State v. Meeks

2003 WI 104, 666 N.W.2d 859, 263 Wis. 2d 794, 2003 Wisc. LEXIS 483

• Court: Wisconsin Supreme Court
• Decided: July 11, 2003
• Docket: 01-0263-CR
• Status: Published

Opinions

N. PATRICK CROOKS, J.

¶ 1. Jerry J. Meeks (Meeks), seeks review of a court of appeals' decision affirming a circuit court judgment convicting him of felony murder — armed robbery as a habitual criminal. At issue is whether an attorney's opinions, perceptions, and impressions relating to a former client's mental competency are confidential communications within the meaning of the attorney-client privilege, Wis. Stat. § 905.03(2) (1997-98),¹ and SCR 20:1.6, and therefore cannot be revealed without the consent of the client.

¶ 2. We reverse the decision of the court of appeals and hold that an attorney's opinions, perceptions, and impressions relating to a former client's mental competency fall within the definition of a confidential communication pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 905.03(2) and SCR 20:1.6. As a result, such communications may not be revealed without the consent of the client. We therefore remand this matter to the circuit court for a nunc pro tunc competency hearing.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶ 3. The facts are undisputed. On December 6, 1998, Meeks was involved in a robbery and murder in Milwaukee. The police arrested Meeks on December 12, 1998, and a criminal complaint was filed that same day charging Meeks with felony murder as a habitual criminal. Meeks later pled guilty.

¶ 4. Meeks' counsel first raised the issue of Meeks' competency ten days after his initial appearance. The circuit court ordered a competency examination pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 971.14(2). On February 10, 1999, the court determined Meeks was not competent and committed him to the Department of Health and Family Services for treatment. At a subsequent competency hearing after Meeks had received treatment, based upon testimony from physicians, a parole agent who had previously supervised Meeks, and a public defender who had previously represented Meeks, the circuit court determined Meeks was then competent to proceed.

¶ 5. The focus of this case involves the circuit court decision that Meeks was competent to proceed. After defense counsel raised the question of Meeks' competency to proceed, an initial competency evaluation was ordered which was performed by a psychiatrist, Dr. Gary J. Maier, who concluded that Meeks was not competent.

¶ 6. After Meeks was committed for treatment, the circuit court again received information in the form of reports and testimony from psychiatrists and psychologists who had examined Meeks in order to determine his mental competency. The circuit court also heard lay testimony from Meeks' former probation and parole agents and Meeks' former attorney from the state public defender's office.

¶ 7. At issue is the testimony of Mary Scholle (Scholle), Meeks' former attorney, offered by the State at an October 26, 1999, competency hearing. Scholle had previously represented Meeks in 1994 and in 1996-1997, but was not Meeks' attorney in this case. The State subpoenaed Scholle and her attorney asked for a hearing on the subpoena, claiming that there was an "arguable" attorney-client privilege attached to her testimony (R. 20); (R. 70:73). Meeks' attorney objected to Scholle's testimony on "relevance grounds." (R. 71:4). He also asked that the court "take judicial notice that every lawyer is supposed to raise competence when it becomes apparent." Id. The circuit court noted the relevancy objection for the record, but allowed the State to call Scholle to testify. Meeks' attorney also objected, on the basis of the attorney-client privilege, to a question asked of Scholle, but the objection was overruled.

¶ 8. At the hearing Scholle testified regarding her standard practice in representing clients. She testified that she had extensive background in representing criminal defendants and that she had represented approximately 3,000 defendants. She testified that she represented a variety of individuals, including individuals with mental health issues. Moreover, Scholle testified that she had been educated about competency issues, and about what to look for to recognize incompetency in her clients, and that she understood the special concerns in determining competency in such situations. Scholle testified that: "[I]n general, if I have any question as to a person's competency, their ability to understand, to make decisions, to know the various roles of the players in court, I would bring that to the attention of the court." (R. 71:12). In addition, Scholle testified that she had represented Meeks "on two separate occasions" involving three cases, between 1994 and 1997. State v. Meeks, 2002 WI App. 65, ¶ 29, 251 Wis. 2d 361, 643 N.W.2d 526. (R. 71:12). According to the records in regard to those cases, Meeks pled guilty in the 1994 case and entered an Alford² plea in another case.³ Scholle testified that the concept of an Alford plea is a "sophisticated legal concepts] . . .." (R. 71:19). The court asked Scholle to describe her practice in going over the guilty plea questionnaire with her clients and how she determined whether the client understood the plea. Scholle responded that she would ask her clients if they understood and if they had any questions. The record was clear that during Scholle's previous representation of Meeks, she had not raised the issue of Meeks' competency in any of those proceedings.⁴

