This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 33,867
5 CANDELARIO PEDROZA,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF OTERO COUNTY 8 Angie K. Schneider, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM 11 Elizabeth Ashton, Assistant Attorney General 12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender 15 Karl Erich Martell, Assistant Appellate Defender 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 WECHSLER, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant Candelario Pedroza appeals his convictions for possession of a
2 controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia, challenging the sufficiency
3 of the evidence offered at trial and asserting that he was denied effective assistance
4 of counsel. In particular, with regard to the sufficiency of the evidence, Defendant
5 asserts that the State did not establish that “he had knowledge of the contraband” that
6 was found concealed within an irrigation sprinkler head on the floor of a borrowed
7 truck that Defendant had been driving. In addition, Defendant asserts that he was
8 denied effective assistance of counsel. We affirm.
9 SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
10 {2} With regard to the sufficiency of the trial evidence, this Court reviews to
11 determine “whether substantial evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature
12 exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every
13 element essential to a conviction.” State v. Sutphin, 1988-NMSC-031, ¶ 21, 107 N.M.
14 126, 753 P.2d 1314. “A reviewing court must view the evidence in the light most
15 favorable to the state, resolving all conflicts therein and indulging all permissible
16 inferences therefrom in favor of the verdict.” Id. “This [C]ourt does not weigh the
17 evidence and may not substitute its judgment for that of the fact finder so long as there
18 is sufficient evidence to support the verdict.” Id. Further, when assessing the
19 sufficiency of the evidence to support a jury verdict, this Court analyzes the evidence
2 1 presented in the light of the instructions given to the jury defining the offenses
2 charged. See State v. Smith, 1986-NMCA-089, ¶ 7, 104 N.M. 729, 726 P.2d 883
3 (noting that “[j]ury instructions become the law of the case against which the
4 sufficiency of the evidence is to be measured”). Of relevance to Defendant’s
5 contention on appeal, the jury at his trial was instructed with regard to the doctrine of
6 constructive possession. See UJI 14-130 NMRA (defining “possession”). The jury was
7 informed that:
8 A person is in possession of methamphetamine or drug 9 paraphernalia when he knows it is on his person or in his presence, and 10 he exercises control over it.
11 Even if the methamphetamine or drug paraphernalia is not in his 12 physical presence, he is in possession if he knows where it is, and he 13 exercises control over it.
14 Two or more people can have possession of a substance at the 15 same time.
16 A person’s presence in the vicinity of the substance or his 17 knowledge of the existence or the location of the substance, is not, by 18 itself, possession.
19 {3} The facts as presented at trial are not in dispute. Officer Rodney Scharmack of
20 the Alamogordo Police Department received a tip from a reliable confidential
21 informant that a probationer possessed methamphetamine and that the probationer
22 would be at his apartment with an Hispanic male driving a Ford F-150 pick-up truck.
23 As Officer Scharmack approached the apartment with the probationer’s probation
3 1 officers, he observed an Hispanic male standing in the open door of a silver F-150
2 pick-up truck. The man, Defendant, closed the door and began walking to the
3 probationer’s apartment. Inside the apartment, the probation officers conducted a
4 probation search. Officer Scharmack asked Defendant what he was doing standing in
5 the door of the truck, and Defendant denied that he was the person standing at the
6 truck. With Defendant’s permission, Officer Scharmack patted Defendant down and
7 found gun cartridges. Officer Scharmack then detained Defendant.
8 {4} During the pat-down, Defendant informed Officer Scharmack that the Ford
9 F-150 pick-up truck was not his truck. Officer Scharmack observed a set of keys
10 attached to Defendant’s belt loop, but Defendant denied that they belonged to the
11 truck that was outside. Defendant gave Officer Scharmack permission to see if the
12 keys worked on the truck, and Officer Sharmack was able to unlock the door.
13 Defendant then told Officer Scharmack that the truck belonged to a friend who lived
14 in Ruidoso, New Mexico. Defendant did not know his name or how to contact him.
15 Defendant ultimately told Officer Scharmack that he was the person standing next to
16 the truck earlier.
