Steinberg v. Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board

87 Cal. App. 3d 582, 151 Cal. Rptr. 133, 1978 Cal. App. LEXIS 2219

• Court: California Court of Appeal
• Decided: December 20, 1978
• Docket: Civ. 53093
• Status: Published

Opinions

Opinion

STEPHENS, J.

This appeal follows denial of a petition for writ of mandate.

Steinberg was employed by American Mailing Service for some period over four months prior to February 4, 1976, as a clerk-typist. On the 4th of February her employment ceased and the issue is whether she was terminated without cause or whether she “constructive voluntary quit.”

Steinberg did not get along well with her coworkers; they, in the main, all being related to the employer, a Mr. Spero. The only person with whom she worked well was a Mrs. Wolf. This inability to work with the others resulted in Steinberg’s withdrawal from any interaction with anyone other than Mrs. Wolf. On the 4th, however, one employee, who had some 10 years’ experience in the company, approached Steinberg and mumbled something to her.¹ Steinberg continued working and did not respond. Mrs. Wolf injected a directive to Steinberg to respond to the other employee and Steinberg stated that she refused to talk to the employee because it adversely affected her health and made her ill. Mrs. Wolf reported this to Spero. He talked to Steinberg about the situation, then gave her the option of either speaking to the coworker or discontinuing her employment. Steinberg chose not to speak to the other employee.

Did Steinberg’s employment terminate under the doctrine of “constructive voluntary quit” as found by the administrative law judge, the California Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board and the superior court judge. The answer is in the negative.

Here the employer was aware that Steinberg was suffering from emotional stress and had taken time off for that condition. It was also known that Steinberg had not spoken to this coemployee for several months. On the 4th of February, 1976, however the ultimatum of converse or terminate was presented and Steinberg elected not to jeopardize her health by communicating, though she desired to remain an employee.

It is conceded that the doctrine of constructive voluntary quit is an outgrowth of employment situations where a license or union membership is a necessity for employment. The doctrine was an expression of the qualification for continued employment. In such instances, though termination would appear to be the act of the employer; nevertheless, the terminated employee could not receive unemployment benefits. Stein-berg does not quarrel with the proper application of the rule, quoting from Employment Development Department, Benefit Determination Guide, at VQ 135.14-1 (1976):

“A claimant is said to have constructively quit his job when, although discharged by the employer, the claimant himself set in motion the chain of events which resulted in the employer’s having no choice except to terminate him.

“A ll three of the following elements must be present before it can be said that a claimant has constructively quit his job.

“1. The claimant voluntarily committed an act which

“2. made it impossible for the employer to utilize his services, and

“3. the claimant knew or reasonably should have known the act would jeopardize his job and possibly result in the loss of his employment.” (Italics in original.)

As we review the record here, items one and three of the criteria have been met. Not so the second.

The Unemployment Insurance Code sets out two general grounds for disqualifying a claimant for benefits: “An individual is disqualified for unemployment compensation benefits if the director finds that he [1] left his most recent work voluntarily without good cause or [2] that he has been discharged for misconduct connected with his most recent work.” (Unemp. Ins. Code, § 1256.)

The termination of Steinberg’s employment, though founded upon the doctrine of constructive voluntary quit, was found to be grounded upon the fact that she “voluntarily quit her job without good cause.” In proper perspective, the constructive voluntary quit doctrine adds but one factor to prohibition of obtaining unemployment benefits after an employee, without cause, quits. This added factor is the common sense recognition of the fact that where the employee has a choice of action in either complying with a reasonable requirement or terminate employment, the employer has the right to consider a refusal to comply an election to quit. Even though the employee maintains he is not quitting, his acts have constructively acted for him in the quitting.

Both sides here suggest that there are no court opinions on the subject. We disagree. As we analyze the problem, semantics have dimmed the issue. The same basic issue was considered in Hildebrand v. Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd. (1977) 19 Cal.3d 765, 768 [140 Cal.Rptr. 151, 566 P.2d 1297]: “Plaintiff’s employer, real party in interest Cel-A-Pak, Inc., appeals. (An employer, such as Cel-A-Pak, has a direct interest in the unemployment compensation benefits paid to former employees since such benefits are charged against the employer’s account which is fed by the employer’s contributions (§ 1026).) We will conclude that plaintiff properly was denied unemployment benefits because she had accepted employment with Cel-A-Pak with full knowledge of the Saturday work requirement. When she subsequently refused to perform such work, accordingly, she must be deemed to have left work voluntarily without good cause.”

The question then remains whether the employer’s order was reasonable.² A similar problem was addressed in In the Matter of Marco Dragell, Benefit Decision No. 4847 (1948) where a discharged employee contended that the conduct leading to the discharge did not amount to misconduct. There the California Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board stated: “In our opinion, the claimant’s refusal to operate a jackhammer is not within the class of actions we have held to constitute misconduct. However, a worker who wilfully refuses to obey a reasonable order from a superior may expect that such refusal will result in his dismissal. Such action, we have held, is tantamount to a voluntary quit by the worker. In the instant case, therefore, we hold that the claimant constructively quit his employment voluntarily without good cause when he refused to obey a reasonable order he received from his foreman.”³ It is the voluntary placing of oneself outside the employable sphere which determines whether the person has constructively voluntary quit. Section 1256.1 of the Unemployment Insurance Code codified one such “quitting.” There, criminal custody constitutes quitting. There is no reason to raise a refusal to carry out a reasonable order or comply with a reasonable condition to the level of misconduct; it may well be only a refusal to work under the reasonable rules imposed. (See Evenson v. Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd. (1976) 62 Cal.App.3d 1005 [133 Cal.Rptr. 488].)

Applying the legal rules as we have expressed them to the facts of the instant case, we first observe an implicit finding that the “silent treatment” was detrimental to the running of the business involved. We also note that the “silent treatment” had been countenanced for at least four months prior to the instance of February 4th. The record is woefully short of establishing that coworker communication was an expected or required condition of employment. Nor is it clearly established that lack of coworker interaction really had any deleterious effect on the company as a whole. We meet the reasonableness aspect of the employer’s order to indulge in verbal communication as an isolated order. Under such circumstances, we cannot conclude that the order was a reasonable one, and, hence, the employee did not voluntarily quit but, rather, was discharged. Misconduct not being applicable, the discharge entitled the employee to unemployment compensation.

The judgment is reversed.

Kaus, P. J., concurred.

1 At prior times the same employee had sought to give directions to Steinberg on how certain work was to be done which upset Steinberg greatly, purportedly due to or accentuated by the fact that Steinberg was in the menopause period of life.

2 The cases of King v. California Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd. (1972) 25 Cal.App.3d 199 [101 Cal.Rptr. 660] and Thornton v. Department of Human Resources Dev. (1973) 32 Cal.App.3d 180 [107 Cal.Rptr. 892], are relied upon by Steinberg. There the right to wear a beard was in question. It was held the employee had a constitutional right to wear his beard under the facts of that case. We have no like constitutional issue here.

3 Steinberg argues, in seeking to void the doctrine entirely, that a different result would have been reached in In the Matter of John E. McCoy, Precedent Benefit Decision No. 183 (1976) had the constructive doctrine been applied. Not so. There the board found that the order was an unreasonable one.

The cited case of In the Matter of James Skinner, Precedent Benefit Decision No. 192 (1976) is not in point, it merely holding that past misconduct does not constitute present discharge for cause. The case of Silva v. Nelson (1973) 31 Cal.App.3d 136 [106 Cal.Rptr. 908], is likewise inapposite. That court merely held that a single vulgar outburst would not constitute ground for discharge of misconduct.