Justice KITTREDGE.
This is a direct appeal from a guilty plea. We affirm.
I.
Appellant Jarmel Rice was charged as a juvenile when he was fifteen years old for a series of violent crimes. Following a contested waiver from family court to general sessions court, Appellant pled guilty to three counts of armed robbery and one count of assault with intent to kill and received a sentence of eleven years in prison, with many other charges dismissed. In pleading guilty, Appellant raised no objection to the family court waiver. On appeal, Appellant seeks to resurrect his family court constitutional challenge to the waiver as violative of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000).
A.
South Carolina does not recognize conditional guilty pleas. State v. Truesdale, 278 S.C. 368, 370, 296 S.E.2d 528, 529 (1982); see also In re Johnny Lee W., 371 S.C. 217, 220, 638 S.E.2d 682, 684 (2006) (“A trial court may not accept a conditional plea.”). Rather, in South Carolina, a guilty plea constitutes a waiver of nonjurisdictional defects and claims of [332] violations of constitutional rights. See Hyman v. State, 397 S.C. 35, 723 S.E.2d 375 (2012) (citing Rivers v. Strickland, 264 S.C. 121, 124, 213 S.E.2d 97, 98 (1975)) (noting that a valid guilty plea constitutes a waiver of nonjurisdictional defects and defenses). The rationale for this rule has been long understood, as the United States Supreme Court (USSC) stated:
[A] guilty plea represents a break in the chain of events which has preceded it in the criminal process. When a criminal defendant has solemnly admitted in open court that he is in fact guilty of the offense with which he is charged, he may not thereafter raise independent claims relating to the deprivation of constitutional rights that occurred prior to the entry of the guilty plea. He may only attack the voluntary and intelligent character of the plea....
Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267, 93 S.Ct. 1602, 36 L.Ed.2d 235 (1973); see also State v. Passaro, 350 S.C. 499, 506, 567 S.E.2d 862, 866 (2002) (stating a “a guilty plea generally constitutes a waiver of non-jurisdictional defects and claims of violations of constitutional rights”); Vogel v. City of Myrtle Beach, 291 S.C. 229, 231, 353 S.E.2d 137, 138 (1987) (“A plea of guilty constitutes a waiver of nonjurisdictional defects and defenses.... It conclusively disposes of all prior issues including independent claims of deprivations of constitutional rights.”); State v. Tucker, 376 S.C. 412, 418, 656 S.E.2d 403, 406-07 (Ct.App.2008) (finding a defendant’s plea of guilty waived any challenge to his conviction based on an alleged pre-trial violation of statutorily prescribed procedure).
While South Carolina has remained steadfast in its opposition to conditional guilty pleas, many states allow conditional guilty pleas, primarily through statutes and court rules. In fact today, most states, all federal courts, military courts, and the District of Columbia permit conditional guilty pleas in some manner. See People v. Neuhaus, 240 P.3d 391, 394-96 (Colo.Ct.App.2009) (providing a general review of the varying approaches as to conditional guilty pleas). Because South Carolina permits only unconditional guilty pleas and no jurisdictional claim is presented, Appellant waived his right to assert a claim based on Apprendi. Nevertheless, we proceed further in light of the dissent.
[333] B.
The dissent laments how unfair it would be to require this juvenile to proceed to trial and forgo the favorable plea offer to preserve his right to challenge the transfer from family court to the court of general sessions. Yet, that is the essence of our law disallowing conditional pleas, and it applies equally to juveniles and adults. The dissent further characterizes Appellant’s challenge as jurisdictional. Respectfully, we do not view Appellant’s argument as jurisdictional in nature. Appellant casts his issue on appeal as a constitutional claim, not a jurisdictional one. Specifically, Appellant posits that South Carolina’s juvenile transfer law violates his “Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial and due process of law under Apprendi
Beyond Appellant’s failure to assert a jurisdictional argument on appeal, were we to read his brief as broadly as does the dissent, we would nevertheless reject the assertion of a jurisdictional error. We find instructive the case of State v. Yodprasit, which considered this very issue. 564 N.W.2d 383 (Iowa 1997). Yodprasit, a juvenile offender, pled guilty in adult court following the waiver of jurisdiction by the juvenile court. On appeal, Yodprasit challenged the juvenile court’s waiver of jurisdiction, specifically asserting a jurisdictional error. The Iowa Supreme Court disagreed, holding that any such error is “judicial, not jurisdictional.” Id. at 386 (“A juvenile court might enter an erroneous order waiving jurisdiction .... Such an order, however, does not undermine the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction to conduct the criminal proceedings, accept a plea of guilty, and sentence the defendant-juvenile. In short, the error is judicial, not jurisdictional.”). The Yodprasit court held that an error in a waiver proceeding which does not deprive the adult court of jurisdiction over criminal proceedings involving a juvenile can be waived if the juvenile pleads guilty. Id. at 387. We agree with Yodprasit’s reasoning that an erroneous order transferring a juvenile to general sessions court would be a judicial error — not a jurisdictional error.
II.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Justice KITTREDGE.
This is a direct appeal from a guilty plea. We affirm.
I.
Appellant Jarmel Rice was charged as a juvenile when he was fifteen years old for a series of violent crimes. Following a contested waiver from family court to general sessions court, Appellant pled guilty to three counts of armed robbery and one count of assault with intent to kill and received a sentence of eleven years in prison, with many other charges dismissed. In pleading guilty, Appellant raised no objection to the family court waiver. On appeal, Appellant seeks to resurrect his family court constitutional challenge to the waiver as violative of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000).
A.
South Carolina does not recognize conditional guilty pleas. State v. Truesdale, 278 S.C. 368, 370, 296 S.E.2d 528, 529 (1982); see also In re Johnny Lee W., 371 S.C. 217, 220, 638 S.E.2d 682, 684 (2006) (“A trial court may not accept a conditional plea.”). Rather, in South Carolina, a guilty plea constitutes a waiver of nonjurisdictional defects and claims of [332] violations of constitutional rights. See Hyman v. State, 397 S.C. 35, 723 S.E.2d 375 (2012) (citing Rivers v. Strickland, 264 S.C. 121, 124, 213 S.E.2d 97, 98 (1975)) (noting that a valid guilty plea constitutes a waiver of nonjurisdictional defects and defenses). The rationale for this rule has been long understood, as the United States Supreme Court (USSC) stated:
[A] guilty plea represents a break in the chain of events which has preceded it in the criminal process. When a criminal defendant has solemnly admitted in open court that he is in fact guilty of the offense with which he is charged, he may not thereafter raise independent claims relating to the deprivation of constitutional rights that occurred prior to the entry of the guilty plea. He may only attack the voluntary and intelligent character of the plea....
Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267, 93 S.Ct. 1602, 36 L.Ed.2d 235 (1973); see also State v. Passaro, 350 S.C. 499, 506, 567 S.E.2d 862, 866 (2002) (stating a “a guilty plea generally constitutes a waiver of non-jurisdictional defects and claims of violations of constitutional rights”); Vogel v. City of Myrtle Beach, 291 S.C. 229, 231, 353 S.E.2d 137, 138 (1987) (“A plea of guilty constitutes a waiver of nonjurisdictional defects and defenses.... It conclusively disposes of all prior issues including independent claims of deprivations of constitutional rights.”); State v. Tucker, 376 S.C. 412, 418, 656 S.E.2d 403, 406-07 (Ct.App.2008) (finding a defendant’s plea of guilty waived any challenge to his conviction based on an alleged pre-trial violation of statutorily prescribed procedure).
While South Carolina has remained steadfast in its opposition to conditional guilty pleas, many states allow conditional guilty pleas, primarily through statutes and court rules. In fact today, most states, all federal courts, military courts, and the District of Columbia permit conditional guilty pleas in some manner. See People v. Neuhaus, 240 P.3d 391, 394-96 (Colo.Ct.App.2009) (providing a general review of the varying approaches as to conditional guilty pleas). Because South Carolina permits only unconditional guilty pleas and no jurisdictional claim is presented, Appellant waived his right to assert a claim based on Apprendi. Nevertheless, we proceed further in light of the dissent.
[333] B.