¶ 9. Meeks concedes that: "Ms. Scholle did not relate in her testimony any specific words said to her by Mr. Meeks." (Pet'r Br. at 9). However, he claims that clearly implicit in her testimony was her belief that Meeks was not incompetent when she represented him.

A. Circuit Court Decision

¶ 10. On January 4, 2000, upon reviewing the evidence,⁵ the Honorable Elsa C. Lamelas determined that Meeks was competent to proceed. In reaching that decision, Judge Lamelas relied upon Meeks' competency in past legal proceedings, the testimony of parole agents who supervised Meeks, the testimony of Meeks' attorney in the previous prosecutions, Meeks' rudimentary understanding of the legal system, Meeks' demeanor, and the court's observations of Meeks. In regard to the testimony of Attorney Scholle, the court said:

[S]he testified that if there was any scintilla of doubt in her mind about a person's competency she would have brought that to my attention [in the prior cases].... I have really no doubt in my mind that if the defendant's cognitive limitations were such ... [given her] experience and commitment, that if it had come to her notice, it would have been brought to my attention; and she did not.⁶

(Def. Br. App., p. 6-7). The court then concluded that Meeks was competent to proceed.

¶ 11. The Honorable Daniel L. Konkol was assigned the case after the preliminary hearing, and he denied subsequent requests for another competency exam. Meeks entered pleas of not guilty and not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect. On April 6, 2000, at a scheduled plea hearing, defense counsel stated his belief that Meeks could not make a knowingly, voluntary, and intelligent plea. On July 6, 2000, Meeks entered a guilty plea. Meeks was subsequently sentenced to 40 years in prison.

B. Court of Appeals' Decision

¶ 12. Meeks appealed raising several issues, the main issue being whether Scholle's testimony regarding Meeks' competency was a confidential communication which was obtained during the course of representation, and was therefore inadmissible under Wis. Stat. § 905.03.

¶ 13. The court of appeals upheld Meeks' conviction, concluding that Meeks was competent to proceed. The court of appeals also held that the testimony of Scholle, who had represented Meeks in a prior criminal case, was admissible and relevant at the competency hearing, and that the testimony did not violate the attorney-client privilege. The court of appeals held that, because. Scholle did not divulge the contents of any specific conversations with Meeks, she did not disclose any confidential communications under Wis. Stat. § 905.03(1)(d), and hence, did not violate the attorney-client privilege. As a result, the court of appeals found that Scholle's testimony was properly admitted.

¶ 14. In support of its decision, the majority relied on "substantial case law" distinguishing impermissible testimony relating to a client's statements from permissible testimony providing an opinion about the client's competency.⁷ Meeks, 251 Wis. 2d 361, ¶¶ 35-42. In reaching its decision, the majority stated:

[Attorneys] remain officers of the court, obligated to assist the judicial effort to determine whether a defendant is competent to proceed.... Therefore, in a very important sense, counsel cooperate in a court's effort to make one of the justice system's most fundamental findings — whether a defendant understands the proceedings and can assist in the defense. And in a closely related way, counsel cooperate in the court's continuing effort to determine whether a defendant needs mental health assistance, and possibly medication, in order to function in a legal setting.

Thus, despite the intensity and competing interests of the adversarial setting, counsel must set aside strategic considerations and candidly assist the court's effort to determine whether a defendant is competent to proceed.

