[Cite as State v. Simin, 2012-Ohio-4389.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF SUMMIT )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 26016
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE VITALY SIMIN COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO Appellant CASE No. CR 09 04 1047
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: September 26, 2012
CARR, Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-Appellant, Vitaly Simin, appeals from his convictions in the Summit
County Court of Common Pleas. This Court affirms in part and reverses in part.
I.
{¶2} Shortly before 3:00 a.m. on March 21, 2009, Twinsburg Police Officer Jeremy
Vecchio spotted a black BMW stopped at a green light on Route 82. Officer Vecchio pulled his
cruiser behind the car, which was stopped in the left-hand lane of the three lane road. The car
then crossed over two lanes without signaling to turn right onto the entrance ramp to Interstate
480. Officer Vecchio followed the car and witnessed several additional traffic violations. He
then activated his overhead lights and stopped the car. When Officer Vecchio spoke with the
car’s driver, later identified as Simin, he detected a strong odor of alcohol coming from Simin.
He also observed that Simin’s eyes were glassy and bloodshot. Officer Vecchio asked Simin
whether he had consumed any alcohol and Simin admitted that he had consumed “approximately 2
four beers.” Officer Vecchio then performed two field sobriety tests. Simin stopped while
performing the second test and refused to submit to further testing. Officer Vecchio then
arrested Simin and transported him to the police station.
{¶3} Simin refused to consent to a breathalyzer test at the police station. Because
Simin had five prior OVI convictions, the police transported Simin to a local hospital for a blood
draw test. The blood draw test never took place, however, because Simin would not cooperate
with the test and the hospital refused to perform a forced blood draw.
{¶4} A grand jury ultimately indicted Simin on the following counts: (1) two counts of
operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a)
and 4511.19(A)(2), respectively; (2) tampering with evidence, in violation of R.C.
2921.12(A)(1); and (3) lanes of travel/weaving, in violation of R.C. 4511.25. The OVI counts
also contained attendant specifications based on Simin’s previously having been convicted of
five or more OVI offenses in violation of R.C. 2941.1413. On June 3, 2009, Simin filed a
motion to suppress, and the trial court later held a hearing. The court ultimately denied the
motion and set the matter for trial. Before the trial began, the State dismissed the OVI charge
based on a violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(2) and its attendant specification.
{¶5} Simin’s first jury trial resulted in a partial mistrial. Although the jury found
Simin guilty of tampering, the jurors could not reach a verdict on the OVI count. The trial court
set the matter for another jury trial on the OVI charge and took the lanes of travel/weaving
charge under advisement due to its status as a minor misdemeanor. Simin’s second trial resulted
in a guilty verdict on the OVI charge. Additionally, the trial court found Simin guilty on the
misdemeanor charge. The court sentenced Simin to a total of three years in prison. 3
{¶6} Simin’s initial appeal from his convictions resulted in a dismissal, as this Court
determined that his appeal was untimely. State v. Simin, 9th Dist. No. 25309, 2011-Ohio-3198.
Simin then filed a motion for a delayed appeal, which this Court granted. Simin’s appeal is now
before this Court and contains nine assignments of error for our review. For ease of analysis, we
consolidate and rearrange several of the assignments of error.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER I
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT RULED THAT OFFICER VECCHIO HAD SUFFICIENT REASONABLE SUSPICION TO PULL OVER SIMIN AND THEN REQUIRE HIM TO SUBMIT TO FIELD SOBRIETY TESTS.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER II
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF SIMIN WHEN IT DID NOT SUPPRESS SIMIN’S INCRIMINATING STATEMENTS MADE TO OFFICER VECCHIO AFTER HE WAS QUESTIONED WHILE IN HIS CUSTODY.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER III
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF SIMIN WHEN IT ALLOWED INTO EVIDENCE AT TRIAL OFFICER VECCHIO’S ADMINISTRATION OF FIELD SOBRIETY TESTS[.]
{¶7} In his first three assignments of error, Simin argues that the trial court erred by
denying his motion to suppress. He argues that the court should have suppressed the evidence
stemming from Officer Vecchio’s stop of his car because the officer (1) lacked reasonable
suspicion to effectuate the stop and to perform field sobriety testing, (2) subjected Simin to
custodial interrogation in the absence of a Miranda warning, and (3) failed to substantially
comply with National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”) standards when
administering a horizontal gaze nystagmus test. 4
{¶8} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that:
[a]ppellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law and fact. When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the credibility of witnesses. State v. Mills, 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 366 (1992). Consequently, an appellate court must accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19 (1982). Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court must then independently determine, without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard. State v. McNamara, 124 Ohio App.3d 706 (4th Dist.1997).
State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8. Accordingly, this Court reviews
the trial court’s factual findings for competent, credible evidence and considers the court’s legal
conclusions de novo. State v. Conley, 9th Dist. No. 08CA009454, 2009-Ohio-910, ¶ 6, citing
Burnside at ¶ 8.
Reasonable Suspicion
{¶9} Simin argues that Officer Vecchio lacked reasonable suspicion to stop his car
because the dashcam recording from Officer Vecchio’s cruiser did not capture any traffic
violations. To justify an investigative stop, an officer must point to “specific and articulable
facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that
intrusion.” Maumee v. Weisner, 87 Ohio St.3d 295, 299 (1999), quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S.
1, 21 (1968). In evaluating the facts and inferences supporting the stop, a court must consider
the totality of the circumstances as “viewed through the eyes of a reasonable and cautious police
officer on the scene, guided by his experience and training.” State v. Bobo, 37 Ohio St.3d 177,
179 (1988), quoting United States v. Hall, 525 F.2d 857, 859 (D.C.Cir.1976). This Court has
repeatedly recognized that “[a]n officer may stop a vehicle to investigate a suspected violation of
a traffic law.” State v. Slates, 9th Dist. No. 25019, 2011-Ohio-295, ¶ 23, quoting Akron v.
Tomko, 9th Dist. No. 19253, 1999 WL 1037762, *2 (Nov. 3, 1999). “Where an officer has an 5
articulable reasonable suspicion or probable cause to stop a motorist for any criminal violation,
including a minor traffic violation, the stop is constitutionally valid[.]” (Internal quotations,
citations, and emphasis omitted.) State v. Campbell, 9th Dist. No. 05CA0032-M, 2005-Ohio-
4361, ¶ 11.
{¶10} Officer Vecchio testified that he first spotted Simin’s car at a green light shortly
before 3:00 a.m. Once Officer Vecchio pulled his cruiser directly behind Simin in the left-hand
lane, he then witnessed Simin cross over the middle lane and right-hand lane without signaling to
enter Interstate 480. Officer Vecchio followed Simin onto the highway and further witnessed
him make an abrupt lane change without signaling. After noting that Simin was traveling
approximately 45 mph in a 65 mph zone and observing that Simin was weaving within his lane
of travel, Officer Vecchio decided to stop Simin. He then activated his overhead lights and
quickly brought Simin to a stop.
{¶11} Officer Vecchio explained that the recording device linked to his cruiser’s
dashcam is such that it only creates a recording when the cruiser’s overhead lights are activated.
Because Officer Vecchio did not activate his overhead lights until he and Simin traveled a ways
on Interstate 480, his dashcam did not capture the other traffic violations he observed before
deciding to stop Simin. Simin does not address the other traffic violations Officer Vecchio
observed in his assignment of error. See App.R. 16(A)(7). Officer Vecchio’s testimony that he
witnessed Simin commit several traffic violations was sufficient to establish that Officer Vecchio
engaged in a constitutionally valid stop of Simin’s car. Slates, 2011-Ohio-295, at ¶ 23;
Campbell, 2005-Ohio-4361, at ¶ 11. Simin’s argument to the contrary lacks merit.
{¶12} Next, Simin argues that Officer Vecchio lacked reasonable suspicion to perform
field sobriety testing. “[A] police officer does not need probable cause to conduct a field 6
sobriety test; rather, he must simply have a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.” Slates at ¶
24. “[R]easonable suspicion exists if an officer can point to specific and articulable facts
indicating that a driver may be committing a criminal act.” State v. Osburn, 9th Dist. No.
07CA0054, 2008-Ohio-3051, ¶ 9, quoting Wadsworth v. Engler, 9th Dist. No. 2844-M, 1999 WL
1215151, *3 (Dec. 15, 1999).
{¶13} As previously noted, the traffic stop here occurred shortly before 3:00 a.m. and
after Officer Vecchio observed Simin commit several traffic violations. When Officer Vecchio
first approached Simin’s car and spoke to him, he testified that he immediately detected a strong
odor of alcohol coming from Simin. He also observed that Simin’s eyes were glassy and
bloodshot. Moreover, when he then asked Simin whether he had been drinking, Simin replied
that he had consumed approximately four beers throughout the night. At that point, Officer
Vecchio decided to perform field sobriety testing. Based on our review of the record, there were
sufficient specific articulable facts to support a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity and to
allow Officer Vecchio to conduct field sobriety testing. See State v. Saravia, 9th Dist. No.
25977, 2012-Ohio-1443, ¶ 11 (officer had reasonable suspicion for testing after he responded to
a call for suspicious driving and observed the suspect’s glassy, bloodshot eyes, smelled an odor
of alcohol, and noted the suspect’s difficulty in removing his identification from his walled);
State v. Balog, 9th Dist. No. 08CA0001-M, 2008-Ohio-4292, ¶ 16 (officer properly sought to
conduct testing after observing a marked lane violation, smelling a strong odor of alcohol upon
speaking with the suspect, observing the suspect’s glassy, bloodshot eyes, and receiving an
admission from the suspect that he had been drinking). Simin’s first assignment of error is
overruled. 7
Custodial Interrogation
{¶14} Next, Simin argues that the trial court should have suppressed his admission to
Officer Vecchio that he had been drinking because Officer Vecchio’s questioning amounted to
custodial interrogation in the absence of a Miranda warning. Miranda warnings are required
only when an officer engages in custodial interrogation. State v. Prunchak, 9th Dist. No.
04CA0070-M, 2005-Ohio-869, ¶ 26. “Custody” for purposes of entitlement to Miranda rights
exists only where there is a “‘restraint on freedom of movement’ of the degree associated with a
formal arrest.” California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 (1983), quoting Oregon v.
Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495 (1977). “[A] traffic stop alone does not render the person in
‘custody’ within the meaning of Miranda.” State v. Strehl, 9th Dist. No. 10CA0063-M, 2012-
Ohio-119, ¶ 10. More specifically, “an individual detained at a traffic stop is not in ‘custody’ for
Miranda purposes until the individual has been formally arrested or subjected to a functional
equivalent of a formal arrest.” Prunchak at ¶ 27. Custody determinations depend on the facts
and circumstances of each case. Id. at ¶ 26.
{¶15} The only incriminating statement Simin points to Officer Vecchio having
unconstitutionally elicited was his admission that he had consumed several alcoholic beverages.
Simin made this statement to Officer Vecchio while seated in his car, at some point after the stop
took place and before any field sobriety testing occurred. Officer Vecchio testified that he asked
Simin whether Simin had consumed any alcohol because he was conducting an interview to
determine whether Simin was impaired. Officer Vecchio testified that he did not Mirandize
Simin before he spoke with him because Simin was not in custody at that point. Officer Vecchio
did not formally place Simin under arrest until Simin failed the field sobriety testing Officer
Vecchio later conducted. 8
{¶16} Simin relies upon Akron v. Kulasa, 9th Dist. No. 19815, 2000 WL 353987 (Apr.
5, 2000), to argue that Officer Vecchio seized him, the seizure was tantamount to an arrest, and a
Miranda warning was necessary. Initially, we note that Kulasa was not a Miranda case. Kulasa
examined whether an “arrest” had occurred for purposes of allowing the police to perform blood
alcohol content testing. Kulasa at *1-2. Further, the facts in Kulasa are wholly distinguishable
from the instant facts. The Kulasa Court held that a defendant was under arrest when the police
took him from his vehicle, placed him in a patrol car, discussed the removal of his car from the
scene, and transported him to the police station for blood alcohol testing. Id. at *2-4. When
Officer Vecchio spoke with Simin, the traffic stop had just occurred, Simin was seated in his car,
the car was still running, and Officer Vecchio asked Simin a question for the stated purpose of
determining whether his driving abilities were impaired. The facts and circumstances
demonstrate that, at the time Officer Vecchio spoke with Simin, Simin was temporarily detained
and not in custody. See Prunchak, 2005-Ohio-869, at ¶ 27-28; Akron v. Miller, 9th Dist. No.
22035, 2004-Ohio-7186, ¶ 24 (“Police at an initial stop are permitted to make inquiries without
giving Miranda warnings.”). Compare State v. Farris, 109 Ohio St.3d 519, 2006-Ohio-3255, ¶
14 (suspect in custody where officer conducted pat down, took his keys, placed him in the
cruiser, and told him a search of his vehicle would ensue). Consequently, we reject Simin’s
second assignment of error.
Substantial Compliance
{¶17} Finally, Simin argues that the trial court should have suppressed Officer
Vecchio’s testimony with regard to the field sobriety testing he performed, as the State failed to
prove that Officer Vecchio substantially complied with NHTSA guidelines when he
administered the tests. Simin relies upon State v. Sunday, 9th Dist. No. 22917, 2006-Ohio-2984. 9
{¶18} In Sunday, this Court recognized that for the results of field sobriety testing to be
admissible the State must prove that its officer substantially complied with standardized
procedures when administering a test. Sunday at ¶ 20-21. We held that when the State fails to
prove that its officer “substantially complied with any recognizable, credible standardized testing
procedure” the test results are inadmissible. Id. at ¶ 21. The officer who administered the field
sobriety tests in Sunday did not testify which, if any, guidelines he followed to administer the
test. Additionally, the State failed to submit a copy of NHTSA guidelines or some other
equivalent manual so as to provide a point of reference for the officer’s compliance. This Court
concluded that the trial court should have suppressed the results of Sunday’s field tests because
“the State failed to establish through the officer’s testimony or admission of a manual that the
officer did in fact substantially comply with standardized testing procedures.” Id. at ¶ 25.
{¶19} There is no dispute that the State did not introduce a copy of NHTSA guidelines
in the court below. Unlike the officer in Sunday, however, Officer Vecchio repeatedly testified
that he relied upon NHTSA guidelines in performing Simin’s field tests. Officer Vecchio
testified that he trained under NHTSA guidelines and explained, in detail, the two tests he
administered: the horizontal gaze nystagmus test and the one-leg stand test. Officer Vecchio
described the specific technique for each test and the point system established under NHTSA
guidelines for determining intoxication. Officer Vecchio’s testimony distinguishes this case
from Sunday, in which the testing officer did not testify that he substantially complied with any
specific guidelines. See id. at ¶ 23. Although the State did not do so in that case, Sunday
recognized that the State may prove substantial compliance through officer testimony. Id. at ¶
25. Accord Columbus v. Murphy, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-757, 2011-Ohio-949, ¶ 28. 10
{¶20} Simin argues that Officer Vecchio’s testimony was insufficient to demonstrate
substantial compliance because of several points his counsel elicited on cross-examination.
During cross-examination, Officer Vecchio admitted that he received NHTSA guideline training
in 2001 or 2002 and had not received any formal training on the guidelines since that time.
Officer Vecchio could not identify which edition of the guidelines he trained under and was not
sure if NHTSA had issued subsequent editions. Additionally, there were several points in his
testimony on cross-examination where Officer Vecchio testified that he was not sure if the
guidelines contained a certain prohibition, such as conducting a horizontal gaze nystagmus test
while lights are visible within a subject’s peripheral vision. Simin argues that the foregoing
deficiencies in Officer Vecchio’s testimony, when combined with the State’s failure to produce a
copy of NHTSA guidelines, support the conclusion that the State failed to prove substantial
compliance.
{¶21} Assuming without deciding that Officer Vecchio’s testimony was insufficient to
demonstrate substantial compliance, we conclude that Simin has failed to demonstrate any
prejudice as a result. See Balog, 2008-Ohio-4292, at ¶ 17. Officer Vecchio was only able to
perform one test to completion: the horizontal gaze nystagmus test. Officer Vecchio testified
that when he had Simin perform the next test, the one-leg stand test, Simin only held his leg up
“for about two seconds.” Simin then stated, absent any prompting, that he had failed the tests
and “didn’t want to do it anymore.” “[T]he record reflects that [Simin] essentially quit the one-
leg stand test before Officer [Vecchio] even finished administering it.” Id. at ¶ 18. Simin’s
counsel did not challenge Officer Vecchio’s knowledge of NHTSA guidelines with regard to the
one-leg stand test or his administration of the test. Simin also fails to explain how he was 11
prejudiced by the admission of Officer Vecchio’s testing results given the other evidence of
probable cause to arrest contained within the record.
{¶22} “[T]he totality of the facts and circumstances can support probable cause for
arrest even in the absence of the administration of field sobriety tests.” State v. Russo, 9th Dist.
No. 09CA0009-M, 2009-Ohio-6914, ¶ 10. Indeed, “the totality of the facts and circumstances
can support a finding of probable cause to arrest even when the results of the field sobriety tests
must be excluded for lack of compliance to standardized procedures.” Sunday, 2006-Ohio-2984,
¶ 32. “Furthermore, ‘[r]egardless of a challenge to field sobriety tests, an officer may testify
regarding his observations made during administration of the tests.’” Slates, 2011-Ohio-295, at ¶
29, quoting State v. Griffin, 12th Dist. No. CA2005-05-118, 2006-Ohio-2399, ¶ 11.
{¶23} Officer Vecchio testified that he observed Simin commit multiple traffic
violations at almost 3:00 a.m., smelled a strong odor of alcohol emanating from Simin when he
spoke, and observed that Simin’s eyes were glassy and bloodshot. Simin also admitted to
Officer Vecchio that he had been drinking. Based on all of his observations as well as his
experience and training, Officer Vecchio testified that Simin was intoxicated. Simin makes no
attempt to explain how, in light of Officer Vecchio’s other observations, he was prejudiced as a
result of the admission of the field sobriety testing results. See App.R. 16(A)(7). Even absent
the field sobriety testing results, the totality of the circumstances support Officer Vecchio’s
probable cause determination. See Russo at ¶ 11-12. As such, the trial court did not err by
denying Simin’s motion to suppress in its entirety. His third assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER IV
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF SIMIN IN NOT DISMISSING THE TAMPERING WITH EVIDENCE (O.R.C. §2921.12(A)(1)) CHARGE AT THE CLOSE OF THE STATE’S CASE. 12
{¶24} In his fourth assignment of error, Simin argues that the trial court erred by
refusing to dismiss the tampering with evidence charge. Specifically, he argues that his refusal
to consent to testing does not constitute tampering.
{¶25} “We review a denial of a defendant’s Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal by
assessing the sufficiency of the State’s evidence.” State v. Frashuer, 9th Dist. No. 24769, 2010-
Ohio-634, ¶ 33. In order to determine whether the evidence before the trial court was sufficient
to sustain a conviction, this Court must review the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 273 (1991).
An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus; see also State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997).
“In essence, sufficiency is a test of adequacy.” Thompkins at 386.
{¶26} “No person, knowing that an official proceeding or investigation is in progress, or
is about to be or likely to be instituted, shall * * * [a]lter, destroy, conceal, or remove any record,
document, or thing, with purpose to impair its value or availability as evidence in such
proceeding or investigation.” R.C. 2921.12(A)(1). The Revised Code does not define the term
“conceal,” but this Court has recognized that “‘[c]onceal’ is defined as ‘“prevent[ing] disclosure
or recognition of” and “plac[ing] out of sight[.]” State v. DuBois, 9th Dist. No. 21284, 2003-
Ohio-2633, ¶ 9, quoting Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary 271 (1986). The State’s
theory here was that, by refusing to submit to a breathalyzer or blood alcohol test, Simin
knowingly concealed evidence in an ongoing investigation. 13
{¶27} The Third District considered a similar argument in State v. Freeman, 3d Dist.
No. 9-04-65, 2005-Ohio-5892. Freeman was convicted for tampering with evidence based on his
refusal to comply with a search warrant allowing the police to take a urine sample from him.
The Third District overturned Freeman’s conviction, holding that it was “unable to conclude that
Freeman’s mere refusal to provide a sample of urine constituted an overt act of ‘concealment’ as
the term is employed in the [tampering] statute.” Freeman at ¶ 24. The court explained that
R.C. 2921.12(A)(1) requires “some overt act” and that “[a] mere failure to volunteer information
has been held not to rise to the level of tampering with evidence.” Id. at ¶ 22. See also State v.
Csizma, 2d Dist. No. 9649, 1987 WL 10157, *3 (Apr. 13, 1987) (“We do not disagree with [the
defendant’s] * * * statement that ‘a mere failure to volunteer information as to the existence of
something is insufficient’ [to have concealed evidence for purposes of tampering.]”). We are in
agreement with the Third District’s rationale.
{¶28} Simin did not actively “conceal” evidence in this case by refusing to submit to a
blood draw test. His refusal was not an overt act. Freeman at ¶ 22-25. Moreover, R.C. Chapter
4511 specifically governs the type of refusal that occurred here. R.C. 4511.19(A)(2) provides:
No person who, within twenty years of the conduct described in division (A)(2)(a) of this section, previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to a violation of this division, a violation of division (A)(1) or (B) of this section, or any other equivalent offense shall do both of the following:
(a) Operate any vehicle * * * within this state while under the influence of alcohol * * *;
(b) Subsequent to being arrested for operating the vehicle * * * as described in division (A)(2)(a) of this section, being asked by a law enforcement officer to submit to a chemical test or tests under section 4511.191 of the Revised Code, and being advised by the officer in accordance with section 4511.192 of the Revised Code of the consequences of the person’s refusal or submission to the test or tests, refuse to submit to the test or tests. 14
A suspect’s refusal to take a chemical test is an element of the offense set forth in R.C.
4511.19(A)(2). State v. Hoover, 123 Ohio St.3d 418, 2009-Ohio-4993, ¶ 21. A violation of R.C.
4511.19(A)(2) subjects a defendant to a longer mandatory minimum jail term than a violation of
R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a). Id. Although the State initially charged Simin with a violation of R.C.
4511.19(A)(2), it dismissed that count prior to trial and instead pursued the tampering charge.
Given that R.C. 4511.19(A)(2) specifically governs a subject’s refusal to submit to chemical
testing and a refusal to submit is not an overt act of concealment, we must conclude that Simin’s
argument has merit. See State v. Cavalier, 2d Dist. No. 24651, 2012-Ohio-1976, ¶ 54-56
(tampering statute does not encompass false statements knowingly made in the course of an
investigation as false statements are governed by the crime of falsification); Freeman at ¶ 22-25.
{¶29} Because a suspect’s mere refusal to submit to blood alcohol testing does not
constitute tampering with evidence, the trial court erred by denying Simin’s Crim.R. 29 motion.
Simin’s fourth assignment of error is sustained, and his tampering conviction is reversed
pursuant to that determination.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER V
AT THE RETRIAL, THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF SIMIN WHEN IT REFUSED TO EXCUSE FOUR JURORS FOR CAUSE AFTER THEY STATED THEY WOULD SHIFT THE BURDEN ON SIMIN TO PROVE HIS INNOCENCE BASED UPON THE ALLEGATION OF PRIOR OVI CONVICTIONS.
{¶30} In his fifth assignment of error, Simin argues that the trial court erred by not
dismissing four perspective jurors for cause. We disagree.
{¶31} A juror may be challenged for cause on the basis that the juror possesses a bias
against the defendant or is “of a state of mind evincing enmity.” Crim.R. 24(C)(9). Yet:
[N]o person summoned as a juror shall be disqualified by reason of a previously formed or expressed opinion with reference to the guilt or innocence of the 15
accused, if the court is satisfied, from the examination of the juror or from other evidence, that the juror will render an impartial verdict according to the law and the evidence submitted to the jury at the trial.
