NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court Rule 27, the Court’s reconsideration, and editorial revisions by the Reporter of Decisions. The version of the opinion published in the Advance Sheets for the Georgia Reports, designated as the “Final Copy,” will replace any prior version on the Court’s website and docket. A bound volume of the Georgia Reports will contain the final and official text of the opinion.
SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA Case Nos. S25C0587, S25C0588, S25C0589, S25C0590, S25C0591, S25C0592, S25C0593, S25C0594, S25C0595.
September 16, 2025
The Honorable Supreme Court met pursuant to adjournment.
The following order was passed:
THE STATE v. MICHAEL A. ROMAN. THE STATE v. DAVID J. SHAFER. THE STATE v. ROBERT DAVID CHEELEY. THE STATE v. MARK RANDALL MEADOWS. THE STATE v. DONALD JOHN TRUMP. THE STATE v. CATHLEEN LATHAM. THE STATE v. RUDOLPH WILLIAM LOUIS GUILIANI. THE STATE v. JEFFREY BOSSERT CLARK. THE STATE v. HARRISON FLOYD.
The Supreme Court today denied the petition for certiorari in these cases.
All the Justices concur, except, Ellington, McMillian, and Colvin, JJ., who dissent. Peterson, C.J., not participating, and Land, J., disqualified.
Court of Appeals Case No. A24A1595, A24A1596, A24A1597, A24A1598, A24A1599, A24A1600, A24A1601, A24A1602, A24A1603. SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA Clerk's Office, Atlanta
I certify that the above is a true extract from the minutes of the Supreme Court of Georgia.
Witness my signature and the seal of said court hereto affixed the day and year last above written.
, Clerk
2 PINSON, Justice, concurring in the denial of certiorari.
I agree with the Court’s decision to deny these petitions for
certiorari. Here’s why.
1. This Court’s power to review cases that the Court of Appeals
has already reviewed — what we call review by “certiorari” — is set
by our state constitution. The Georgia Constitution grants our Court
the authority to review by certiorari only “cases in the Court of
Appeals which are of gravity or great public importance.” Ga. Const.
of 1983, Art. VI, Sec. VI, Par. V. This means that we generally do
not grant certiorari review just because the Court of Appeals or the
trial court may have gotten something wrong — that is, for “mere
error correction.” See Ga. SCt R. 40 (“Certiorari generally will not
be granted merely to correct an asserted error….”); Satcher v.
Columbia County, 319 Ga. 633, 639–40, 640 n.4 (2024); Mobuary v.
State, 312 Ga. 337, 340–41 (2021) (Nahmias, CJ, dissenting). Nor do
we typically grant review just because a case or its subject matter
happens to have found its way into the public spotlight. Instead, our
focus in assessing whether a case warrants the exercise of our
3 certiorari jurisdiction is supposed to be its potential impact on the
law of Georgia.
To gauge that impact, we ask whether the case presents a legal
question of “gravity or great importance to the public.” See Ga.
Const. of 1983, Art. VI, Sec. VI, Par. V; Ga. SCt R. 40(1) (“Review on
certiorari is not a right. A petition for the writ will be granted only
in cases of great concern, gravity, or importance to the public.”). We
typically assess whether a given legal question has sufficient gravity
by asking, for example, whether the Court of Appeals has decided
the question in a way that conflicts with other decisions of the Court
of Appeals or of this Court; answered a legal question by applying
precedent of this Court that should be reconsidered; or decided an
“important question of state law that is likely to recur and has not
been, but should be, settled by this Court.” Ga. SCt R. 40(1). These
nonexclusive examples reflect the aim of certiorari review: ensuring
that our courts’ interpretation of the law of Georgia is correct,
settled, and ultimately uniform with respect to important legal
issues that courts and litigants are likely to see in the future.
4 But identifying a legal question of sufficient gravity is not
enough on its own to warrant certiorari review — that question must
also be presented by the case when it arrives at this Court. Although
our Constitution entrusts this Court with the responsibility to settle
important legal questions, we are still a court, and courts are not
“vehicles for engaging in merely academic debates or deciding purely
theoretical questions.” Sons of Confederate Veterans v. Henry County
Bd. of Commissioners, 315 Ga. 39, 39 (2022). Instead, we “‘say what
the law is’ only as needed to resolve an actual controversy.” Id. Thus,
even if a party has identified a question of gravity in a given case,
before granting review, we still must ask whether answering that
question of gravity is necessary in some way to resolving the case. If
not — for example, if answering that question wouldn’t matter to
the outcome of the underlying case, or if that question was not even
squarely presented to or decided by the courts below — then
reaching out to decide that question anyway would exceed our
limited judicial role. In other words, before granting certiorari
review, we must ensure not only that the petition identifies a
5 question of gravity, but also that the question is actually presented
by the case, and that answering it would help resolve the case.
2. Here, the State asks us to grant review to answer the
question whether a prosecutor may be disqualified “based solely
upon on appearance of impropriety and absent a finding of an actual
conflict of interest or forensic misconduct.” In an appropriate case,
that question might warrant our review. The legal basis for a rule
that prosecutors may be subject to disqualification based only on
conduct that creates the appearance of impropriety is not clear: I’m
not aware of a specific constitutional or statutory basis for such a
rule; this Court only suggested that basis for disqualification as a
possibility (arguably in dicta) for attorneys generally in Blumenfeld
v. Borenstein, 247 Ga. 406, 409 (1981); and that decision relied in
part on a since-scuttled rule of professional responsibility
addressing the appearance of impropriety, see id. (citing Canon 9 of
the former Code of Professional Responsibility, removed effective
January 1, 2002, which stated that “[a] lawyer should avoid even the
appearance of professional impropriety”); Ga. Rule of Prof’l Conduct
6 3.5, cmt. 2. On the other hand, the idea that public prosecutors
should be held to a higher standard than private attorneys for
purposes of disqualification is not without force, and it finds some
support in the language of some of our earlier decisions. See Gaulden
v. State, 11 Ga. 47, 50 (1852) (explaining that “[t]he administration
of the law should be free from all temptation and suspicion … and
… public policy most emphatically demands” that a prosecutor
should not later appear as counsel for someone he prosecuted,
because “[s]uch a practice will have a tendency to greatly embarrass
the administration of the Criminal Law”); Conley v. Arnold, 93 Ga.
823, 825 (1894) (stating that although “[w]e have not the slightest
idea that anything intentionally wrong or unbecoming on his part
was intended,” it was not “lawful or consistent with public policy or
with sound professional ethics” for a lawyer to defend the
perpetrator of a battery in a civil case when the lawyer had
prosecuted the battery criminally). See also Davenport v. State, 157
Ga. App. 704, 705 (1981) (holding that “public policy prohibits a
district attorney from prosecuting a case, … while representing the
7 victim of the alleged criminal act in a divorce proceeding involving
the accused” because “[u]nder such circumstances there is at least
the appearance of impropriety”). If this question — whether conduct
creating an appearance of impropriety alone is grounds for
disqualifying a prosecutor — is presented by future cases, we may
well need to take it up in one of them.
But, in my view, that possibly cert-worthy question is not
presented by this case, at least not as it appears before this Court.
The root of the problem is the State’s approach to litigating this issue
on appeal. In the Court of Appeals, the defendants here appealed
the trial court’s disqualification order, which (1) found that the
conduct of the district attorney and special prosecutor created a
“significant appearance of impropriety,” and (2) as a remedy,
determined that one of those two prosecutors would have to
withdraw from the case.1 In doing so, the defendants did not contest
1 The trial court also concluded that certain of the district attorney’s public comments were “legally improper” under a section of the order entitled “forensic misconduct,” but the court went on to deny the defendants’ motions for disqualification and dismissal based on forensic misconduct. 8 the appearance-of-impropriety finding, but they contended that the
trial court’s “one of you has to go” version of disqualification was
error, and that it should have instead simply disqualified the district
attorney. And critically, the State did not cross-appeal the trial
court’s ruling. Indeed, as the Court of Appeals explained, the State
asked the Court of Appeals “to affirm the trial court’s order in its
totality, including the imposition of [its] alternative remedy.” So,
taken together, the parties’ positions in the Court of Appeals posed
a narrow and case-specific question for the Court of Appeals to
answer: taking as an unchallenged given both the trial court’s
finding of a significant appearance of impropriety and that some
kind of disqualification remedy was required to cure the harm
caused by the prosecutors’ conduct, was the trial court’s chosen
remedy an abuse of discretion? And indeed, that was how the parties
argued the issue to the Court of Appeals.
And importantly, the Court of Appeals’ legal analysis appears
to have stayed within that narrow framing. 2 In its opinion, the court
2 The State’s failure to cross-appeal may not have bound the Court of
9 explained that because the State failed to cross-appeal, “our
consideration of the appearance of impropriety is limited to the
remedy fashioned by the trial court.” Roman v. State, 373 Ga. App.
863, 871 (2024). The court went on to say that it had to “address the
remedy in the context of a significant appearance of impropriety
caused by the conduct of a public prosecutor,” which distinguished
this case from private-counsel disqualification cases. Id. at 872
(emphasis added) (distinguishing Blumenfeld, 247 Ga. at 409–10).
And the court framed its key holding as one about the choice of
remedy, too, concluding that the trial court erred by not
disqualifying the district attorney because “[t]he remedy crafted by
the trial court to prevent an ongoing appearance of impropriety” did
not fully cure the harm, and “no other remedy will suffice to restore
public confidence in the integrity of these proceedings.” Id. at 873.
In short, rather than deciding any broader question about whether
Appeals to take its narrow analytical path, see Georgia Soc. of Plastic Surgeons, Inc. v. Anderson, 257 Ga. 710, 711 (1987) (explaining that “a ruling that becomes material to an enumeration of error urged by an appellant may be considered by the appellate court without the necessity of a cross-appeal”), but neither was the court required to reach beyond the parties’ framing. 10 an appearance of impropriety can serve as an independent ground
for disqualification of public prosecutors, the Court of Appeals’
decision appears to have resolved a narrow, case-specific dispute
about the trial court’s choice of disqualification remedy.
If that’s the best reading of the Court of Appeals’ decision —
and I think it is — that decision does not raise a question of gravity
that warrants our further review. The question whether a trial court
abused its discretion in choosing a particular disqualification
remedy under the specific and unusual circumstances of this case is
not a question of Georgia law at all likely to arise in future cases.
Nor does the Court of Appeals’ fact-bound decision that the trial
court abused its discretion create any apparent conflict with
decisions of the Court of Appeals or this Court. Thus, even if one
believes that the Court of Appeals erred in reaching that decision,
granting review to answer that question would be mere error
correction, and this Court generally does not exercise our certiorari
jurisdiction merely to correct errors that do not have some broader
impact on Georgia law. See Ga. SCt R. 40(1)(c).
11 To be sure, it is plausible to read the Court of Appeals’ decision
as holding more broadly that, as a general matter, conduct that
creates an appearance of impropriety can be grounds for
disqualifying a prosecutor. At bottom, the Court of Appeals
concluded that the district attorney had to be disqualified to address
the appearance of impropriety found by the trial court, explaining
that “this is the rare case in which disqualification is mandated.”
Roman, 373 Ga. App. at 873. One might argue that such a decision
rests on a necessary premise that conduct creating an appearance of
impropriety is a sufficient ground for disqualification, and in turn
treat that premise as a holding. See State v. Wierson, 321 Ga. 597,
606 (2025) (“[T]he holding of a judicial decision is more than just its
result on a given set of facts — it includes, to some degree, the
reasoning or principles that were necessary to that decision.”). I
disagree with that view in light of the posture of this case as it was
presented to the Court of Appeals and the court’s express and
repeated focus on the choice of remedy alone. See Roman, 373 Ga.
App. at 871–73. But I acknowledge that drawing the line between
12 holding and dicta is not always easy, and “[o]ne judge’s holding may
be another’s dicta.” Wierson, 321 Ga. at 605.
Even under that alternative reading of the Court of Appeals’
decision, however, I am not persuaded that this case would warrant
our review at this time. For one thing, as discussed above, it is not
so clear (as the State suggests) that there is no conceivable legal
basis for holding a public prosecutor to a higher standard than a
private lawyer for purposes of disqualification, at least as a general
matter. See State v. Wooten, 273 Ga. 529, 531 (2001) (explaining that
a public prosecutor’s responsibility “differs from that of the usual
advocate” because the prosecutor represents the people and has a
“duty . . . to seek justice”). Cf., e.g., Gaulden, 11 Ga. at 50 (explaining
that “[t]he administration of the law should be free from all
temptation and suspicion” and citing “public policy” as the basis for
disqualifying a former prosecutor from serving as defense counsel
based on a conflict of interest). For another, even assuming the
Court of Appeals held as much, such a public-prosecutor-specific
holding would not appear to conflict, at least not squarely, with any
13 decisions of our appellate courts. And perhaps most important, it is
not clear (at least not at this time) that this legal question will recur
with any frequency. Appellate decisions addressing attempts to
disqualify prosecutors are few and far between, and only a handful
of those addressed a claim that a prosecutor must be disqualified
based even in part on conduct that created an appearance of
impropriety. See, e.g., Neuman v. State, 311 Ga. 83, 88–89 (2021);
Lyons v. State, 271 Ga. 639, 640 (1999); Pruitt v. State, 270 Ga. 745,
753–54 (1999); Ventura v. State, 346 Ga. App. 309, 309–11 (2018);
Whitworth v. State, 275 Ga. App. 790, 791–97 (2005). Could this case
change that? Perhaps. But it seems more likely to me that the
circumstances of this case are unique, and I am not convinced that
parties will rely on it for anything broader than the Court of Appeals’
stated conclusion that, based on the specific findings in this case, the
trial court chose the wrong remedy. And of course, if this prediction
turns out to be wrong, we will have the opportunity to address the
legal question about the appearance of impropriety standard for
public prosecutors when it is properly presented in a case without
14 the unusual procedural limitations and other circumstances that
make this case a poor vehicle for reaching that question.
*
Members of the public may well be interested in the case
underlying this petition for certiorari. But our focus in assessing
whether to grant review under our certiorari jurisdiction is on the
law of Georgia. Given the parties’ positions, the corresponding
narrow question before the Court of Appeals, and that court’s
limited resolution of that question, the decision below does not raise
the kind of legal question that warrants further review by this Court
under our certiorari jurisdiction.
I am authorized to state that Presiding Justice Warren and
Justice Bethel join in this concurrence.
15 MCMILLIAN, Justice, dissenting.
I would grant certiorari because the legal issue necessarily
presented here – whether an attorney can be disqualified based on
the appearance of impropriety alone – affects every single active
lawyer in the State of Georgia, the Court of Appeals’s decisions are
in conflict on this point, our Court’s precedent warrants
reconsideration, and the issue is likely to recur.
Some background is required to understand the gravity of this
issue. In 2023, the State, through the Atlanta Judicial Circuit
District Attorney Fani Willis (“DA Willis”), charged Respondents in
a 97-page indictment with RICO violations and other crimes in
connection with an alleged conspiracy to unlawfully change the
outcome of the 2020 presidential election. Respondent Roman moved
to dismiss the indictment and to disqualify DA Willis, her office, and
Special Assistant District Attorney Nathan Wade (“SADA Wade”)
from further prosecution based on an alleged conflict of interest and
an appearance of impropriety, asserting that DA Willis and SADA
Wade were engaged in a romantic relationship and that DA Willis
16 had a personal financial interest in the case. The other Respondents
later filed motions to dismiss and for disqualification on the same
grounds.3
After a multiple-day evidentiary hearing, the trial court found:
the [Respondents] failed to meet their burden of proving that the District Attorney acquired an actual conflict of interest in this case through her personal relationship and recurring travels with her lead prosecutor. The other alleged grounds for disqualification, including forensic misconduct, are also denied. However, the established record now highlights a significant appearance of impropriety that infects the current structure of the prosecution team . . . .
In addition, the trial court noted that “an odor of mendacity”
remained with respect to the testimony of certain witnesses and that
“reasonable questions about whether the District Attorney and her
hand-selected lead SADA testified untruthfully about the timing of
their relationship further underpin the finding of an appearance of
impropriety and the need to make proportional efforts to cure it.” As
a remedy for the “financial cloud of impropriety and potential
3 The other Respondents also asserted “forensic misconduct” by DA Willis based on statements she made at a church service and other extrajudicial statements. 17 untruthfulness,” the trial court provided two options: DA Willis and
her office could step aside or SADA Wade could withdraw from the
prosecution team. The trial court also denied the Respondents’
motions to dismiss the indictment. The Respondents appealed.
On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed in part and reversed
in part in a divided opinion. See Roman v. State, 373 Ga. App. 863
(2024). Relying on a leading case from this Court, Blumenfeld v.
Borenstein, 247 Ga. 406, 409 (1981), the majority opinion explained
that in Blumenfeld, this Court held that a trial court’s
disqualification based on the appearance of impropriety due to
status was improper and that the appearance of impropriety based
on conduct was also generally insufficient to justify disqualification.
But this Court left open the possibility that the appearance of
impropriety based on conduct could justify disqualification when the
interest of the public at large outweighs the client’s interest in choice
of counsel. See id. at 409.4 The majority opinion explained that the
4 We explained:
It is perhaps helpful to view the issue of attorney disqualification 18 district attorney’s important role in the administration of justice
justified disqualification because there was no countervailing
client’s interest in choice of counsel. Roman, 373 Ga. App. at 873 (1).
Relying on this reasoning and the trial court’s finding of a
“significant appearance of impropriety,” the majority opinion thus
concluded that “this is the rare case in which disqualification is
mandated and no other remedy will suffice to restore public
confidence in the integrity of these proceedings.” Id. By this holding,
as a continuum. At one end of the scale where disqualification is always justified and indeed mandated, even when balanced against a client’s right to an attorney of choice, is the appearance of impropriety coupled with a conflict of interest or jeopardy to a client’s confidences. In these instances, it is clear that the disqualification is necessary for the protection of the client. Somewhere in the middle of the continuum is the appearance of impropriety based on conduct on the part of the attorney. As discussed above, this generally has been found insufficient to outweigh the client’s interest in counsel of choice. This is probably so because absent danger to the client, the nebulous interest of the public at large in the propriety of the Bar is not weighty enough to justify disqualification. Finally, at the opposite end of the continuum is the appearance of impropriety based not on conduct but on status alone. This is an insufficient ground for disqualification. This is particularly clear in this case in light of the trial court’s specific finding that there was no actual impropriety on the part of any of the parties.
Blumenfeld, 247 Ga. at 409.
19 the Court of Appeals extended Blumenfeld, ruling that an
appearance of impropriety alone was not only sufficient grounds for
disqualification, but actually required disqualification under these
circumstances.
On certiorari, the parties focus their arguments on whether the
Court of Appeals erred in the remedy that it ordered based on the
appearance of impropriety by DA Willis, assuming as did the lower
courts, that Blumenfeld, its progeny, and other case law relying
upon the appearance of impropriety factor in the context of attorney
disqualification remain good law. I question that assumption, which
is the linchpin of the Court of Appeals’s decision and therefore part
of its holding. See State v. Wierson, 321 Ga. 597, 606 (2025) (“[T]he
holding of a judicial decision is more than just its result on a given
set of facts—it includes, to some degree, the reasoning or principles
that were necessary to that decision.”).5
5 The concurring opinion concludes that the issue of whether the appearance of impropriety alone can warrant disqualification is not a holding given the procedural posture where the State did not appeal and the parties did not raise the argument. However, I fail to see how a party’s decision on whether to appeal or the parties’ briefing affects how one reads an appellate opinion to determine its reasoning and holding. Here, the Court of Appeals 20 Blumenfeld relied on Canon 9 of the then-existing Code of
Professional Responsibility, which provided: “A lawyer should avoid
even the appearance of professional impropriety.” However,
effective January 1, 2002, this Court revised Georgia’s Rules of
Professional Conduct, removing Canon 9 and any mention of
“appearance of impropriety,” outside a comment to the rule
concerning lawyer’s direct dealings with a tribunal. See Rule of
Professional Conduct 3.5, comment 2. Indeed, the United States
Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit has called the “appearance
of impropriety” standard from former Georgia Canon 9 “no longer
recognized by the State Bar of Georgia in its Rules of Professional
Conduct” and “outdated,” in opining that a district court properly
chose not to apply it. Herrmann v. GutterGuard, Inc., 199 FApp’x
745, 753-54 (11th Cir. 2006). See also Waters v. Kemp, 845 F2d 260,
265 (11th Cir. 1988) (“The Model Code has been replaced by the
Model Rules, and thus does not govern the professional conduct of
could not have held that disqualification was required without accepting, at least implicitly, that there was a “significant appearance of impropriety” that could justify disqualification. 21 attorneys in the Southern District of Georgia. Under the Model
Rules, the appearance of impropriety is not a ground for
disqualifying a lawyer from representing a party to a lawsuit.”). No
other cases from our Court or the Court of Appeals have recognized
this change in the rules or considered how it affects whether an
attorney may be disqualified solely based on the appearance of
impropriety.6
6 It appears that all of the cases in which this Court has addressed the
appearance of impropriety in attorney disqualifications since Blumenfeld involved circumstances where there was also a conflict of interest, disclosure of privileged information, or some other misconduct. See Neuman v. State, 311 Ga. 83, 89 (2021) (“Disqualification of the prosecuting attorneys might be appropriate . . . where the privileged information disclosed to the prosecution was so voluminous that it would cast doubt on the fairness of the trial absent disqualification of the prosecuting attorneys who had reviewed the files.”); Battle v. State, 301 Ga. 694, 698 (2017) (“Certainly, a conflict of interest or the appearance of impropriety from a close personal relationship with the victim may be grounds for disqualification of a prosecutor.”); Chapel v. State, 264 Ga. 267, 269 (1994) (concluding that “both the conflict of interest and the appearance of impropriety presented by the circumstances . . . render[ed] [attorney’s] representation of [client] impermissible”); Crawford W. Long Mem’l Hosp. of Emory Univ. v. Yerby, 258 Ga. 720, 721 (1988) (stating—in case where attorney who represented a hospital and then represented the widow of a patient who had been injured while attorney was representing the hospital [i.e., an actual conflict under current Ga. R. Prof. Conduct 1.9]—that motion to disqualify the attorney should have been granted solely because of “an impermissible appearance of impropriety”). Cf. Pruitt v. State, 270 Ga. 745, 753 (1999) (“In order to prevail on this claim [that the criminal defendant’s counsel must be disqualified], [client] must show the existence of an actual conflict of interest that adversely affected his lawyer’s performance.”). 22 The Court of Appeals’s case law complicates the issue in that it
appears to have repeatedly read Blumenfeld to require an actual
impropriety or conflict of interest to accompany the appearance of
impropriety to warrant disqualification, though that rule—whether
right or wrong—has never actually been announced in our cases.
See Ga. Trails and Rentals, Inc. v. Rogers, 359 Ga. App. 207, 214
(2021) (“[O]ur Supreme Court has held that absent an actual conflict
of interest or actual impropriety, the trial court does not abuse its
discretion in denying a motion to disqualify counsel.”); Kamara v.
Henson, 340 Ga. App. 111, 116 (2017) (“Absent an actual conflict of
interest or actual impropriety, we cannot say that the trial court
abused its discretion in denying [plaintiff’s] motion to disqualify
Defense Counsel.”); Cohen v. Rogers, 338 Ga. App. 156, 164 (2016)
(“[T]here must be proof of an actual impropriety to disqualify an
attorney from representing a client.”). Although then-Judge Land’s
dissenting opinion cited Georgia Trails and Kamara for the
proposition that a conflict of interest or actual impropriety is
required for disqualification, the Roman majority inexplicably did
23 not cite or address any of these cases even though they are binding
on that court. 7 See White v. State, 305 Ga. 111, 121 (2019) (“[T]he
Court of Appeals was obligated to continue to rely on the older
precedent from that court until such time as the older law was
properly overruled by that court or reversed or overruled by this
Court.”).
The issues of whether Blumenfeld remains good law and
whether the appearance of impropriety alone can support the
disqualification of an attorney is a question of gravity. Supreme
7 In addition, although the Roman majority properly recited that an appellate court reviews a ruling on a motion to disqualify a prosecutor for an abuse of discretion, see Neuman, 311 Ga. at 296, it is not clear that the Court of Appeals correctly applied that standard in rejecting the trial court’s remedy, as the Court of Appeals did not appear to acknowledge that the trial court was in the best position to determine when the appearance of impropriety arose and what remedy was adequate; it is difficult to see how the trial court’s remedy was not within the range of reasonable remedies. See Roman, 373 Ga. App. at 873 (“The remedy crafted by the trial court to prevent an ongoing appearance of impropriety did nothing to address the appearance of impropriety that existed at times when DA Willis was exercising her broad pretrial discretion about who to prosecute and what charges to bring.”). See generally Premier Pediatric Providers, LLC v. Kennesaw Pediatrics, P.C., 318 Ga. 350, 355 (2024) (explaining that under the abuse of discretion standard, “the trial court’s conclusions [generally] will be affirmed so long as they are in conformity with the governing legal principles, based on correct facts that are relevant to determining whether any legal requirements are satisfied, and within the range of possible outcomes in which there could be room for reasonable and experienced minds to differ.”) (cleaned up). 24 Court Rule 40 (1) provides:
A petition for the writ [of certiorari] will be granted only in cases of great concern, gravity, or importance to the public. . . . such cases may include those in which:
(a) A decision of the Court of Appeals on an important matter is in conflict with other decisions of the Court of Appeals or decisions of this Court; or
(b) A decision of the Court of Appeals on an important matter faithfully applies a decision of this Court, but this Court’s precedent warrants reconsideration; or
(c) The Court of Appeals has decided an important question of state law that is likely to recur and has not been, but should be, settled by this Court.
These petitions meet the definitions of gravity under subsections (a),
(b), and (c). To begin, the issue of whether the appearance of
impropriety alone can justify disqualification of an attorney affects
every single active lawyer in this State. This qualifies as an
“important matter” under Rule 40. And as explained above, the
Court of Appeals’s decisions on this issue are in conflict. See
Supreme Court Rule 40 (1) (a). Likewise, the Roman majority
purports to apply and extend Blumenfeld, but Blumenfeld warrants
reconsideration given the removal of the appearance-of-impropriety
25 standard from our Code of Professional Responsibility over 20 years
ago. See Supreme Court Rule 40 (1) (b).
Finally, the question of whether the appearance of impropriety
alone can justify disqualification of an attorney is “important
question of state law that is likely to recur and has not been, but
should be, settled by this Court.” Supreme Court Rule 40 (1) (c).
Most states, like Georgia, have patterned their lawyer ethics rules
on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, including its deletion of
the “appearance of impropriety” standard. Many of those states
have subsequently rejected the standard and do not apply it in
disqualification cases. See, e.g., O Builders & Assocs., Inc. v. Yuna
Corp. of NJ, 19 A3d 966, 981 (Stern, J., dissenting) (N.J. 2011);
Jacob N. Printing Co., Inc. v. Mosley, 779 NW2d 596, 600-01 (Neb.
2010); Ark. Valley State Bank v. Phillips, 171 P3d 899, 909 (Okla.
2007); State v. Bell, 646 SE2d 888, 891 (S.C. Ct. App. 2007); Wade v.
Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 225 F. Supp. 2d 1323, 1331 (B) (S.D.
Ala. 2002); State v. Dimaplas, 978 P2d 891 (Kan. 1999); Schwartz v.
Cortelloni, 685 NE2d 871 (Ill. 1997). Most states, however, continue
26 to apply the standard as a factor that may be considered in deciding
disqualification but that is alone insufficient to warrant
disqualification. See, e.g., State v. Goldsberry, 18 A3d 836, 850 (II)
(A) (Md. 2011); Foley-Ciccantelli v. Bishop’s Grove Condo. Ass’n, Inc.,
797 NW2d 789, 810 (Wis. 2011); Sisk v. Transylvania Cmty. Hosp.,
Inc., 695 SE2d 429, 435-37 (N.C. 2010); State v. Baker, 934 A2d 820,
822, 824 (Vt. 2007); Town of Johnston v. Santilli, 892 A2d 123, 132
(R.I. 2006); Bottoms v. Stapleton, 706 NW2d 411, 416 (Iowa 2005);
People v. Ortega, 808 NE2d 496, 502 (Ill. 2004); Kala v. Aluminum
Smelting & Ref. Co., Inc., 688 NE2d 258, 268 (Ohio 1998); Bergeron
v. Mackler, 623 A2d 489, 494 (Conn. 1993). Other states have
concluded that an appearance of impropriety can be sufficient, by
itself, to justify disqualification. State ex rel. Bluestone Coal Corp. v.
Mazzone, 697 SE2d 740, 750 (W. Va. 2010); State v. Robinson, 179
P3d 1254, 1261 (N.M. 2008); Foster v. Traul, 175 P3d 186, 194 (Idaho
2007); State v. Tensley, 955 So2d 227, 242 writ denied, 969 So. 2d
629 (La. Ct. App. 2007); Sturdivant v. Sturdivant, 241 SW3d 740,
745, 747 (Ark. 2006); State v. Davis, 141 SW3d 600, 613 (Tenn.
27 2004); United States v. Dyess, 231 FSupp2d 493, 498 (S.D. W. Va.
2002) (disqualifying entire prosecutor’s office); Altman v. Rumbolz,
648 NW2d 823, 827-28 (S.D. 2002); City of County of Denver v.
County Court of City and County of Denver, 37 P3d 453 (Colo. App.
2001); Lovell v. Winchester, 941 SW2d 466, 468 (Ky. 1997); Griffith
v. Taylor, 937 P2d 297, 302 (Alaska 1997); People v. Mayhew, 600
NW2d 370 (Mich. App. 1999); Adam v. Macdonald Page & Co., 644
A2d 461, 463 n.6, 464 (Me. 1994); In re Estate of Pedrick, 482 A2d
215, 218 n.3 (Pa. 1984); see also Gomez v. Superior Court, 717 P2d
902, 904 (Ariz. 1986) (noting that the appearance of impropriety
“survives as a part of conflict of interest” analysis in disqualification
proceedings, but it “is ‘simply too slender a reed on which to rest a
disqualification order except in the rarest of cases”’). And even this
rough grouping of case law from different jurisdictions remains
questionable in several instances, with the state of the law on the
issue in various jurisdictions being confusing and even inconsistent,
much like the state of our own law on the issue. I note, too, that
several states treat the issue differently depending on whether it
28 arises in the civil or the criminal context. This survey of other states
demonstrates that this issue is an important one that is likely to
recur and, given the wide variety of approaches, should be settled by
this Court.
Adding even more gravity, this is also an issue that is likely to
recur with respect to prosecutors across the State in particular
because of the recent passage of OCGA § 17-11-6, which provides:
(a) In the event that:
(1) The prosecuting attorney in a felony or misdemeanor criminal case is disqualified due to improper conduct on the part of such prosecuting attorney; and
(2) Such criminal case is dismissed by the court or a subsequent prosecutor tasked with prosecuting such case following such disqualification;
any defendant against whom such charges are dismissed shall be entitled to an award of all reasonable attorney’s fees and costs incurred by the defendant in defending the case.
As such, there is now a financial incentive to move to disqualify
prosecutors. Indeed, a review of the legislative history of that bill
29 shows that although opponents’ primary concern centered on the
partisan politics surrounding the bill and the prosecution
underlying the specific cases on certiorari review here, one of the
concerns expressed was that the law would be abused in future
cases, having a chilling effect on criminal prosecutions. See House
Session Day 39 (Apr. 2, 2025).
And the Court of Appeals’s opinion adds to that incentive to
assert an appearance of impropriety to disqualify prosecutors
because that standard is amorphous and likely easiest to meet. See,
e.g., Ark. Valley State Bank, 171 P3d at 909 n.45 (quoting in part
John W. Castles III & Laurie E. Foster, Conflicts and Lawyer
Disqualification, Nat’l L.J., Feb. 6, 1984, at 16, col. 3, in noting that
some courts have dropped the appearance of impropriety as a basis
for disqualification “largely due to the fact that when the American
Bar Association proposed the Model Rules of Professional Conduct,
Rule 1.7 was drafted specifically to remove the appearance of
impropriety test because the test was deemed ‘too vague’ and
presented ‘severe problems”’); Adoption of Erica, 686 NE2d 967, 973
30 n.10 (Mass. 1997) (quoting in part 1 G.C. Hazard & W.W. Hodes,
The Law of Lawyering § 1.9:105, at 294-95 (2d ed. 1990), in
describing the “appearance of impropriety” standard as “nebulous”
and “rejected by most courts as a sole basis for disqualification”); see
also Richardson-Merrell, Inc. v. Koller, 472 U.S. 424, 436 (III) (A),
440 (IV) (105 SCt 2757, 86 LE2d 340) (1985) (“We acknowledge that
an order disqualifying counsel may impose significant hardship on
litigants,” and “[we] share the Court of Appeals’ concern about
‘tactical use of disqualification motions’ to harass opposing
counsel.”); id. at 441 (Brennan, J., concurring) (“[T]he tactical use of
attorney-misconduct disqualification motions is a deeply disturbing
phenomenon in modern civil litigation.”).
No doubt, the facts of these cases are unusual and the cases are
politically-charged due to the subject matter and the parties
involved, including the current President of the United States. But
neither the unusual underlying facts nor the identities of the parties
deprive these cases of gravity. This is because the legal principles
underlying the Court of Appeals’s ruling—in particular, the
31 proposition that an appearance of impropriety alone can warrant
and even require disqualification—are not bound to this specific
factual scenario or to these specific parties but will instead apply to
a wide variety of situations in which a litigant can show only an
appearance of impropriety—and those situations are likely to recur
with some frequency. 8
In short, this case requires the resolution of a novel issue of
gravity about which the state of the law is confused and conflicted—
both in Georgia and across the country—and thus warrants
consideration (or reconsideration) by this Court. Moreover, the issue
affects the bench and bar across the board and will likely recur such
that guidance from this Court is desirable. Therefore, I would grant
certiorari to resolve the issue of attorney disqualification based
solely on the appearance of impropriety and would propose the
following questions: 9
8 In other words, I would have granted certiorari no matter who the parties were or the underlying facts of these cases. Because I believe that these issues are likely to recur soon, I encourage the Court to use the next available opportunity to resolve these questions.
9 In proposing these questions, I express no opinion about the ultimate
32 (1) To the extent Georgia appellate case law permits
disqualification of an attorney solely on the basis of an appearance
of impropriety, see Blumenfeld v. Borenstein, 247 Ga. 406 (1981),
does that remain good law following the adoption of the 2001
Georgia Rules of Professional Conduct?
(2) If not, what is the legal basis for disqualification of an
attorney solely on the basis of an appearance of impropriety?
(3) Did the superior court abuse its discretion by denying the
motion to disqualify even though the court found a “significant
appearance of impropriety”?
I am authorized to state that Justices Ellington and Colvin join
in this dissent.
outcome. As noted above, some states with similar rules of professional conduct have concluded that the appearance of impropriety alone can be the basis for disqualification of an attorney while other states have reached the opposite conclusion and still other states have adopted a standard somewhere in between. 33