17 {5} A drug sniffing dog requested by the probation officers did not locate any drugs
18 in the apartment but alerted to the truck. Officer Scharmack obtained a warrant to
19 search the truck. On the floorboard next to the center console, beneath a shirt, he
4 1 found a sprinkler head, a loaded gun, and six rounds of the same cartridges he found
2 in Defendant’s pocket in the apartment. He also found thirty-three rounds of the same
3 cartridges in a box in the driver’s side door pocket. Inside the sprinkler head, there
4 was a bag of methamphetamine and drug paraphernalia.
5 {6} On appeal, Defendant cites State v. Garcia for the proposition that possession
6 cannot be based upon mere proximity and that an appellate court “must be able to
7 articulate a reasonable analysis that the fact-finder might have used to determine
8 knowledge and control.” 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 13, 138 N.M. 1, 116 P.3d 72 (alteration,
9 internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). In this case, however, Defendant’s
10 behavior prior to the search of the truck provides ample basis for the jury to have
11 determined he had knowledge of and control over the contraband.
12 {7} The evidence at trial was that, until confronted with the fact that a key in his
13 possession fit the lock of the truck in which the contraband was found, Defendant
14 consistently, repeatedly, and dishonestly denied any connection with that truck. Such
15 evidence would suggest to a reasonable person that Defendant knew something that
16 made him want to disassociate himself from that truck, and a jury may reasonably
17 infer from such conduct that Defendant was aware of the contraband in the truck. See
18 State v. Martinez, 2002-NMCA-043, ¶ 17, 132 N.M. 101, 45 P.3d 41 (noting that a
19 jury may interpret a defendant’s dishonesty with law enforcement officers “as
5 1 evincing a consciousness of guilt”); see also State v. Faubion, 1998-NMCA-095, ¶ 13,
2 125 N.M.
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This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 33,867
5 CANDELARIO PEDROZA,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF OTERO COUNTY 8 Angie K. Schneider, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM 11 Elizabeth Ashton, Assistant Attorney General 12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender 15 Karl Erich Martell, Assistant Appellate Defender 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 WECHSLER, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant Candelario Pedroza appeals his convictions for possession of a
2 controlled substance and possession of drug paraphernalia, challenging the sufficiency
3 of the evidence offered at trial and asserting that he was denied effective assistance
4 of counsel. In particular, with regard to the sufficiency of the evidence, Defendant
5 asserts that the State did not establish that “he had knowledge of the contraband” that
6 was found concealed within an irrigation sprinkler head on the floor of a borrowed
7 truck that Defendant had been driving. In addition, Defendant asserts that he was
8 denied effective assistance of counsel. We affirm.
9 SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
10 {2} With regard to the sufficiency of the trial evidence, this Court reviews to
11 determine “whether substantial evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature
12 exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every
13 element essential to a conviction.” State v. Sutphin, 1988-NMSC-031, ¶ 21, 107 N.M.
14 126, 753 P.2d 1314. “A reviewing court must view the evidence in the light most
15 favorable to the state, resolving all conflicts therein and indulging all permissible
16 inferences therefrom in favor of the verdict.” Id. “This [C]ourt does not weigh the
17 evidence and may not substitute its judgment for that of the fact finder so long as there
18 is sufficient evidence to support the verdict.” Id. Further, when assessing the
19 sufficiency of the evidence to support a jury verdict, this Court analyzes the evidence
2 1 presented in the light of the instructions given to the jury defining the offenses
2 charged. See State v. Smith, 1986-NMCA-089, ¶ 7, 104 N.M. 729, 726 P.2d 883
3 (noting that “[j]ury instructions become the law of the case against which the
4 sufficiency of the evidence is to be measured”). Of relevance to Defendant’s
5 contention on appeal, the jury at his trial was instructed with regard to the doctrine of
6 constructive possession. See UJI 14-130 NMRA (defining “possession”). The jury was
7 informed that:
8 A person is in possession of methamphetamine or drug 9 paraphernalia when he knows it is on his person or in his presence, and 10 he exercises control over it.