Id. “The determination of whether a prospective juror will follow the law as given by the court
is within the discretion of the trial judge.” State v. Pruiett, 9th Dist. No. 20518, 2001 WL
1647710, *5 (Dec. 26, 2001). Consequently, we generally review a trial court’s ruling on a
challenge for cause under an abuse of discretion standard of review. State v. White, 9th Dist. No.
24960, 2010-Ohio-2865, ¶ 7. “As long as a trial court is satisfied, following additional
questioning of the prospective juror, that the juror can be fair and impartial and follow the law as
instructed, the court need not remove that juror for cause.” State v. Moss, 9th Dist. No. 24511,
2009-Ohio-3866, ¶ 11.
{¶32} During voir dire, four prospective jurors expressed their concern when they
learned that Simin had five prior OVI convictions. All four prospective jurors indicated that they
would expect the defense to have to prove Simin’s innocence to some degree, given the extent of
his prior history. After the trial court refused to dismiss the four prospective jurors for cause,
Simin exercised his four peremptory challenges to strike all four jurors. He argues that, by not
striking the four jurors for their admitted biases, the trial court prejudicially forced him to use his
peremptory challenges.
{¶33} After receiving the foregoing answers from the four perspective jurors, the trial
court conducted additional questioning. All four jurors indicated that they would follow any
instructions of the court not to form any biases. The court also questioned the jurors as to
whether they could remain fair and impartial. After speaking with the four prospective jurors,
the trial court decided that they did not need to be struck for cause. “As a trial court has
considerable discretion when determining a juror’s ability to be impartial, we are unable to 16
conclude that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied [Simin’s] challenge for cause.”
State v. Kish, 9th Dist. No. 02CA008146, 2003-Ohio-2426, ¶ 7. Simin’s fifth assignment of
error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER VI
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF SIMIN WHEN IT CONVICTED HIM OF PRIOR OVI CONVICTIONS BASED UPON INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE.
{¶34} In his sixth assignment of error, Simin argues that his OVI conviction is based on
insufficient evidence. We disagree.
{¶35} We incorporate the sufficiency standard of review set forth in Simin’s fourth
assignment of error. R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) provides that “[n]o person shall operate any vehicle
* * * within this state, if, at the time of the operation, * * * [t]he person is under the influence of
alcohol.” If a person has previously been convicted of five or more equivalent offenses within
twenty years of the offense, that person is guilty of a fourth-degree felony OVI. R.C.
4511.19(G)(1)(d). The offense is a misdemeanor if the State does not set forth evidence of any
prior convictions. R.C. 4511.19(G)(1)(a).
{¶36} Simin argues that his fourth-degree felony OVI conviction must be vacated
because the State did not set forth sufficient evidence of his prior convictions. He argues that,
absent certified copies of the journal entries from his prior convictions, the State could not satisfy
its burden.
{¶37} “When a prior conviction actually ‘transform[s] the crime itself by increasing its
degree [,] * * * [t]he prior conviction is an essential element of the crime and must be proved by
the state.’” State v. Patterson, 9th Dist. No. 09CA0014-M, 2009-Ohio-6953, ¶ 6, quoting State 17
v. Allen, 29 Ohio St.3d 53, 54 (1987). R.C. 2945.75 governs prior convictions and provides as
follows:
(B)(1) Whenever in any case it is necessary to prove a prior conviction, a certified copy of the entry of judgment in such prior conviction together with evidence sufficient to identify the defendant named in the entry as the offender in the case at bar, is sufficient to prove such prior conviction.
(2) Whenever in any case it is necessary to prove a prior conviction of an offense for which the registrar of motor vehicles maintains a record, a certified copy of the record that shows the name, date of birth, and social security number of the accused is prima-facie evidence of the identity of the accused and prima-facie evidence of all prior convictions shown on the record. The accused may offer evidence to rebut the prima-facie evidence of the accused’s identity and the evidence of prior convictions. Proof of a prior conviction of an offense for which the registrar maintains a record may also be proved as provided in division (B)(1) of this section.
(3) If the defendant claims a constitutional defect in any prior conviction, the defendant has the burden of proving the defect by a preponderance of the evidence.
The State relied upon R.C. 2945.75(B)(2) and introduced a certified copy of Simin’s driving
record through the testimony of Kathy Pritchard, the supervisor of reinstatement and keeper of
records at the Bureau of Motor Vehicles. Pritchard testified that Simin had five prior OVI
convictions, which took place on April 12, 1995; May 8, 1997; November 23, 1999; January 26,
2004; and April 5, 2005.
