GIERKE, Justice.
Daryl Nygaard (Nygaard) appeals from a conviction of driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor in violation of Section 39-08-01 of the North Dakota Century Code. We reverse and remand.
On June 14, 1987, at approximately 1:30 a.m., Highway Patrolman Darryl Bulzomi stopped Nygaard for speeding. Officer Bulzomi testified that while following the vehicle driven by Nygaard he observed it swerving within its own lane. Officer Bul-zomi further testified that Nygaard had blood-shot eyes, smelled of alcohol, swayed as he walked, admitted drinking and had slurred speech.
Officer Bulzomi had Nygaard perform an alert test and some field sobriety tests. After concluding that Nygaard was under the influence of alcohol, Officer Bulzomi placed him under arrest and took him to the Carrington Hospital Emergency Room to have a blood sample drawn. Nygaard consented to the withdrawal of blood and signed a hospital consent to have his blood drawn.
Brenda Loken, the registered nurse who drew the blood sample from Nygaard, testified that she took a sterile syringe and needle, put a tourniquet on the arm, cleansed the area with water and then withdrew 10 cc’s of blood. Brenda Loken further testified that after the blood was drawn she released the tourniquet, removed the needle from the arm, injected the blood into the vial held by Officer Bul-zomi and applied a sterile gauze over the puncture site.
Officer Bulzomi testified that he put the rubber stopper back on the vial and shook the vial to mix it. Officer Bulzomi further testified that after Form 104 was completed he placed it and the vial in a container [548]*548for shipment and mailed the container to the State Toxicologist the following morning.
At trial, the results of the blood test were admitted into evidence over Ny-gaard’s objections that the approved method for drawing the blood sample was not followed and that no chain of custody was established. Nygaard was found guilty of driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor in violation of Section 39-08-01 of the North Dakota Century Code.1 On November 19, 1987, a judgment of conviction was entered. This appeal followed.
The dispositive issue on appeal involves the adequacy of the chain of custody and whether or not the trial court erred in admitting the results of the blood-alcohol test. Nygaard argues that the results of the blood-alcohol test should have been excluded because Officer Bulzomi failed to properly seal and label the vial as required in the directions for sample collection issued by the State Toxicologist.
In Erickson v. North Dakota Workmen’s Comp. Bureau, 123 N.W.2d 292, 296 (N.D.1963), this Court stated the foundational requirement for the admissibility of blood-alcohol results as follows:
“When an object is being used in evidence to prove a fact with which it is related as of a previous time, it is not competent evidence unless it is first shown that such object is in substantially the same condition as it was at the time to which it is being related. Gutman v. Industrial Commission, 71 Ohio App. 383, 50 N.E.2d 187 [1942]. Therefore, in this case, where the alcoholic content of the decedent's blood at the time of the accident is to be shown by a test of a sample of his blood, there must be positive evidence to show that the blood had not been tampered with and that, when the test was made, the blood analyzed was that which was taken from the body of the deceased. Mere delay will not destroy the evidentiary factor of an object if a proper foundation is laid. But before a material object may be admitted in evidence, it must be shown that there has been no substantial change in its condition since the time in issue, which in this case would require that there be evidence showing that the contents of the container into which the blood had been placed was the same substance that had been withdrawn from the body of the deceased and, except perhaps for clotting, that it was in substantially the same condition.”
In State v. Hanson, 345 N.W.2d 845, 849 (N.D.1984), we recognized that there is a possibility that a blood sample may become contaminated before it reaches the laboratory for chemical analysis.2 In State v. [549]*549Hanson, supra, we concluded that a sufficient foundation was provided by the State to admit the results of the blood-alcohol test where the officer testified that the blood sample was withdrawn under very clean and sterile conditions and described the procedures utilized in marking, handling and mailing the blood sample to the office of the State Toxicologist.
Also, in State v. Reil, 409 N.W.2d 99,103 n. 4 (N.D.1987), we noted that compliance with the directions for sample collection and submission on Form 104 amply provides proof of chain of custody.
The directions on Form 104 for sample collection and submission for blood specimens read as follows:
“FOR BLOOD OR OTHER FLUID SPECIMENS
“1. Use only a sterile, dry, clean syringe, and needle and a non-alcoholic, non-volatile, skin disinfectant.
“2. Remove stopper from glass vial before filling. These vials do not have a vacuum.