11 Even if the methamphetamine or drug paraphernalia is not in his 12 physical presence, he is in possession if he knows where it is, and he 13 exercises control over it.
14 Two or more people can have possession of a substance at the 15 same time.
16 A person’s presence in the vicinity of the substance or his 17 knowledge of the existence or the location of the substance, is not, by 18 itself, possession.
19 {3} The facts as presented at trial are not in dispute. Officer Rodney Scharmack of
20 the Alamogordo Police Department received a tip from a reliable confidential
21 informant that a probationer possessed methamphetamine and that the probationer
22 would be at his apartment with an Hispanic male driving a Ford F-150 pick-up truck.
23 As Officer Scharmack approached the apartment with the probationer’s probation
3 1 officers, he observed an Hispanic male standing in the open door of a silver F-150
2 pick-up truck. The man, Defendant, closed the door and began walking to the
3 probationer’s apartment. Inside the apartment, the probation officers conducted a
4 probation search. Officer Scharmack asked Defendant what he was doing standing in
5 the door of the truck, and Defendant denied that he was the person standing at the
6 truck. With Defendant’s permission, Officer Scharmack patted Defendant down and
7 found gun cartridges. Officer Scharmack then detained Defendant.
8 {4} During the pat-down, Defendant informed Officer Scharmack that the Ford
9 F-150 pick-up truck was not his truck. Officer Scharmack observed a set of keys
10 attached to Defendant’s belt loop, but Defendant denied that they belonged to the
11 truck that was outside. Defendant gave Officer Scharmack permission to see if the
12 keys worked on the truck, and Officer Sharmack was able to unlock the door.
13 Defendant then told Officer Scharmack that the truck belonged to a friend who lived
14 in Ruidoso, New Mexico. Defendant did not know his name or how to contact him.
15 Defendant ultimately told Officer Scharmack that he was the person standing next to
16 the truck earlier.
17 {5} A drug sniffing dog requested by the probation officers did not locate any drugs
18 in the apartment but alerted to the truck. Officer Scharmack obtained a warrant to
19 search the truck. On the floorboard next to the center console, beneath a shirt, he
4 1 found a sprinkler head, a loaded gun, and six rounds of the same cartridges he found
2 in Defendant’s pocket in the apartment. He also found thirty-three rounds of the same
3 cartridges in a box in the driver’s side door pocket. Inside the sprinkler head, there
4 was a bag of methamphetamine and drug paraphernalia.
5 {6} On appeal, Defendant cites State v. Garcia for the proposition that possession
6 cannot be based upon mere proximity and that an appellate court “must be able to
7 articulate a reasonable analysis that the fact-finder might have used to determine
8 knowledge and control.” 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 13, 138 N.M. 1, 116 P.3d 72 (alteration,
9 internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). In this case, however, Defendant’s
10 behavior prior to the search of the truck provides ample basis for the jury to have
11 determined he had knowledge of and control over the contraband.
12 {7} The evidence at trial was that, until confronted with the fact that a key in his
13 possession fit the lock of the truck in which the contraband was found, Defendant
14 consistently, repeatedly, and dishonestly denied any connection with that truck. Such
15 evidence would suggest to a reasonable person that Defendant knew something that
16 made him want to disassociate himself from that truck, and a jury may reasonably
17 infer from such conduct that Defendant was aware of the contraband in the truck. See
18 State v. Martinez, 2002-NMCA-043, ¶ 17, 132 N.M. 101, 45 P.3d 41 (noting that a
19 jury may interpret a defendant’s dishonesty with law enforcement officers “as
5 1 evincing a consciousness of guilt”); see also State v. Faubion, 1998-NMCA-095, ¶ 13,
2 125 N.M. 670, 964 P.2d 834 (describing lies to the police as evidence of
3 consciousness of guilt).