{¶38} In arguing that the State must produce certified copies of prior judgment entries to
prove prior convictions, Simin relies upon case law applying the law prior to September 30,
2008. On that date, the General Assembly enacted the latest version of R.C. 2945.75. The latest
version, quoted above, allows the State to produce a certified copy of a defendant’s driving
record from the registrar of motor vehicles, which constitutes prima facie evidence of the
defendant’s prior convictions. Id. In conformance with the statute, the certified copy that the
State introduced included Simin’s name, date of birth, and social security number. As such, the 18
State set forth prima facie evidence of Simin’s prior convictions. Id. Simin did not claim any
constitutional defect in his prior convictions. He merely argued that the State’s proof was
insufficient because the certified copy of his driving record did not indicate which particular
statute his conviction fell under. The record only listed each offense as “OVI – ALCOHOL
&/OR DRUG.” R.C. 2945.75(B)(2), however, does not require the inclusion of the particular
statute, code, or ordinance under which the State obtained a particular conviction. By statute, the
State set forth prima facie evidence of Simin’s five prior convictions, and Simin did not rebut the
State’s prima facie showing. Consequently, we must reject Simin’s argument that the State
failed to set forth sufficient evidence of his five prior convictions. Simin’s sixth assignment of
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER VII
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF SIMIN WHEN IT INSTRUCTED THE JURY ON SIMIN’S REFUSAL OVER OBJECTION.
{¶39} In his seventh assignment of error, Simin argues that the trial court erred by
instructing the jurors that they could consider his refusal to submit to a chemical test of his blood
or breath in determining whether he was under the influence of alcohol because that instruction
is obsolete. We disagree.
{¶40} This Court generally “review[s] a trial court’s decision to give or decline to give a
requested jury instruction for an abuse of discretion under the facts and circumstances of the
case.” State v. Evans, 9th Dist. No. 07CA0057-M, 2008-Ohio-4772, ¶ 12. In Maumee v. Anistik,
69 Ohio St.3d 339 (1994), syllabus, the Ohio Supreme Court held that a trial court may issue a
refusal instruction to the jury if a person arrested for an OVI refuses to submit to chemical
testing “and the reason given for the refusal is conditional, unequivocal, or a combination thereof
* * *.” The Court then approved specific language for such an instruction. Id. Simin does not 19
take issue with the language of the instruction the trial court read to the jury, as he acknowledges
that the language complied with Maumee. Instead, he argues that the refusal instruction is now
obsolete because post-Maumee, the legislature enacted R.C. 4511.19(A)(2) and criminalized a
suspect’s refusal to consent to testing by making it an essential element of that statute. See 2004
Am.Sub.H.B. No. 163.
{¶41} R.C. 4511.19(A)(2) does not apply here because the State dismissed that charge
before trial. Moreover, we do not agree that R.C. 4511.19(A)(2) supplants the refusal instruction
in Maumee as a matter of course. In addition to requiring the State to prove a defendant’s
refusal, R.C. 4511.19(A)(2) also requires the State to prove that a defendant “previously has been
convicted of or pleaded guilty to a violation of this division, a violation of [R.C. 4511.19](A)(1)
or (B) * * *, or any other equivalent offense * * *.” The statute does not criminalize all refusals
because it only applies to repeat offenders. Both the refusal element and the repeat offender
element distinguish R.C. 4511.19(A)(2) from R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a), the only OVI statute upon
which Simin went to trial.
{¶42} Contrary to his argument, any refusal on the part of Simin was not a material
element of his crime. Simin’s charge only required the State to prove that he operated a vehicle
while under the influence of alcohol. R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a). Per Maumee, “[w]here a person
has been arrested for driving while under the influence of alcohol and is requested by a police
officer to submit to a chemical test of his or her breath, but he or she refuses to take the test, and
the reason given for the refusal is conditional, unequivocal, or a combination thereof,” the court
may read a refusal instruction to the jury. Maumee at syllabus. The only issue presented in this
assignment of error is whether, after the passage of 2004 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 163, the refusal
instruction approved in Maumee may be given when a suspect is charged with violating R.C. 20
4511.19(A)(1)(a). We hold that the instruction still may be issued in accordance with Maumee.
Simin’s seventh assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER VIII
AT THE SECOND TRIAL, THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF SIMIN WHEN IT REFUSED TO ALLOW INQUIRY INTO OHIO REVISED CODE §2935.20 AND HIS RIGHT TO COUNSEL AFTER ARREST, AND FURTHER DISALLOWED THE JURY TO BE INSTRUCTED IN THIS REGARD.
{¶43} In his eighth assignment of error, Simin argues that the trial court erred when it
refused his requests to make the jury aware of his statutory right to counsel pursuant to R.C.
2935.20. He argues that the trial court’s ruling prevented him from setting forth a defense
because the fact that he had a right to have an attorney present before he submitted to chemical
testing would have detracted from the State’s argument that he refused to take the tests.
{¶44} R.C. 2935.20 provides as follows:
After the arrest, detention, or any other taking into custody of a person, with or without a warrant, such person shall be permitted forthwith facilities to communicate with an attorney at law of his choice who is entitled to practice in the courts of this state, or to communicate with any other person of his choice for the purpose of obtaining counsel. Such communication may be made by a reasonable number of telephone calls or in any other reasonable manner. Such person shall have a right to be visited immediately by any attorney at law so obtained who is entitled to practice in the courts of this state, and to consult with him privately. No officer or any other agent of this state shall prevent, attempt to prevent, or advise such person against the communication, visit, or consultation provided for by this section.
The statute criminalizes the act of failing to provide an attorney in the foregoing circumstances
and imposes either a fine or term of imprisonment for such a violation. Id. Even so, even an
actual violation of the statute will not bar the admission of any results obtained from an
otherwise admissible test. State v. Griffith, 74 Ohio St.3d 554, 555 (1996). The exclusionary 21
rule does not apply when the police violate an accused’s statutory right to counsel. Id. Accord
Twinsburg v. Lacerva, 9th Dist. No. 23849, 2008-Ohio-550, ¶ 7.
{¶45} The State played the recording of Simin’s booking at trial. In the video, Officer
Vecchio and another officer repeatedly asked Simin over a period of time whether he would
submit to a blood draw. Simin offered several different responses, but the thrust of each was that
he would not agree to a blood draw without a lawyer and a witness. Much of Simin’s statements
stemmed from his self-professed knowledge of the OVI laws, telling the officers at one point that
after so many OVIs he knew his blood could not be drawn without a lawyer being present.
Several times during the video, Officer Vecchio explained that the law changed since Simin’s
last OVI, but Simin rebuffed him stating “blood draw with a lawyer and a witness.” Simin
points to his references to a lawyer in the booking video as proof that he did not refuse a blood
draw, but only conditioned his submitting to the test upon a request for counsel.
{¶46} Simin argues that the trial court erred by not allowing him to question the officers
who testified about the existence of his statutory right to counsel. He further argues that the trial
court erred by not instructing the jurors that they were to consider the denial of his statutory right
to counsel in conjunction with his alleged refusal to submit to testing.
{¶47} Even assuming that the trial court erred in its handling of Simin’s request to
inform the jury that his refusal to submit to blood testing was not evidence of a consciousness of
guilt because it was conditioned upon his seeking the advice of counsel, Simin cannot
demonstrate any resulting prejudice given the other evidence in the record. First, Simin only
discussed counsel with regard to the blood test the State sought to perform. Simin did not make
any reference to counsel when he refused to submit to a breathalyzer test. He simply refused
saying that he would “absolutely not at all” take the test. There is no reason that the refusal 22
instruction would not have applied to Simin’s refusal to submit to the breathalyzer test. See
Maumee, 69 Ohio St.3d at syllabus. Second, Simin refused to fully perform the field sobriety
tests that Officer Vecchio sought to administer. Simin quit the one-leg stand test after “about
two seconds” and stated that he failed. He then refused to submit to any further testing. He also
admitted to Officer Vecchio that he had consumed approximately four beers that evening.
Moreover, Officer Vecchio smelled an odor of alcohol emanating from Simin and observed that
his eyes were glassy and bloodshot. Officer Vecchio testified that, in his opinion, Simin was
intoxicated when Officer Vecchio stopped his car. The booking video the State played also
depicts Simin behaving in an odd manner while conversing with the officers. Officer Marc Eleo
confirmed that Simin repeated himself numerous times during the booking process and was, at
times, argumentative. Simin also spent a great deal of time trying to engage the officers in
discussion about who they voted for in the presidential election. Even apart from any refusal on
Simin’s part to submit to the blood test, therefore, the State presented sufficient evidence to
support the jury’s conclusion that Simin violated R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) by operating a vehicle
while intoxicated. Any error on the part of the trial court was not prejudicial based on the facts
and circumstances presented here. Simin’s eighth assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NUMBER IX
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF SIMIN WHEN IT SENTENCED HIM TO MANDATORY POST-RELEASE CONTROL.
{¶48} In his ninth assignment of error, Simin argues that the trial court erred by
sentencing him to mandatory post-release control where his offenses only require a discretionary
term of post-release control. The court’s sentencing entry provided that Simin “is ordered to
serve up to 3 years of post-release control.” On February 22, 2010, the court then issued a nunc
pro tunc sentencing entry providing that Simin “may be supervised on post-release control * * * 23
for a discretionary period of up to 3 years * * *.” See Simin, 2011-Ohio-3198, at ¶ 9
(categorizing the court’s February 22, 2010 sentencing entry as a nunc pro tunc entry). To the
extent the court erred in its initial categorization of Simin’s post-release control obligation in its
initial sentencing entry, the court corrected its error via the nunc pro tunc entry. Simin’s ninth
assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶49} Simin’s fourth assignment of error is sustained, and his conviction for tampering
with evidence is vacated pursuant to that determination. His remaining assignments of error are
overruled. The judgment of the Summit County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed in part,
reversed in part, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with the foregoing
opinion.
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and cause remanded.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy
of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30. 24
Costs taxed equally to both parties.
DONNA J. CARR FOR THE COURT
MOORE, P. J. CONCURS
BELFANCE, J. CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY.
APPEARANCES:
BRETT M. MANCINO, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and HEAVEN DIMARTINO, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.