice of the claim, and the oath of the party was then admitted to make up the “ plena probado." So with us, when the books are found by the court to be regular and fair, by inspection, they lay the foundation for the suppletory oath. It is usual and necessary also, to require proof [234]*234from persons who have had dealings with the party, that he is in the habit of keeping correct accounts. And in some countries, as in Scotland, it is necessary to lay the foundation of all this testimony, by showing, by aliunde testimony, a course of dealing between the parties. Then the limitations of the rule are, that the books must appear to be the original entries of the party, made at, or nearly at the time, when the transaction to be proven occurred ; so near as to be part of the res gestee. The time at which the entries must be made, appears to depend very much upon the circumstances of each case. They must be free from all circumstances and appearances which, indicate a fraudulent intent. They must be supported by the suppletory oath of the party, and by proof aliunde, that he is in the habit of keeping correct accounts. — See Greenleaf’s Ev. sec. 118-19, and notes.
Do the facts in this case bring it within the rule ? We think they do. There are no appearances on the face of the account, which make it incompetent. It is in the hand-writing of the party, and is a fair statement, in the usual manner of an account, with date, quantity, and price. The entries are proven to have been made at, or nearly at, the time that the lumber was delivered. The party kept no clerk, and these were the only entries made of the sale and delivery of the lumber. It was also proven that the plaintiff kept correct accounts.
It is objected, -however, there was no book in this case of original entries proven, but* only, the plaintiff’s bill of particulars. It is true, there -was no book proven ;'but it was proven that the identical paper containing the account, and attached to the writ as a bill of particulars, was the original paper and entries thereon of the party ; he kept no other.' It- is not material whether the entries be made in a book or on a separate sheet. " It is only material that they be an account of the dealing between the parties, and be primary and original.
It is also objected, that a part of the entries were made, as proven by the plaintiff, from memoranda furnished him by tbe sawyer who delivered the lumber. The sawyer was the agent of the plaintiff" for delivering it, and no more. He kept no books, but reported to the plaintiff the transactions as they occurred ; and from these reports, according to the testimony, he made his entries. This fact constitutes no departure from the rule. The delivery of the lumber by the plaintiff’s agent, his memoranda reported to him, and the plaintiff’s entries, made at once from these memoranda, all make up the res gestee. Entries transcribed from a slate have been admitted as original entries. — 13 Mass. Rep. 428.
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By the Court
Nisbet, Judge.
This was an action of assumpsit, brought by the defendant in error against the plaintiff, to recover a bill of lumber. A bill of particulars was appended to plaintiff’s writ, which was admitted in evidence as his original entries, being first proven to be such by the oath of plaintiff, and proof being had also that the plaintiff was in the habit of keeping correct accounts. The lumber was delivered, it seems, in part by a person who swore that he kept memoranda of his sales, and reported them to the plaintiff; the plaintiff swearing that a part of the entries made in his account were made from the memoranda of his sawyer, as he reported to him ; the sawyer further proving that he did not act as clerk for the plaintiff, but only as his employee, to saw and deliver lumber.
The points of error taken, grew out of the admission of the plaintiff to prove his own account, and the admission of the account itself as a book of original entries ; and also out of the charge of the court in relation to the account.
The first error assigned is, that the plaintiff in the court below was permetitd to prove, by his own oath,that the. account sued upon was his
i [233]*233original entries, and that he had no other book of original entries. In disposing of this assignment, it is proper to premise, that the record discloses that plaintiff kept no clerk, and that the account proven, was the identical paper upon which the plaintiff made his original entries ; and that he made no other entries but these. The account contained various items of lumber, of different kinds, entered at different times, with the price of each item footed, and 25 per cent, upon the whole sum added— which addition of 25 per cent, made what is called, in the argument, the credit price of the lumber.
In many States of our Union, the admission of the parties’ own books and his own entries, has been authorized and regulated by statute, as in Vermont, Connecticut, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and some others. In almost all the rest, as in our own State, they have been admitted without statute authority, under the common law. This rule of evidence has been usually held a departure from the common law. I see not why it should be so held. Mr. Greenleaf says, in speaking of this kind of evidence : “ In general, its admission will be found in harmony with the rules of the common law, the entry being admitted only when it was evidently contemporaneous with the fact, and part of the res gestee.” — Greenleaf's Ev. sec. 118.
The testimony is admitted ex necessitate rei, and being the act of the party, should be received with great caution. The caution with which it has been admitted, is manifest in those limitations and restrictions which the courts have thrown around the rule. It is so carefully guarded that it can do no harm, and is fruitful of good, particularly to that class of small dealers whose business will not permit them to keep a clerk. The rule was at first limited to merchants and shopmen, but now embraces all persons having continuous dealings with another, and who have no other way of proving their accounts. In South Carolina, however, the books of shopkeepers, mechanics and tradesmen, are only admitted. — 2 Bay, 173; 2 McCord, 328 ; 4 McCord, 76.
The objections to books of original entries, are to their competency and their credibility. They are first to be submitted to the inspection of the court, and if found free from all fraudulent appearances or circumstances, such as material and gross alterations, false additions, &c., and appear to contain the first entries or charges by the party, made at or near the time of the transaction to be proved, they are competent. If the contrary is discoverable from the books themselves, or comes out upon the examination of the party, they ought to he rejected. The credibility, both of the books and of the party, is to be weighed by the jury,“and depends upon various circumstances, of which they are the judges. — 2 Mass. 221; 13 Mass. 427 ; 2 Conn. R. 633; 5 Conn. R. 443; 12 Johns. 461; Greenleaf's Ev. sec. 118-19; Cowen & Hill's Notes to 1 Phil. Ev. 266.
From the Roman law we have borrowed the “ juramentum suppleiivum the suppletory oath of the parly. By the Roman law, the books, regularly and fairly kept, in the usual manner, were deemed prima facie evidence of the justice of the claim, and the oath of the party was then admitted to make up the “ plena probado." So with us, when the books are found by the court to be regular and fair, by inspection, they lay the foundation for the suppletory oath. It is usual and necessary also, to require proof [234]*234from persons who have had dealings with the party, that he is in the habit of keeping correct accounts. And in some countries, as in Scotland, it is necessary to lay the foundation of all this testimony, by showing, by aliunde testimony, a course of dealing between the parties. Then the limitations of the rule are, that the books must appear to be the original entries of the party, made at, or nearly at the time, when the transaction to be proven occurred ; so near as to be part of the res gestee. The time at which the entries must be made, appears to depend very much upon the circumstances of each case. They must be free from all circumstances and appearances which, indicate a fraudulent intent. They must be supported by the suppletory oath of the party, and by proof aliunde, that he is in the habit of keeping correct accounts. — See Greenleaf’s Ev. sec. 118-19, and notes.
Do the facts in this case bring it within the rule ? We think they do. There are no appearances on the face of the account, which make it incompetent. It is in the hand-writing of the party, and is a fair statement, in the usual manner of an account, with date, quantity, and price. The entries are proven to have been made at, or nearly at, the time that the lumber was delivered. The party kept no clerk, and these were the only entries made of the sale and delivery of the lumber. It was also proven that the plaintiff kept correct accounts.
It is objected, -however, there was no book in this case of original entries proven, but* only, the plaintiff’s bill of particulars. It is true, there -was no book proven ;'but it was proven that the identical paper containing the account, and attached to the writ as a bill of particulars, was the original paper and entries thereon of the party ; he kept no other.' It- is not material whether the entries be made in a book or on a separate sheet. " It is only material that they be an account of the dealing between the parties, and be primary and original.
It is also objected, that a part of the entries were made, as proven by the plaintiff, from memoranda furnished him by tbe sawyer who delivered the lumber. The sawyer was the agent of the plaintiff" for delivering it, and no more. He kept no books, but reported to the plaintiff the transactions as they occurred ; and from these reports, according to the testimony, he made his entries. This fact constitutes no departure from the rule. The delivery of the lumber by the plaintiff’s agent, his memoranda reported to him, and the plaintiff’s entries, made at once from these memoranda, all make up the res gestee. Entries transcribed from a slate have been admitted as original entries. — 13 Mass. Rep. 428. The reason given is, that entries on a slate are mere memoranda, not designed to be permanent.
The 4th assignment of error is to the effect, that the account of original entries was improperly admitted, because it was not sufficiently proven that the plaintiff kept correct books. The evidence was, that the witnesses had dealings with the plaintiff; that they had settled with him upon presentation of their accounts ; and that they found those accounts correct. The exception is, that no book of accounts was proven to have been correctly kept by the plaintiff. If, as we have attempted to show, it is immaterial whether the original entries were kept in a book or on a separate sheet, then it is not necessary to prove that the plaintiff kept correct accounts in a book. The object of this testimony is to fortify the evi[235]*235dence of the plaintiff’s original entries, by showing a habit of fair dealing, in like transactions, with others, on his part. In our judgment, there was no error in the decision of the court below on this point.
Again : it is charged as error that the court instructed the jury that, if the lumber was delivered to the order of the defendant, and the bills were in writing, and they were afterwards countermanded, they were at liberty to make their own inference, as to whether they were countermanded in writing or verbally.
All the evidence relative to the countermanding the bills, found in the record, is the following, to wit: “ The lumber was ordered by bills, which bills themselves were frequently countermanded, when it was found that the lumber did not suit.” Whether countermanded in writing, or verbally, does not appear from the record. It was certainly the duty of the court to submit this testimony to the jury, and they were properly instructed to infer from it whether the bills were countermanded in writing or verbally. It is the duty of the jury to weigh the testimony, and apply it to the case, equitably and reasonably. It certainly is no part of the duty of the court to instruct the jury what construction they are to put upon the facts submitted to their consideration. This would be to usurp the rights of the jury. We cannot see how the defendant could be aggrieved by this charge of the court, as it seems to us to be rather in hisfp^^gtetherwise. There was no error in it.
The last assignment of error is founded theoSSa|to instruct the jury, as desired by the defendant, Atme plaintiff coubl.fiot recover more than the price of the lumber, as chSipitdreTi S^^tljp'irticulars, and on the instruction of the court in fact aivMj to wit: That if they believed the lumber was charged at the cash «¡'ice, and Aha •^í^üntí'was presented with the expectation of its being pM SrSe^^re^ílíi^pnd it was not paid, that they could find at the credif^ice, by adfijssfu to the bill of particulars.” We find no evidence in the recoMIlfesifiThe cash and credit price of the lumber, except what appears on the plaintiff’s account itself: that, as it stands, is evidence ; and it exhibits the price of each item, which we are left to infer is the cash price, referred to by the court. Also, it exhibits one-fourth of the aggregate sum added in one item, and this aggregate sum, with the one-fourth added, we infer is the credit price, spoken of by the court. Thus in the dark upon this point, we can only suppose that the court, in declining to charge as requested, and in charging as it did, intended to leave the jury free to consider of the account as it stood before them, and to find either the larger or less sum, as they might believe right. That is, to find the aggregate amount of the bill of particulars, either with or without the one-fourth added. Upon this view of the matter, we think the court did not err, and confirm the judgment below, upon all the points taken in the bill of exceptions.