4 {8} Defendant also asserts that the State failed to establish his exclusive control
5 over the truck, citing to State v. Maes, 2007-NMCA-089, ¶¶ 14-22, 142 N.M. 276, 164
6 P.3d 975. Defendant does not base this assertion on there having been anyone else
7 present who had any actual access to the interior of the truck or any actual control
8 over the truck; instead, he merely points out that the State offered no evidence
9 regarding ownership of the truck. And, as noted above, there was evidence that
10 Defendant at one point claimed that the truck was borrowed from an unknown person.
11 However, the State did offer evidence that the truck was locked and that Defendant
12 had the key. The matching gun cartridges found on the floorboard and driver’s side
13 door pocket of the truck provide additional evidence of control over the truck.
14 {9} To the extent that exclusive control of the truck is at issue in this case, our
15 appellate opinions hold that “the mere presence of the contraband is not enough to
16 support an inference of constructive possession” in the absence of exclusive control
17 of the area where drugs are found. State v. Phillips, 2000-NMCA-028, ¶ 8, 128 N.M.
18 777, 999 P.2d 421. Instead, “[a]dditional circumstances or incriminating statements
19 are required” and “[t]he accused’s own conduct may afford sufficient additional
6 1 circumstances for constructive possession.” Id.; see also State v. Morales, 2002-
2 NMCA-052, ¶ 28, 132 N.M. 146, 45 P.3d 406 (noting that “[w]hen an accused is not
3 in exclusive possession of the place in which the illegal substance is found, the [s]tate
4 is required to prove that the accused knew the substance was there and that he
5 exercised control over it”), overruled on other grounds by State v. Tollardo, 2012-
6 NMSC-008, ¶ 37 n.6, 275 P.3d 110.
7 {10} As discussed above, the State offered ample evidence regarding Defendant’s
8 behavior leading up to the discovery of contraband in the truck. Given the evidence
9 presented, the jury was entitled to treat Defendant’s contradictory statements
10 regarding his connection to and control over the truck as incriminating statements that
11 sufficiently established his further knowledge of and control over the contents
12 eventually found in the truck, including the sprinkler head containing the contraband
13 and drug paraphernalia.
14 {11} In sum, Defendant’s convictions are supported by evidence that
15 methamphetamine and a glass pipe were found in a truck that he had been driving. The
16 evidence supported the jury’s finding that Defendant had knowledge and control over
17 the truck’s illegal contents. Defendant, who had the key to that truck, had sole access
18 to the interior of the truck and possessed matching gun cartridges to those found inside
7 1 the truck. Defendant’s own conduct prior to law enforcement’s discovery of the
2 contraband further supported the jury’s finding.
3 INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
4 {12} Defendant also asserts a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. On appeal,
5 Defendant bears the burden of establishing a prima facie case of ineffective assistance
6 of counsel. State v. Roybal, 2002-NMSC-027, ¶ 19, 132 N.M. 657, 54 P.3d 61. To do
7 so, Defendant must demonstrate that: (1) counsel’s performance fell below that of a
8 reasonably competent attorney; (2) no plausible, rational strategy or tactic explains
9 counsel’s conduct; and (3) counsel’s apparent failings were prejudicial to the defense.
10 See State v. Herrera, 2001-NMCA-073, ¶ 36, 131 N.M. 22, 33 P.3d 22.
11 {13} Defendant bases his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on the limited
12 contact between himself and his attorney. However, Defendant fails to demonstrate
13 how more contact would have strengthened his defense or led to a different result.
14 This is a fatal deficiency. See State v. Martinez, 2007-NMCA-160, ¶¶ 20, 23, 143
15 N.M. 96, 173 P.3d 18 (rejecting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel where the
16 defendant provided no specifics as to how his defense would have been strengthened
17 by more preparation). We therefore reject Defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance
18 of counsel, without prejudice or preclusive effect as to any habeas corpus proceedings
19 Defendant may bring in the future. See generally State v. Gonzales, 2007-NMSC-059,
8 1 ¶ 16, 143 N.M. 25, 172 P.3d 162 (“While [the d]efendant has failed to establish a
2 prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel, [the d]efendant can still pursue
3 habeas proceedings on this issue.”).
4 CONCLUSION
5 {14} We affirm Defendant’s convictions.
6 {15} IT IS SO ORDERED.
7 ________________________________ 8 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
9 WE CONCUR:
10 ________________________________ 11 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge
12 ________________________________ 13 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge