[Cite as State v. Myers, 2021-Ohio-475.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellee, : CASE NO. 2020-T-0006 - vs - :
JOSEPH LEE MYERS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal from the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas. Case No. 2019 CR 00346.
Judgment: Affirmed.
Dennis Watkins, Trumbull County Prosecutor, and Ashleigh Musick, Assistant Prosecutor, Administration Building, Fourth Floor, 160 High Street, N.W., Warren, OH 44481-1092 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).
Michael A. Partlow, 112 South Water Street, Suite C, Kent, Ohio 44240 (For Defendant- Appellant).
MARY JANE TRAPP, P.J.
{¶1} Appellant, Joseph Lee Myers (“Mr. Myers”), appeals from the sentencing
entry of the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas following his guilty pleas to 12
felonies and two first-degree misdemeanors.
{¶2} Mr. Myers presents two assignments of error, contending that the trial court
erred by failing to (1) specifically advise him during the plea colloquy that he was waiving his right to trial by jury, and (2) award him a specified amount of jail-time credit at the
sentencing hearing.
{¶3} After a careful review of the record and pertinent law, we find as follows:
{¶4} (1) Mr. Myers’ guilty pleas were knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently
entered. Although the trial court informed Mr. Myers that he had the right to “a trial” rather
than “a jury trial,” the trial court expressly informed Mr. Myers multiple times that the state
would have to prove the elements of the offenses to which he pleaded guilty “by proof
beyond a reasonable doubt to the unanimous satisfaction of a jury.”
{¶5} (2) Mr. Myers has not established the existence of plain error with respect
to jail-time credit. Although the trial court failed to strictly comply with R.C.
2929.19(B)(2)(g)(i) by determining the amount of jail-time credit after the sentencing
hearing, Mr. Myers has not challenged the amount of jail-time credit set forth in the
sentencing entry.
{¶6} Thus, we affirm the judgment of the Trumbull County Court of Common
Pleas.
Substantive and Procedural History
{¶7} In December 2019, the Trumbull County Grand Jury returned a superseding
indictment1 charging Mr. Myers on the following 15 counts: murder, an unclassified
felony, in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B)&(D) (count 1); involuntary manslaughter, a first-
degree felony, in violation of R.C. 2903.04(A)&(C) (count 2); aggravated vehicular
homicide, a second-degree felony, in violation of R.C. 2903.06(A)(1)(a)&(B)(1)&(2)(a)(i)
1. The grand jury had previously returned a four-count indictment on May 15 and a superseding 12-count indictment on May 29. Mr. Myers was arraigned on both indictments and entered not guilty pleas to the respective charges.
2 (count 3); four counts of felonious assault, second-degree felonies, in violation of R.C.
2903.11(A)(2)&(D)(1)(a)&(4) (counts 4, 6, 8, and 10); three counts of aggravated
vehicular assault, third-degree felonies, in violation of R.C. 2903.08(A)(2)(b)&(C)(1)&(2)
(counts 5, 7, and 9); failure to comply with order or signal of police officer, a third-degree
felony, in violation of R.C. 2921.331(B)&(C)(1)&(5)(a)(ii) (count 11); assault, a fourth-
degree felony, in violation of R.C. 2903.13(A)&(C)(5) (count 12); operating a vehicle while
under the influence of alcohol or drugs, a first-degree misdemeanor, in violation of R.C.
4511.19(A)(1)(a)&(G)(1)(a) (count 13); operating a motor vehicle while under the
influence of a listed controlled substance, a first-degree misdemeanor, in violation of R.C.
4511.19(A)(1)(j)(iii)&(G)(1)(a)(i) (count 14); and possession of cocaine, a fifth-degree
felony, in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A)&(C)(4)(a) (count 15).
{¶8} Mr. Myers initially pleaded not guilty to the charges.
{¶9} On the same day, Mr. Myers withdrew his former pleas of not guilty and
entered written pleas of guilty to counts 2 through 15. The parties jointly agreed on the
merger of counts 2, 3, and 5, with the state proceeding on count 2; counts 5 and 6, with
the state proceeding on count 6; counts 7 and 8, with the state proceeding on count 8;
counts 9 and 10, with the state proceeding on count 10; and counts 13 and 14, with the
state proceeding on count 15.
{¶10} The parties jointly recommended sentences of consecutive prison terms of
five to seven and a half years each on counts 2, 6, 8, and 10; a prison term of three years
on count 11 to run consecutive to all other counts by operation of law; a consecutive
prison term of 18 months on count 12; a consecutive prison term of six months on count
15; and a concurrent jail term of 180 days on count 13, for an aggregate prison term of
3 25 to 27 1/2 years. The parties also jointly recommended, on count 13, a drivers’ license
suspension of three years and a mandatory fine of $1,075 and registration as a violent
offender. The state agreed to dismiss count 1 (murder) at sentencing.
{¶11} At the plea hearing, the trial court engaged in a lengthy colloquy with Mr.
Myers pursuant to Crim.R. 11. Relevant here, the trial court notified Mr. Myers as follows:
{¶12} “THE COURT: You have the right to go forward with a trial and have the
State of Ohio prove its case by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Do you understand
that?
{¶13} “[MR. MYERS]: Yes, sir.”
{¶14} In explaining the elements for each offense to which he was pleading guilty,
the trial court informed Mr. Myers that the state “would have to prove the following
elements by proof beyond a reasonable doubt to the unanimous satisfaction of a jury.”
Each time, Mr. Myers indicated that he understood.
{¶15} Following the colloquy, Mr. Myers entered oral pleas of guilty to counts 2
through 15. As the factual basis, the state indicated as follows:
{¶16} “[O]n or about the date referenced in the indictment [April 11, 2019] in
Trumbull County and State of Ohio, [Mr. Myers] was operating a motor vehicle within the
City of Warren while under suspension and under the influence of cocaine. Specifically,
[Mr. Myers] had an amount in his whole blood 50 nanograms per milliliter or higher of
cocaine metabolite.
{¶17} “[D]uring that time, an officer with the Warren City Police Department
attempted to stop [Mr. Myers] for a moving violation. The officer gave a visual and an
audible signal for [Mr. Myers] to stop. Upon seeing that, [Mr. Myers] sped up his motor
4 vehicle and traveled in the city streets with a posted speed limit of 25 miles per hour at
speeds as high at 100 miles per hour.
{¶18} “[T]hese actions took place on the main street of Warren City, Ohio, in the
evening hours with traffic present. * * * Further, [Mr. Myers] drove in a manner in a state
of mind which showed a total indifference for the lives and well-being of others. [Mr.
Myers’] actions clearly showed that it was foreseeable that he would likely kill or seriously
injure others due to his outrageous conduct.
{¶19} “[Mr. Myers’] conduct coupled with him actively committing a felony offense
of Failure to Comply With a Police Officer caused him to strike a vehicle which ultimately
led to a four car pile up. These actions caused the death of Anthony Blackwell and
serious physical harm to Jamie Lee Franks, Jeannine Brumbaugh, and Edley Anderson
Bates.
{¶20} “[F]ollowing that crash, [Mr. Myers] fled the scene on foot. Officers with the
Warren City Police Department attempted to apprehend him a short time later. At that
time, [Mr. Myers] attempted to strike with purpose to harm Officer Jones with the Warren
City Police Department.”
{¶21} The state further indicated that “[t]o prove all of these facts and all of these
offenses, the State would have brought forth the testimony of the arresting officers and
eyewitnesses in this case.”
{¶22} The trial court accepted Mr. Myers’ guilty pleas and found him guilty. Mr.
Myers waived a presentence investigation, and the trial court scheduled the matter for
sentencing.
5 {¶23} At the sentencing hearing, the trial court imposed sentences in accordance
with the parties’ joint recommendations. With respect to jail-time credit, the trial court
stated that it would “give the appropriate credit for time served.”
{¶24} The trial court subsequently issued a judgment entry memorializing Mr.
Myers’ guilty pleas and sentences and granting Mr. Myers 270 days of jail-time credit from
April 12, 2019, to January 6, 2020.
{¶25} Upon the state’s motion, the trial court issued a journal entry dismissing
count 1.
{¶26} Mr. Myers appealed and presents the following two assignments of error for
our review:
{¶27} “[1.] The trial court erred, as a matter of law, by failing to specifically advise
of appellant that he was waiving his right to a trial by jury.
{¶28} “[2.] The trial court erred as a matter of law by failing to award appellant a
specified amount of jail time credit.”
Guilty Pleas
{¶29} In his first assignment of error, Mr. Myers contends that the trial court erred
during the plea colloquy by failing to specifically inform him that he was waiving his right
to a trial by jury.
Standard of Review
{¶30} This court reviews de novo whether the trial court accepted a plea in
compliance with Crim.R. 11. State v. Shepard, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2019-A-0024,
2019-Ohio-3995, ¶ 39.
6 Crim.R. 11
{¶31} “When a defendant enters a plea in a criminal case, the plea must be made
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Failure on any of those points renders
enforcement of the plea unconstitutional under both the United States Constitution and
the Ohio Constitution.” State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525, 527 (1996).
{¶32} Crim.R. 11 was adopted to give detailed instructions to trial courts on the
procedures to follow before accepting pleas of guilty or no contest. State v. Barker, 129
Ohio St.3d 472, 2011-Ohio-4130, ¶ 9. Relevant here is Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c), which
provides as follows:
{¶33} “In felony cases the court may refuse to accept a plea of guilty or a plea of
no contest, and shall not accept a plea of guilty or no contest without first addressing the
defendant personally and * * * [i]nforming the defendant and determining that the
defendant understands that by the plea the defendant is waiving the rights to jury trial, to
confront witnesses against him or her, to have compulsory process for obtaining
witnesses in the defendant’s favor, and to require the state to prove the defendant’s guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt at a trial at which the defendant cannot be compelled to testify
against himself or herself.” (Emphasis added.)
{¶34} For the constitutional rights outlined in Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c), the Supreme
Court of Ohio has held that “strict, or literal, compliance [is] required.” State v. Veney,
120 Ohio St.3d 176, 2008-Ohio-5200, ¶ 18.
{¶35} The preferred method of informing a criminal defendant of his or her
constitutional rights during the plea colloquy is to use the language contained in Crim.R.
11(C). Barker at ¶ 14. However, “[f]ailure to use the exact language contained in Crim.R.
7 11(C), in informing a criminal defendant of his constitutional right to a trial and the
constitutional rights related to such trial, including the right to trial by jury, is not grounds
for vacating a plea as long as the record shows that the trial court explained these rights
in a manner reasonably intelligible to that defendant.” State v. Ballard, 66 Ohio St.2d 473
(1981), paragraph two of the syllabus. “[A] trial court can still convey the requisite
information on constitutional rights to the defendant even when the court does not provide
a word-for-word recitation of the criminal rule, so long as the trial court actually explains
the rights to the defendant.” Veney at ¶ 27.
{¶36} In other words, “‘[m]atters of reality, and not mere ritual, should be
controlling.’” Ballard at 480, quoting McCarthy v. United States, 294 U.S. 458, 468 (1969),
fn. 20. A Crim.R. 11(C) colloquy “may be looked to in the totality of the matter.” Id. at
481.
Analysis
{¶37} Mr. Myers argues that his guilty pleas are constitutionally infirm and must
be vacated because the trial court did not specifically advise him that he was waiving his
right to a jury trial. In support of his argument, Mr. Myers cites this court’s decision in
State v. Thompson, 11th Dist. Portage Nos. 2018-P-0076 & 2018-P-0077, 2019-Ohio-
5407.
{¶38} In Thompson, this court reaffirmed our prior holding in State v. Ralston,
2018-Ohio-4946, 126 N.E.3d 234 (11th Dist.), that a guilty plea is invalid if the trial court
neither (1) advised the defendant that he or she had the right to a “jury trial” nor (2)
expressly alluded that a “jury” would be the arbiter of his or her guilt should the defendant
wish to exercise such a right. Thompson at ¶ 10.
8 {¶39} Although the trial court informed Mr. Myers that he had the right to “a trial”
rather than “a jury trial,” the trial court expressly explained that a jury would be the arbiter
of his guilt if he exercised his right to a trial. Specifically, in explaining the elements for
each offense to which he was pleading guilty, the trial court informed Mr. Myers that the
state “would have to prove the following elements by proof beyond a reasonable doubt to
the unanimous satisfaction of a jury.” This court has found strict compliance with Crim.R.
11(C)(2)(c) in identical circumstances. See, e.g., State v. Perkins, 11th Dist. Trumbull
No. 2018-T-0012, 2018-Ohio-5335, ¶ 15-18; State v. Young, 11th Dist. Trumbull No.
2009-T-0130, 2011-Ohio-4018, ¶ 39-42.
{¶40} As we explained in Ralston, “[i]n order to satisfy constitutional due process,
there must be some actual indication the trial court orally mentioned a jury would be
involved were the matter tried. This does not necessarily mean the reference to a jury
must overtly advise a defendant she has a right to a jury trial which she would be waiving
by pleading guilty; nevertheless, the reference or statement must meaningfully inform a
defendant of the right in a reasonably intelligible fashion.” Id. at ¶ 9. “[W]hen a court
advises a defendant that the state will have to prove all elements of the charge(s) to the
unanimous satisfaction of a jury, it necessarily follows that the defendant would be entitled
to a jury trial if he or she elected to so proceed.” Id.
{¶41} Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court’s failure to provide a rote
recitation of Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c) did not invalidate Mr. Myers’ guilty pleas. The totality of
the record demonstrates that the trial court explained Mr. Myers’ right to a jury trial in a
manner reasonably intelligible to him. Thus, Mr. Myers’ guilty pleas were knowingly,
voluntarily, and intelligently entered.
9 {¶42} Mr. Myers’ first assignment of error is without merit.
Jail-time Credit
{¶43} In his second assignment of error, Mr. Myers contends that the trial court
erred by failing to calculate the number of days of jail-time credit to which he was entitled
and advise him of such. Presumably, Mr. Myers is contending that the trial court erred by
failing to do so at the sentencing hearing, as the judgment entry expressly grants Mr.
Myers 270 days of jail-time credit from April 12, 2019, to January 6, 2020.
{¶44} Mr. Myers did not object to the trial court’s failure to calculate jail-time credit
at the sentencing hearing. Thus, we review under a plain error analysis. State v.
Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105903, 2018-Ohio-1297, ¶ 10.
{¶45} Reviewing courts may notice only plain errors or defects affecting
substantial rights. State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-Ohio-4642, ¶ 15; Crim.R.
52(B). Inherent in the rule are three limits placed on reviewing courts for correcting plain
error. Payne at ¶ 15.
{¶46} First, there must be an error, i.e., a deviation from the legal rule. State v.
Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27 (2002). Second, the error must be plain. To be “plain”
within the meaning of Crim.R. 52(B), an error must be an “obvious” defect in the trial
proceedings. Id. Third, the error must have affected “substantial rights.” Id. The
Supreme Court of Ohio has interpreted this aspect of the rule to mean that but for the
error, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different. Id.
10 {¶47} Courts are to notice plain error only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of
justice. Payne at ¶ 16. The burden of demonstrating plain error is on the party asserting
it. Id. at ¶ 17.
R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(g)(i)
{¶48} R.C. 2929.19 specifies the duties that a trial court must perform when
sentencing a defendant for a felony, including a duty to calculate jail-time credit. Relevant
here is R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(g), which provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
{¶49} “Subject to division (B)(3) of this section, if the sentencing court determines
at the sentencing hearing that a prison term is necessary or required, the court shall do
all of the following:
{¶50} “* * *
{¶51} “(g)(i) Determine, notify the offender of, and include in the sentencing entry
the total number of days, including the sentencing date but excluding conveyance time,
that the offender has been confined for any reason arising out of the offense for which
the offender is being sentenced and by which the department of rehabilitation and
correction must reduce the definite prison term imposed on the offender as the offender’s
stated prison term or, if the offense is an offense for which a non-life felony indefinite
prison term is imposed under division (A)(1)(a) or (2)(a) of section 2929.14 of the Revised
Code, the minimum and maximum prison terms imposed on the offender as part of that
non-life felony indefinite prison term, under section 2967.191 of the Revised Code. The
court’s calculation shall not include the number of days, if any, that the offender served in
the custody of the department of rehabilitation and correction arising out of any prior
offense for which the prisoner was convicted and sentenced.
11 “(ii) In making a determination under division (B)(2)(g)(i) of this section, the court
shall consider the arguments of the parties and conduct a hearing if one is requested.
“(iii) The sentencing court retains continuing jurisdiction to correct any error not
previously raised at sentencing in making a determination under division (B)(2)(g)(i) of
this section. The offender may, at any time after sentencing, file a motion in the
sentencing court to correct any error made in making a determination under division
(B)(2)(g)(i) of this section, and the court may in its discretion grant or deny that motion.”
(Emphasis added and footnotes deleted.) R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(g)(i)-(iii).
{¶52} Thus, R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(g) requires the trial court to follow a three-step
process: First, at the sentencing hearing, the trial court must consider the arguments of
the parties and determine the amount of jail-time credit due. If requested, it must conduct
a hearing. Second, the trial court must notify the defendant of its determination at the
sentencing hearing. Third, the trial court must include its determination in its sentencing
entry. Thereafter, the defendant may file a motion to correct any error in the trial court’s
determination that he or she did not previously raise at the sentencing hearing.
{¶53} This statutory process gives the defendant an opportunity to raise
objections to the trial court’s determination and allows the trial court to correct any errors
prior to a subsequent appeal or motion for correction. It also results in an adequate record
for appellate review.
{¶54} Based on our review of the record, the trial court appears to have
determined the amount of jail-time credit after the sentencing hearing and subsequently
12 notified Mr. Myers of its determination by including it in the sentencing entry. Therefore,
the trial court failed to strictly comply with the first and second steps of the statutory
process.
{¶55} Despite the trial court’s procedural errors, Mr. Myers has not demonstrated
plain error by establishing that the trial court’s errors affected his substantial rights.
{¶56} The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “determining whether an offender
receives jail-time credit affects a substantial right * * * because receiving properly
determined jail-time credit implicates an offender’s liberty interest in being free from
unauthorized incarceration.” State v. Thompson, 147 Ohio St.3d 29, 2016-Ohio-2769, ¶
9.
{¶57} For example, in State v. Anderson, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2017-T-0116,
2018-Ohio-5067, the trial court did not determine jail-time credit or notify the defendant
regarding the same at the sentencing hearing. Id. at ¶ 18. In addition, the subsequent
sentencing entry directed the prison superintendent to “take note” that the defendant had
been incarcerated during three specified periods of time. Id.
{¶58} We held that “‘the trial court’s failure to properly calculate jail-time credit and
include it in the body of the sentencing order is plain error.’” (Emphasis added.) Id.,
quoting Williams, supra, at ¶ 14. We remanded the matter to the trial court to determine
the proper amount of jail-time credit to which the defendant was entitled. Id. at ¶ 21.
{¶59} Here, as in Anderson, the trial court did not determine jail-time credit or
notify Mr. Myers regarding the same at the sentencing hearing. However, unlike in
Anderson, the trial court stated at the sentencing hearing that it would “give the
13 appropriate credit for time served.” The trial court subsequently calculated Mr. Myers’
jail-time credit and included it in the body of the sentencing entry.
{¶60} On appeal, Mr. Myers has only challenged the trial court’s procedures; he
has not asserted that the trial court’s calculation is incorrect. Thus, Mr. Myers has not
established how his jail-time credit would have been different but for the trial court’s
procedural errors.
{¶61} This conclusion is in accord with those of our sister districts that have
considered the same issue. See State v. Baker, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102232, 2015-
Ohio-3232, ¶ 8-16; State v. Gordon, 2017-Ohio-7147, 95 N.E.3d 994, ¶ 35-43 (9th Dist.);
State v. Carpenter, 4th Dist. Meigs No. 16CA11, 2017-Ohio-9038, ¶ 28-32.
{¶62} Mr. Myers argues that because of the trial court’s failure to calculate jail-
time credit at sentencing, he had “no meaningful opportunity” to challenge the calculation
or inquire as to its correctness. We disagree.
{¶63} The Supreme Court of Ohio has indicated that a trial court’s failure to
calculate jail-time credit is “remedial in the ordinary course of law by appeal.” State ex
rel. Williams v. McGinty, 129 Ohio St.3d 275, 2011-Ohio-2641, ¶ 2. Thus, Mr. Myers had
a meaningful opportunity to challenge the accuracy of his jail-time credit in this direct
appeal, which he has failed to do. See Gordon at ¶ 41 (rejecting the same argument).
{¶64} Further, as the Supreme Court of Ohio has noted, prior to the enactment of
R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(g)(iii), an offender was able to seek correction of an error made in
determining jail-time credit only on direct appeal. Thompson, supra, at ¶ 11. Motions to
correct errors made in determining jail-time credit that were filed outside the time allowed
for appeal were barred by the doctrine of res judicata. Id.
14 {¶65} As indicated, pursuant to R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(g)(iii), an offender can file a
motion to correct an error in determining jail-time credit “‘at any time after sentencing’”
and the sentencing court has authority to correct any error in determining jail-time credit
that was “‘not previously raised at sentencing.’” Thompson at ¶ 12, quoting R.C.
2929.19(B)(2)(g)(iii). In addition, a trial court’s denial of a motion for jail-time credit under
this section is a final appealable order. Id. at ¶ 13.
{¶66} The trial court’s docket does not indicate that Mr. Myers has filed any such
motion. Therefore, in the event he believes the trial court’s jail-time credit calculation is
incorrect, he may still have meaningful opportunities to challenge it.
{¶67} In sum, we conclude that Mr. Myers has not established the existence of
plain error.
{¶68} Mr. Myers’ second assignment of error is without merit.
{¶69} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Trumbull County Court of
Common Pleas is affirmed.
CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J.,
MATT LYNCH, J.,
concur.