FRYE, Justice.
The sole question on this appeal is whether a trial court, in ruling on a motion for attorney’s fees in a child custody and support action, may determine that a party has sufficient means to defray the cost of the action without considering the estate of the other party. We answer in the affirmative and reverse the Court of Appeals’ decision to the contrary.
The following facts and circumstances are pertinent to this appeal. John Anderson Taylor, Jr. (plaintiff) and Dulcia G. Taylor (defendant) were married on 30 December 1981 and separated on or about 7 May 1990. Two children were born of the marriage. Pursuant to a separation and property settlement agreement entered into by [52]*52the parties on 22 March 1991, defendant received the marital home valued at $200,000, the furniture contained in the marital home, and a distributive award of $1,036,307. Plaintiff was responsible for the monthly mortgage payments on the home in the amount of $1,436.65. Also, pursuant to the separation and property settlement agreement, the parties entered into a shared legal custody arrangement for their two children, with primary physical custody being with defendant.
On 10 May 1991, plaintiff filed a verified complaint for absolute divorce; and on 10 June 1991, defendant filed an answer and counterclaim, seeking primary physical custody of their two children, child support, and the costs of the action. Judge Margaret L. Sharpe granted the parties an absolute divorce on 18 July 1991; and on 6 December 1991, Judge R. Kason Keiger signed an interim child support order consented to by the parties and decreeing that
in lieu of a child support order in a sum certain . . . [p]laintiff will insure that funds are made available from applicable trusts or otherwise to continue to pay the children’s educational expenses . . . until such time as a final determination is made as to the issues of custody and child support.
Hearings on the issues of child support, child custody, and attorney’s fees took place in August and October of 1993. In an order signed 23 January 1994 and filed 24 January 1994, Judge Chester C. Davis found as fact that “[d]efendant’s answer and counterclaim . . . did request attorney’s fees on August 20, 1993”; that “defendant has paid $13,305.55 to her attorneys in this child support action and that $85,895.56 is still owed the attorneys for services rendered”; that “after deducting the expenses of a loan incurred by the defendant, she has a reasonably liquid estate of $666,581, a home now having an approximate value of $350,000, two cars, and furniture all of which have an approximate total value of 1.1 million dollars”; that “the defendant is an interested party”; that “the defendant was acting in good faith”; and that “defendant ha[s] sufficient means to defray the expenses of this lawsuit.”
The trial court then concluded as a matter of law, inter alia, that based on its findings of fact, “[d]efendant has sufficient means to defer [sic] the expense of this litigation and therefore, that defendant is not entitled to attorneys’ fees.” Based on these findings and conclusions, the trial court ordered, inter alia, that “[defendant shall have and recover no attorneys’ fees from plaintiff.”
[53]*53Both plaintiff and defendant appealed to the Court of Appeals from the order entered 24 January 1994 in District Court, Forsyth County. The Court of Appeals reversed the order for retroactive and prospective child support and remanded those issues to the trial court for reconsideration. However, the panel divided as to the issue of attorney’s fees. Concluding that the trial court erred in deciding that defendant was not entitled to an award of attorney’s fees based solely on defendant’s financial condition, the majority of the panel remanded the order denying an award of attorney’s fees to the trial court for consideration of the relative estates of the parties.
Judge Lewis dissented as to the decision of the majority of the panel on the issue of attorney’s fees. Judge Lewis disagreed with the majority’s conclusion that the trial court was required in this case to consider the relative estates of the parties in determining whether the party seeking attorney’s fees had insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit. He also disagreed that requiring this defendant to pay her own attorney’s fees constitutes an unreasonable depletion of her estate.
Plaintiff appeals to this Court based on Judge Lewis’ dissenting opinion. On this appeal, plaintiff argues that the Court of Appeals erred in rejecting the trial court’s determination that defendant had sufficient means to defray her litigation expenses because (1) the evidence established that defendant’s monthly income exceeds her monthly expenses; and (2) it is not unreasonable for defendant to pay her litigation costs from her estate, which is substantial and primarily liquid. Therefore, plaintiff contends that the majority of the panel of the Court of Appeals is legally incorrect in requiring trial courts as a matter of law to consider the relative estates of the parties in determining whether the party seeking attorney’s fees in a child custody and support action has insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit.