“3. Place 10 ml of whole blood or other liquid specimen into the vial and replace the stopper.
“4. Immediately invert the vial several times to dissolve the chemical and prevent clotting.
“5. Seal the vial with one layer of tape and label the vial with the name of the subject and the arresting officer.
“6. Fill out this form, wrap it around the vial, and place in the mailing container.
“7. Place cotton or tissue paper on top of the vial. Replace the metal screw cap.
“8. Seal mailing container with the long, narrow label by putting it over the cap and attaching it to the cardboard sides.
“9. Affix the return address label around the mailing container over the ends of the seal.
“Forward the sample to the State Toxicologist without delay. If delay is unavoidable refrigerate the urine sample to minimize loss of alcohol & drugs. Use sufficient postage when sent by mail. “The specimen containers for urine and blood contain sodium azide, and sodium fluoride & potassium oxalate, respectively. These chemicals are poisonous and care should be taken in handling the vial.” [Emphasis added.]
Because we assume that the State Toxicologist has reasons for establishing directions for sample collection and submission, we conclude that when there is a deviation from the established directions, the State must establish that there were sufficient indicia of reliability in the collection and submission of the blood sample to permit the receipt of the results of the blood-alcohol test.
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GIERKE, Justice.
Daryl Nygaard (Nygaard) appeals from a conviction of driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor in violation of Section 39-08-01 of the North Dakota Century Code. We reverse and remand.
On June 14, 1987, at approximately 1:30 a.m., Highway Patrolman Darryl Bulzomi stopped Nygaard for speeding. Officer Bulzomi testified that while following the vehicle driven by Nygaard he observed it swerving within its own lane. Officer Bul-zomi further testified that Nygaard had blood-shot eyes, smelled of alcohol, swayed as he walked, admitted drinking and had slurred speech.
Officer Bulzomi had Nygaard perform an alert test and some field sobriety tests. After concluding that Nygaard was under the influence of alcohol, Officer Bulzomi placed him under arrest and took him to the Carrington Hospital Emergency Room to have a blood sample drawn. Nygaard consented to the withdrawal of blood and signed a hospital consent to have his blood drawn.
Brenda Loken, the registered nurse who drew the blood sample from Nygaard, testified that she took a sterile syringe and needle, put a tourniquet on the arm, cleansed the area with water and then withdrew 10 cc’s of blood. Brenda Loken further testified that after the blood was drawn she released the tourniquet, removed the needle from the arm, injected the blood into the vial held by Officer Bul-zomi and applied a sterile gauze over the puncture site.
Officer Bulzomi testified that he put the rubber stopper back on the vial and shook the vial to mix it. Officer Bulzomi further testified that after Form 104 was completed he placed it and the vial in a container [548]*548for shipment and mailed the container to the State Toxicologist the following morning.
At trial, the results of the blood test were admitted into evidence over Ny-gaard’s objections that the approved method for drawing the blood sample was not followed and that no chain of custody was established. Nygaard was found guilty of driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor in violation of Section 39-08-01 of the North Dakota Century Code.1 On November 19, 1987, a judgment of conviction was entered. This appeal followed.
The dispositive issue on appeal involves the adequacy of the chain of custody and whether or not the trial court erred in admitting the results of the blood-alcohol test. Nygaard argues that the results of the blood-alcohol test should have been excluded because Officer Bulzomi failed to properly seal and label the vial as required in the directions for sample collection issued by the State Toxicologist.
In Erickson v. North Dakota Workmen’s Comp. Bureau, 123 N.W.2d 292, 296 (N.D.1963), this Court stated the foundational requirement for the admissibility of blood-alcohol results as follows:
“When an object is being used in evidence to prove a fact with which it is related as of a previous time, it is not competent evidence unless it is first shown that such object is in substantially the same condition as it was at the time to which it is being related. Gutman v. Industrial Commission, 71 Ohio App. 383, 50 N.E.2d 187 [1942]. Therefore, in this case, where the alcoholic content of the decedent's blood at the time of the accident is to be shown by a test of a sample of his blood, there must be positive evidence to show that the blood had not been tampered with and that, when the test was made, the blood analyzed was that which was taken from the body of the deceased. Mere delay will not destroy the evidentiary factor of an object if a proper foundation is laid. But before a material object may be admitted in evidence, it must be shown that there has been no substantial change in its condition since the time in issue, which in this case would require that there be evidence showing that the contents of the container into which the blood had been placed was the same substance that had been withdrawn from the body of the deceased and, except perhaps for clotting, that it was in substantially the same condition.”
In State v. Hanson, 345 N.W.2d 845, 849 (N.D.1984), we recognized that there is a possibility that a blood sample may become contaminated before it reaches the laboratory for chemical analysis.2 In State v. [549]*549Hanson, supra, we concluded that a sufficient foundation was provided by the State to admit the results of the blood-alcohol test where the officer testified that the blood sample was withdrawn under very clean and sterile conditions and described the procedures utilized in marking, handling and mailing the blood sample to the office of the State Toxicologist.
Also, in State v. Reil, 409 N.W.2d 99,103 n. 4 (N.D.1987), we noted that compliance with the directions for sample collection and submission on Form 104 amply provides proof of chain of custody.
The directions on Form 104 for sample collection and submission for blood specimens read as follows:
“FOR BLOOD OR OTHER FLUID SPECIMENS
“1. Use only a sterile, dry, clean syringe, and needle and a non-alcoholic, non-volatile, skin disinfectant.
“2. Remove stopper from glass vial before filling. These vials do not have a vacuum.
“3. Place 10 ml of whole blood or other liquid specimen into the vial and replace the stopper.
“4. Immediately invert the vial several times to dissolve the chemical and prevent clotting.
“5. Seal the vial with one layer of tape and label the vial with the name of the subject and the arresting officer.
“6. Fill out this form, wrap it around the vial, and place in the mailing container.
“7. Place cotton or tissue paper on top of the vial. Replace the metal screw cap.
“8. Seal mailing container with the long, narrow label by putting it over the cap and attaching it to the cardboard sides.
“9. Affix the return address label around the mailing container over the ends of the seal.
“Forward the sample to the State Toxicologist without delay. If delay is unavoidable refrigerate the urine sample to minimize loss of alcohol & drugs. Use sufficient postage when sent by mail. “The specimen containers for urine and blood contain sodium azide, and sodium fluoride & potassium oxalate, respectively. These chemicals are poisonous and care should be taken in handling the vial.” [Emphasis added.]
Because we assume that the State Toxicologist has reasons for establishing directions for sample collection and submission, we conclude that when there is a deviation from the established directions, the State must establish that there were sufficient indicia of reliability in the collection and submission of the blood sample to permit the receipt of the results of the blood-alcohol test.
In the instant case, it is undisputed that the officer failed to “[s]eal the vial with one layer of tape and label the vial with the name of the subject and the arresting officer” as required in step 5 of the directions for sample collection and submission on Form 104. Also, no testimony was provided by the State to verify that the [550]*550blood sample tested was the same blood collected from the defendant.
We believe that the trial court erred in admitting the results of the blood-alcohol test. Next, we must determine whether or not such error was harmless error under Rule 52(a) of the North Dakota Rules of Criminal Procedure.3
In State v. Micko, 393 N.W.2d 741, 746 (N.D.1986), we stated our objective in reviewing error that occurs during a trial as follows:
“Our review of trial court error is guided by Rule 52, N.D.R.Crim.P., which defines errors as harmless and obvious. Rule 52(a), (b), N.D.R.Crim.P. Review is limited to a determination of whether or not the error committed prejudiced the substantial rights of the accused. Rule 52(a), N.D.R.Crim.P. If no prejudice resulted, the error may be disregarded. Rule 52(a), N.D.R.Crim.P.
“Our objective in reviewing this conviction is to determine whether the error was so prejudicial that substantial injury resulted and a different decision probably would have resulted absent the error. State v. Mehralian, 301 N.W.2d 409, 418 (N.D.1981); State v. Manning, 134 N.W. 2d 91, 99 (N.D.1965). Not every error is prejudicial, however, and unless the mistake had some effect on the jury’s verdict, the conviction will stand. Manning, supra.”
After reviewing the entire record in this case and considering the probable effect of the error, we believe that substantial prejudice resulted from the admission of the blood-alcohol test results into evidence. Therefore, we cannot conclude that the error constituted harmless error under Rule 52(a) of the North Dakota Rules of Criminal Procedure.
Accordingly, the criminal conviction is reversed and the case is remanded for a new trial.
ERICKSTAD, C.J., and LEVINE, J., concur.
VANDE WALLE, J., concurs in the result.