The dissent laments how unfair it would be to require this juvenile to proceed to trial and forgo the favorable plea offer to preserve his right to challenge the transfer from family court to the court of general sessions. Yet, that is the essence of our law disallowing conditional pleas, and it applies equally to juveniles and adults. The dissent further characterizes Appellant’s challenge as jurisdictional. Respectfully, we do not view Appellant’s argument as jurisdictional in nature. Appellant casts his issue on appeal as a constitutional claim, not a jurisdictional one. Specifically, Appellant posits that South Carolina’s juvenile transfer law violates his “Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial and due process of law under Apprendi
Beyond Appellant’s failure to assert a jurisdictional argument on appeal, were we to read his brief as broadly as does the dissent, we would nevertheless reject the assertion of a jurisdictional error. We find instructive the case of State v. Yodprasit, which considered this very issue. 564 N.W.2d 383 (Iowa 1997). Yodprasit, a juvenile offender, pled guilty in adult court following the waiver of jurisdiction by the juvenile court. On appeal, Yodprasit challenged the juvenile court’s waiver of jurisdiction, specifically asserting a jurisdictional error. The Iowa Supreme Court disagreed, holding that any such error is “judicial, not jurisdictional.” Id. at 386 (“A juvenile court might enter an erroneous order waiving jurisdiction .... Such an order, however, does not undermine the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction to conduct the criminal proceedings, accept a plea of guilty, and sentence the defendant-juvenile. In short, the error is judicial, not jurisdictional.”). The Yodprasit court held that an error in a waiver proceeding which does not deprive the adult court of jurisdiction over criminal proceedings involving a juvenile can be waived if the juvenile pleads guilty. Id. at 387. We agree with Yodprasit’s reasoning that an erroneous order transferring a juvenile to general sessions court would be a judicial error — not a jurisdictional error.
II.
In any event, Appellant’s Apprendi challenge fails on the merits. In Apprendi, the USSC held that “[o]ther than [334] the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” 530 U.S. at 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348. This applies to any fact that will “expose the defendant to a greater punishment than that authorized by the jury’s verdict.” Id. at 494, 120 S.Ct. 2348; see also Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 303, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004) (clarifying that for purposes of Apprendi, the “statutory maximum” is the maximum term of imprisonment a court may impose “solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant”). In Oregon v. Ice, in which the USSC held Apprendi did not apply to findings of fact required as a predicate to imposing consecutive, rather than concurrent, sentences on a defendant, the USSC stated “[t]here is no encroachment here by the judge upon facts historically found by the jury, nor any threat to the jury’s domain as a bulwark at trial between the State and the accused.” 555 U.S. 160, 169, 129 S.Ct. 711, 172 L.Ed.2d 517 (2009) (emphasis added).
Indeed, many challenges similar to Appellant’s have been rejected on the basis that Apprendi is not applicable. See e.g., United States v. Juvenile, 228 F.3d 987 (9th Cir.2000) (holding that juvenile transfer does not increase punishment but merely establishes a basis for district court jurisdiction); State v. Kalmakoff, 122 P.3d 224 (Alaska App.2005) (finding juvenile waiver hearings are not sentencing proceedings and therefore not governed by Apprendi); State v. Rodriguez, 205 Ariz. 392, 71 P.3d 919 (Ct.App.2003) (finding transfer statute does not implicate Apprendi because it does not subject a juvenile to enhanced punishment but only to the adult criminal justice system); People v. Beltran, 327 Ill.App.3d 685, 262 Ill.Dec. 463, 765 N.E.2d 1071 (2002) (concluding Apprendi does not apply to a decision to prosecute defendant as adult because transfer hearing is not adjudicatory); Villalon v. State, 956 N.E.2d 697 (Ind.Ct.App.2011) (concluding that the juvenile waiver statute does not provide sentencing enhancement correlated with proof of a particular fact and, therefore, does not implicate the core concerns of Apprendi); State v. Jones, 273 Kan. 756, 47 P.3d 783 (2002) (holding Apprendi does not apply to juvenile waiver hearings because they determine only which judicial system is appropriate for juvenile offender); Caldwell [335] v. Commonwealth, 133 S.W.3d 445 (Ky.2004) (holding that a juvenile transfer proceeding does not implicate Apprendi because it does not involve sentencing or a determination of guilt or innocence); State v. Andrews, 329 S.W.3d 369 (Mo.2010) (finding Apprendi does not apply to juvenile transfer proceedings because transfer does not enhance the potential maximum sentence but merely determines proper forum); State v. Rudy B., 149 N.M. 22, 243 P.3d 726 (2010) (finding Apprendi not applicable to an evidentiary hearing to determine whether a juvenile adjudicated as a youthful offender should be sentenced as a juvenile or as an adult); State v. Childress, 169 Wash.App. 523, 280 P.3d 1144 (2012) (finding statutory procedure for declination of jurisdiction by juvenile court does not violate a defendant’s right to a jury trial). We adopt this approach and hold that Apprendi is not applicable to a family court juvenile waiver hearing, for the decision whether to waive a juvenile to general sessions court in no manner determines the juvenile’s guilt, innocence, or punishment — it merely determines the forum in which the case is to be tried.
AFFIRMED.
TOAL, C.J., BEATTY and HEARN, JJ., concur.
PLEICONES, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part in a separate opinion.