The relevant statute, N.C.G.S. § 50-13.6, provides in pertinent part:
In an action or proceeding for the custody or support, or both, of a minor child, . . . the court may in its discretion order payment of reasonable attorney’s fees to an interested party acting in good faith who has insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit. Before ordering payment of a fee in a support action, the court must find as a fact that the party ordered to furnish support has refused to provide support which is adequate under the circum[54]*54stances existing at the time of the institution of the action or proceeding..
N.C.G.S. § 50-13.6 (1991). We have interpreted this provision as requiring that before attorney’s fees can be taxed in an action for custody or in an action for custody and support, the facts required by the statute — that the party seeking the award is (1) an interested party acting in good faith, and (2) has insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit — must be both alleged and proved. Hudson v. Hudson, 299 N.C. 465, 472, 263 S.E.2d 719, 723 (1980). A party has insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit when he or she is “unable to employ adequate counsel in order to proceed as litigant to meet the other spouse as litigant in the suit.” Id. at 474, 263 S.E.2d at 725. If the action is one for support only, an additional finding must be made that “the party ordered to furnish support has refused to provide support which is adequate under the circumstances existing at the time of the institution of the action or proceeding.” Id. at 472-73, 263 S.E.2d at 724. “Whether these statutory requirements have been met is a question of law, reviewable on appeal.” Id. at 472, 263 S.E.2d at 724.
The instant action is properly characterized as one for “custody and support” because both the custody and support actions were before the trial court in August and October of 1993, the times the case was called for trial. Lawrence v. Tise, 107 N.C. App. 140, 153, 419 S.E.2d 176, 184 (1992).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FRYE, Justice.
The sole question on this appeal is whether a trial court, in ruling on a motion for attorney’s fees in a child custody and support action, may determine that a party has sufficient means to defray the cost of the action without considering the estate of the other party. We answer in the affirmative and reverse the Court of Appeals’ decision to the contrary.
The following facts and circumstances are pertinent to this appeal. John Anderson Taylor, Jr. (plaintiff) and Dulcia G. Taylor (defendant) were married on 30 December 1981 and separated on or about 7 May 1990. Two children were born of the marriage. Pursuant to a separation and property settlement agreement entered into by [52]*52the parties on 22 March 1991, defendant received the marital home valued at $200,000, the furniture contained in the marital home, and a distributive award of $1,036,307. Plaintiff was responsible for the monthly mortgage payments on the home in the amount of $1,436.65. Also, pursuant to the separation and property settlement agreement, the parties entered into a shared legal custody arrangement for their two children, with primary physical custody being with defendant.
On 10 May 1991, plaintiff filed a verified complaint for absolute divorce; and on 10 June 1991, defendant filed an answer and counterclaim, seeking primary physical custody of their two children, child support, and the costs of the action. Judge Margaret L. Sharpe granted the parties an absolute divorce on 18 July 1991; and on 6 December 1991, Judge R. Kason Keiger signed an interim child support order consented to by the parties and decreeing that
in lieu of a child support order in a sum certain . . . [p]laintiff will insure that funds are made available from applicable trusts or otherwise to continue to pay the children’s educational expenses . . . until such time as a final determination is made as to the issues of custody and child support.
Hearings on the issues of child support, child custody, and attorney’s fees took place in August and October of 1993. In an order signed 23 January 1994 and filed 24 January 1994, Judge Chester C. Davis found as fact that “[d]efendant’s answer and counterclaim . . . did request attorney’s fees on August 20, 1993”; that “defendant has paid $13,305.55 to her attorneys in this child support action and that $85,895.56 is still owed the attorneys for services rendered”; that “after deducting the expenses of a loan incurred by the defendant, she has a reasonably liquid estate of $666,581, a home now having an approximate value of $350,000, two cars, and furniture all of which have an approximate total value of 1.1 million dollars”; that “the defendant is an interested party”; that “the defendant was acting in good faith”; and that “defendant ha[s] sufficient means to defray the expenses of this lawsuit.”
The trial court then concluded as a matter of law, inter alia, that based on its findings of fact, “[d]efendant has sufficient means to defer [sic] the expense of this litigation and therefore, that defendant is not entitled to attorneys’ fees.” Based on these findings and conclusions, the trial court ordered, inter alia, that “[defendant shall have and recover no attorneys’ fees from plaintiff.”
[53]*53Both plaintiff and defendant appealed to the Court of Appeals from the order entered 24 January 1994 in District Court, Forsyth County. The Court of Appeals reversed the order for retroactive and prospective child support and remanded those issues to the trial court for reconsideration. However, the panel divided as to the issue of attorney’s fees. Concluding that the trial court erred in deciding that defendant was not entitled to an award of attorney’s fees based solely on defendant’s financial condition, the majority of the panel remanded the order denying an award of attorney’s fees to the trial court for consideration of the relative estates of the parties.
Judge Lewis dissented as to the decision of the majority of the panel on the issue of attorney’s fees. Judge Lewis disagreed with the majority’s conclusion that the trial court was required in this case to consider the relative estates of the parties in determining whether the party seeking attorney’s fees had insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit. He also disagreed that requiring this defendant to pay her own attorney’s fees constitutes an unreasonable depletion of her estate.
Plaintiff appeals to this Court based on Judge Lewis’ dissenting opinion. On this appeal, plaintiff argues that the Court of Appeals erred in rejecting the trial court’s determination that defendant had sufficient means to defray her litigation expenses because (1) the evidence established that defendant’s monthly income exceeds her monthly expenses; and (2) it is not unreasonable for defendant to pay her litigation costs from her estate, which is substantial and primarily liquid. Therefore, plaintiff contends that the majority of the panel of the Court of Appeals is legally incorrect in requiring trial courts as a matter of law to consider the relative estates of the parties in determining whether the party seeking attorney’s fees in a child custody and support action has insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit.
The relevant statute, N.C.G.S. § 50-13.6, provides in pertinent part:
In an action or proceeding for the custody or support, or both, of a minor child, . . . the court may in its discretion order payment of reasonable attorney’s fees to an interested party acting in good faith who has insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit. Before ordering payment of a fee in a support action, the court must find as a fact that the party ordered to furnish support has refused to provide support which is adequate under the circum[54]*54stances existing at the time of the institution of the action or proceeding..
N.C.G.S. § 50-13.6 (1991). We have interpreted this provision as requiring that before attorney’s fees can be taxed in an action for custody or in an action for custody and support, the facts required by the statute — that the party seeking the award is (1) an interested party acting in good faith, and (2) has insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit — must be both alleged and proved. Hudson v. Hudson, 299 N.C. 465, 472, 263 S.E.2d 719, 723 (1980). A party has insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit when he or she is “unable to employ adequate counsel in order to proceed as litigant to meet the other spouse as litigant in the suit.” Id. at 474, 263 S.E.2d at 725. If the action is one for support only, an additional finding must be made that “the party ordered to furnish support has refused to provide support which is adequate under the circumstances existing at the time of the institution of the action or proceeding.” Id. at 472-73, 263 S.E.2d at 724. “Whether these statutory requirements have been met is a question of law, reviewable on appeal.” Id. at 472, 263 S.E.2d at 724.
The instant action is properly characterized as one for “custody and support” because both the custody and support actions were before the trial court in August and October of 1993, the times the case was called for trial. Lawrence v. Tise, 107 N.C. App. 140, 153, 419 S.E.2d 176, 184 (1992). “This is so despite the fact that the parties ‘quickly settled’ the issue of custody.” Id. Therefore, the trial judge, pursuant to the first sentence of N.C.G.S. § 50-13.6, had the discretion to award attorney’s fees to defendant upon findings that (1) defendant was an interested party acting in good faith, and (2) defendant had insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit.
The trial judge made findings pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 50-13.6 for a child custody and support suit. The trial court found that defendant was an interested party and that she was acting in good faith, and plaintiff does not challenge these findings. However, after considering the testimony on defendant’s financial condition, the trial court found that defendant had sufficient means to defray the expense of the action. Defendant contends, essentially, that the trial court cannot make this determination without considering the relative estates of the parties. Plaintiff, on the other hand, contends that such a determination can be made without a comparison of the estates of the parties. We agree with plaintiff.
[55]*55The record reveals that defendant had a monthly income of $3,959; expenses for the children of $596; and expenses for herself, excluding attorney’s fees, of $2,886. Thus, defendant’s monthly income exceeded her monthly expenses, excluding attorney’s fees, by $477. The record also reveals that at the time the parties entered into the separation and property settlement agreement, defendant had no debts and her estate was valued at approximately $1.2 million.
The record further reveals that at the time of the hearing in this matter, defendant had hired four attorneys. Defendant paid the first attorney $5000. The total bill for service rendered by her second attorney was $6770, of which $950 remained due. Defendant further paid $13,305.55 to her other two attorneys and still owed $85,895.56 for services rendered by them. The record also shows that approximately $6000 in deposition and hearing transcripts costs incurred by defendant were taxed to plaintiff.
The evidence supported the trial court’s finding that defendant had the means to defray her litigation expenses. Defendant’s estate, which is primarily liquid, was sufficient to pay these expenses; and no unreasonable depletion of her estate would be required to pay them. The trial court’s findings of fact thus support the conclusion that an award of attorney’s fees was not necessary to make it possible for defendant to employ adequate counsel to enable her, as litigant, to meet plaintiff in the suit. Hudson, 299 N.C. at 474, 263 S.E.2d at 725; see also Rickert v. Rickert, 282 N.C. 373, 193 S.E.2d 79 (1972) (award of attorney’s fees in alimony pendente lite, child custody, and support action reversed despite fact that husband’s estate was much larger than wife’s estate); Lawrence v. Tise, 107 N.C. App. 140, 419 S.E.2d 176 (order denying attorney’s fees reversed in child custody and support action where evidence showed that mother’s income from her law practice was not sufficient to pay her litigation expenses and that her monthly expenses exceeded her gross income); Savani v. Savani, 102 N.C. App. 496, 403 S.E.2d 900 (1991) (award of attorney’s fees in child custody and support action affirmed where plaintiff’s reasonable expenses exceeded her income); Cobb v. Cobb, 79 N.C. App. 592, 339 S.E.2d 825 (1986) (award of attorney’s fees in alimony, child custody, and support action affirmed where plaintiff currently had no liquid assets; her actual current income had not met her living expenses; and plaintiff would be forced to sell her only remaining asset, the former marital residence, in order to pay her attorney’s fees).
[56]*56Defendant relies on this Court’s decision in Clark v. Clark, 301 N.C. 123, 271 S.E.2d 58 (1980). Defendant argues that Clark is controlling on this issue and that Clark requires that the trial court consider the relative estates of the parties in determining whether a party has sufficient means to defray the cost of litigation. However, we conclude .that Clark is not controlling in this case. Clark involves the issue of the amount of attorney’s fees, not the threshold question of whether any attorney’s fees should have been awarded. Further, Clark is based on an award of attorney’s fees in an alimony action under N.C.G.S. § 50-16.3(a), which requires a determination that one spouse is a supporting spouse and the other a dependent spouse. This determination usually requires a comparison of the parties’ estates. N.C.G.S. § 50-13.6, the statute involved in the instant case, does not include this requirement.
The primary rule of statutory construction is that the intent of the legislature controls the interpretation of a statute. Derebery v. Pitt County Fire Marshall, 318 N.C. 192, 196, 347 S.E.2d 814, 817 (1986). To determine this intent,- the courts should consider the language of the statute, the spirit of the act, and what the act seeks to accomplish. Id. In the instant case, the language of the statute does not require that a trial court consider the relative estates of the parties in determining whether to award attorney’s fees in child custody and support actions.
The rationale of Justice Whichard’s dissenting opinion seems to be that, even though N.C.G.S. § 50-13.6 contains no requirement that a trial court compare the relative estates of the parties in determining whether to award attorney’s fees in child custody and support actions, we should read this requirement into the statute in order that the rule might be the same for alimony and child custody and support actions. However, we believe that this change, if it is to be made, is one for legislative attention.
We again note that the legislature, in enacting N.C.G.S. § 50-13.6, set different standards in actions for support and in actions for custody and support. In an action for custody and support, the statute requires that the party seeking the award of attorney’s fees allege and prove that he or she is an interested party acting in good faith and without sufficient means to defray the expense of the suit. Hudson, 299 N.C. at 472, 263 S.E.2d at 723. However, if the action is one for support only, the party seeking support must also allege and prove that “the party ordered to furnish support has refused to provide sup[57]*57port which is adequate under the circumstances existing at the time of the institution of the action or proceeding.” Id. at 472-73, 263 S.E.2d at 724. Thus, in enacting § 50-13.6, the legislature recognized a distinction between an action for support only and an action for custody and support.
We further note that an award of attorney’s fees in an alimony action under N.C.G.S. §§ 50-16.3 and 50-16.4 requires a determination that one spouse is a supporting spouse and the other a dependent spouse. N.C.G.S. § 50-16.3 provides in pertinent part:
(a) A dependent spouse who is a party to an action for absolute divorce, divorce from bed and board, annulment, or alimony without divorce, shall be entitled to an order for alimony pendente lite when:
(1) It shall appear from all the evidence presented . . . that such spouse is entitled to the relief demanded by such spouse in the action in which the application for alimony pendente lite is made, and
(2) It shall appear that the dependent spouse has not sufficient means whereon to subsist during the prosecution or defense of the suit and to defray the necessary expenses thereof.
Furthermore, N.C.G.S. § 50-16.4 provides in pertinent part:
At any time that a dependent spouse would be entitled to alimony pendente lite pursuant to G.S. 50-16.3, the court may . . . enter an order for reasonable counsel fees for the benefit of such spouse. . . .
We conclude that the determination of whether a party is a dependent spouse or a supporting spouse requires a comparison of the parties’ estates. We do not believe that the determination of whether a party has sufficient means to defray the necessary expenses of the action requires a comparison of the relative estates of the parties.
N.C.G.S. § 50-13.6, the controlling statute on award of attorney’s fees in child custody and support actions, does not require a determination that one spouse is a dependent spouse and the other a supporting spouse. Since N.C.G.S. § 50-13.6 does not require the parties to allege or prove that one spouse is a dependent spouse and the other a supporting spouse, there is no need to compare the parties’ relative estates when considering whether to award attorney’s fees in child custody and support actions.
[58]*58Additionally, in the custody and support action, one parent seeks support for the child or children from the other parent, whose relationship may extend from that of a formal marital or long-term familial relationship to that of the casual acquaintance. On the other hand, the typical alimony case involves a spouse seeking to dissolve a relationship in which the dependent spouse has in some way contributed to the building of the estate of the supporting spouse from whom alimony and attorney’s fees are sought. Thus, the dependent spouse is seeking alimony and attorney’s fees from the estate to which he or she has contributed in some way during the familial relationship that is now being dissolved.
The General Assembly may have recognized these distinctions when it decided to include the award of attorney’s fees in these different types of actions in different statutory provisions. If so, then the spirit of the act and what we believe the act seeks to accomplish would be disregarded if we interpreted the statute as do Chief Justice Mitchell and Justice Whichard. Accordingly, we conclude that there is some justification to support a legislative determination that the standard in custody and support actions should be different from the standard in alimony actions.
Further, we believe that our courts are fully capable of applying the holding in this case with “fairness to litigants and fulfillment of perceived legislative intent.” We do not believe that our courts will apply this holding with the “literal starkness” mentioned in Justice Whichard’s dissenting opinion. Accordingly, we decline to read into the statute a requirement that the trial court must compare the relative estates of the parties in determining whether to award attorney’s fees in child custody and support actions.
For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the Court of Appeals on the issue of attorney’s fees is reversed, and the case is remanded to that court for further remand to the trial court for reinstatement of that portion of the trial court’s order denying defendant’s request for attorney’s fees. We do not decide, of course, whether defendant’s condition may have changed since the date of the trial court’s order so as to entitle her to attorney’s fees after that date.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.