And just as defense counsel must be candid in expressing an opinion about a client's competency, courts, in turn, should understand that counsel's, opinion derives, in substantial part, from confidential conversations with the client. Therefore, careful courts, under most circumstances, will give due weight to counsel's opinion without testing it with questions likely to expose the details of client conversations and other privileged communications.

These principles logically apply not only to a defendant's trial counsel, but to prior counsel as well....

Here, the court did not improperly consider privileged communications. Explicitly, [the attorney] did not relate any of her conversations with Meeks or testify about the substance of any other privileged communications.

Id., 251 Wis. 2d 361, ¶¶ 36-41 (citations omitted).

¶ 15. Moreover, the court of appeals' majority concluded that the duty of an attorney, as an officer of the court, in determining competency supersedes the duty to the client in protecting the attorney-client privilege.

¶ 16. The Honorable Ralph Adam Fine concurred, stating that he disagreed with the majority opinion's extended discussion of the attorney-client privilege in paragraphs 28-42. Rather, Judge Fine contended that there was no showing that Scholle's testimony revealed, or tended to reveal, confidential communications between her and Meeks; therefore, the attorney-client privilege was not involved. Id., Concurrence, ¶ 66.

¶ 17. Meeks petitioned this court for review on the issue of whether an attorney's opinions, perceptions, and impressions of a former client's mental competency were confidential communications within the meaning of Wis. Stat. § 905.03(2), and, therefore, cannot be revealed without the consent of the client. Meeks' petition for review was granted on April 22, 2002.

II. ISSUE

¶ 18. This case presents an issue of first impression: whether an attorney's opinions, perceptions, and impressions of a former client's mental competency are confidential communications within the meaning of Wis. Stat. § 905.03(2) and SCR 20:1.6.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶ 19. To determine whether Wisconsin law allows for an attorney's opinions, perceptions, and impressions of a former client's mental competency to be admitted during a competency hearing, we need to construe the statutory language of Wis. Stat. § 905.03, which sets forth the attorney-client privilege. This presents a question of statutory construction, which we review de novo. If the circuit court made an error of law in allowing and considering the testimony of Scholle, then it erroneously exercised its discretion. State v. Hydrite Chem. Co., 220 Wis. 2d 51, 59, 582 N.W.2d 411 (Ct. App. 1998) review denied, 220 Wis. 2d 364, 585 N.W.2d 156 (1998).

¶ 20. The party asserting the attorney-client privilege bears the burden to establish that the privilege applies. See Franzen v. Children's Hosp. of Wis., 169 Wis. 2d 366, 386, 485 N.W.2d 603 (Ct. App. 1992). The privilege must be strictly and narrowly interpreted, and a "mere showing that the communication was from a client to his attorney is insufficient to warrant a finding that the communication is privileged." Jax v. Jax, 73 Wis. 2d 572, 581, 243 N.W.2d 831 (1976) (holding that "[b]ecause the attorney-client privilege is 'an obstacle to the investigation of the truth' it should be 'strictly confined within the narrowest possible limits consistent with the logic of the principle.¹ "). Id. at 579. Moreover, "[w]hen determining whether a privilege exists, the trial court must inquire into the existence of the relationship upon which the privilege is based and the nature of the information sought." Franzen, 169 Wis. 2d at 386 (emphasis in original).

IV ARGUMENTS

¶ 21. Meeks asks this court to find that Scholle's testimony was covered by the attorney-client privilege; and, as a result, asks this court to reverse the decision of the court of appeals.

¶ 22. First, Meeks argues that this court has set forth exceptions involving guidance as to when an attorney can ethically reveal confidential information without the consent of the client. He argues that under Supreme Court Rule (SCR) 20:1.6, this situation does not fall within any of the exceptions. He states that SCR 20:1.6 does not contain an exception that permits an attorney to offer his or her opinions or perceptions regarding a former client's mental competency. Meeks claims, therefore, that the court of appeals erred in creating a new exception to the attorney-client privilege.

¶ 23. Second, Meeks argues that other jurisdictions are split over the issue of what confidential communications are under the attorney-client privilege. Meeks maintains that there is no definitive guidance for Wisconsin courts on the issue of whether a former counsel's opinions, perceptions, or impressions relating to the mental competency of a prior client are protected by the attorney-client privilege. In support of his position that Scholle's testimony violated the attorney-client privilege, Meeks asks this court to follow the cases from other jurisdictions which have held that an attorney may not testify as to his or her opinion of a former client's competency to proceed, because it would violate the attorney-client privilege.

¶ 24. Next, Meeks argues that even if the court of appeals is correct that Scholle's testimony was admissible, the rationale is wrong. Meeks maintains that the appellate court erred in emphasizing the role of an attorney as an "officer of the court" in revealing information about a former or current client's competency. Meeks contends that the majority's analysis, which emphasized that Scholle's responsibilities as an "officer of the court" superseded her duty to a former client, seriously eroded the basic privilege and ethical duties of attorneys to protect their confidential communications with clients. Meeks argues that the majority's rationale was overly broad and potentially could provide a limitless exception to the attorney-client privilege.

¶ 25. The State disagrees and asks this court to uphold the court of appeals' decision. The State argues that the attorney-client privilege does not cover Scholle's testimony because her testimony did not involve a confidential communication within the meaning of Wis. Stat. § 905.03(2). In support of its argument the State relies on case law from other jurisdictions. Those cases hold that an attorney may testify at a competency hearing without violating the attorney-client privilege, as long as the substance of the client's communication is not revealed. See, e.g., United States v. Kendrick, 331 F.2d 110 (4th Cir. 1964). Because Scholle's testimony did not involve the substance of her communications with Meeks, the State maintains that there was no violation of the attorney-client privilege.

¶ 26. The State also argues that Scholle was a competent attorney with many years of experience in representing criminal defendants. Scholle had testified that if she had any doubt of a client's competency, she would have raised it. Her testimony did not reveal any confidential communications she had with Meeks. Therefore, the State claims that the attorney-client privilege does not apply to her testimony.⁸

V ANALYSIS

¶ 27. Meeks argues that it "is impossible for an attorney to testify regarding her opinion of the client's fitness to stand trial without violating the attorney-client privilege." (Pet'r Br. at 10-11).

¶ 28. As noted previously, we review the interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 905.03 which sets forth the attorney-client privilege, de novo. It is well settled that the attorney-client privilege belongs to the client. Wis. Stat. § 905.03(2). The client is therefore the privilege's "holder," as that term is used in Wis. Stat. § 905.11. Only the client or someone authorized by the client to do so may waive the privilege. State ex rel. Dudek v. Circuit Court for Milwaukee County, 34 Wis. 2d 559, 605, 150 N.W.2d 387 (1967) (an attorney "may not waive any objections to discovery which are based upon the attorney-client privilege. Only the client can waive these objections."); See also Swan Sales Corp. v. Jos. Schlitz Brewing Co., 126 Wis. 2d 16, 31-32, 374 N.W.2d 640 (Ct. App. 1985). As the court in Schlitz said:

In addition, the mere fact that an attorney offers him- or herself as a witness does not automatically waive the attorney-client privilege or work product doctrine as to documents reviewed by the attorney in preparing to testify. We note that these privileges are owned by the attorney's client and can only be waived voluntarily at the client's direction.

Schlitz, 126 Wis. 2d at 31-32. There is nothing in the record to indicate that Meeks, himself, consented to Scholle's testimony, or in any way waived the attorney-client privilege.

¶ 29. The attorney-client privilege applies only to confidential communications between an attorney and the client. The attorney-client privilege is recognized in both Wis. Stat. § 905.03(2) and SCR 20:1.6(a). Section 905.03(2) states that "[a] client has a privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent any other person from disclosing confidential communications made for the purpose of facilitating the rendition of professional legal services to the client. ..."

¶ 30. With regard to defining a confidential communication that is protected by the attorney-client privilege, Wis. Stat. § 905.03(1)(d) states: "A communication is 'confidential' if not intended to be disclosed to 3rd persons other than those to whom disclosure is in furtherance of the rendition of professional legal services to the client or those reasonably necessary for the transmission of the communication."

¶ 31. Next, Wis. Stat. § 905.03(3) sets forth who may claim the attorney-client privilege:

(3) Who may claim the privilege: The privilege may be claimed by the client, the client's guardian or conservator, the personal representative of a deceased client, or the successor, trustee, or similar representative of a corporation, association, or other organization, whether or not in existence. The person who was the lawyer at the time of the communication may claim the privilege but only on behalf of the client. The lawyer's authority to do so is presumed in the absence of evidence to the contrary.

¶ 32. In addition to the statutory language defining the attorney-client relationship and privilege, this court has adopted specific rules that outline the situations in which an attorney can ethically reveal confidential information without the consent of the client. Supreme Court Rule 20:1.6(b) and (c) state:

(b) A lawyer shall reveal such information to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary to prevent the client from committing a criminal or fraudulent act that the lawyer reasonably believes is likely to result in death or substantial bodily harm or in substantial injury to the financial interest or property of another.

(c) A lawyer may reveal such information to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary:

(1) to rectify the consequences of a client's criminal or fraudulent act in the furtherance of which the lawyer's services had been used;

(2) to establish a claim or defense on behalf of the lawyer in a controversy between the lawyer and the client, to establish a defense to a criminal charge or civil claim against the lawyer based upon conduct in which the client was involved, or to respond to allegations in any proceeding concerning the lawyer's representation of the client.

There are no added exceptions to this rule permitting former counsel to offer his or her opinions, perceptions, and impressions of a former client's competency to proceed.⁹

¶ 33. The comment to the Supreme Court Rule on confidentiality of information fleshes out the rationale behind the attorney-client privilege. In relevant part, the comment states:

The observance of the ethical obligation of a lawyer to hold inviolate confidential information of the client not only facilitates the full development of facts essential to proper representation of the client but also encourages people to seek early legal assistance.

The common law recognizes that the client's confidences must be protected from disclosure.. ..

A fundamental principle in the client-lawyer relationship is that the lawyer maintain confidentiality of information relating to the representation. The client is thereby encouraged to communicate fully and frankly with the lawyer even as to embarrassing or legally damaging subject matter.

¶ 34. Thus, under the comment to SCR 20:1.6, the attorney-client privilege applies in situations other than those "where evidence is sought from the lawyer through compulsion of law." The confidentiality rule applies not merely to matters communicated in confidence by the client, but also to all information relating to the representation, whatever its source. A lawyer may not disclose such information unless the client consents after consultation, except as stated in the Rule.¹⁰

A. Observations and Perceptions and the Attorney-Client Privilege

¶ 35. As noted above, courts in other jurisdictions are split on the question of whether an attorney's opinions, perceptions, and impressions of his or her client are covered by the attorney-client privilege. The majority of these courts have held that the attorney-client privilege only protects confidential communications between an attorney and his or her client. An attorney's opinions, perceptions, and impressions of a former client's mental competency are, therefore, not protected by the privilege if they do not reveal the substance of their communications. See Darrow v. Gunn, 594 F.2d 767 (9th Cir. 1979); United States v. David, 511 F.2d 355, 360 (D.C. Cir. 1975); Clanton v. United States, 488 F.2d 1069 (5th Cir. 1974); United States v. Tom, 340 F.2d 127 (2nd Cir. 1965); Kendrick, 331 F.2d 110; Howell v. United States, 282 F. Supp. 246 (N.D. Ill. 1968); People v. Kinder, 512 N.Y.S.2d 597 (N.Y. App. Div. 1987); Jones v. District Court, 617 P.2d 803 (Colo. 1980).

¶ 36. However, a number of other courts have held that disclosure of even non-verbal communications, such as the ones at issue here, violates the attorney-client privilege. Gunther v. United States, 230 (D.C. Cir. 1956) (any expression as to the client's mental competency necessarily embraces more than facts observable by anyone); Kendrick, 331 F.2d 110 (Sobeloff, C.J., (concurring) (it necessarily follows that the attorney's opinions are based upon discussions with the client); Bishop v. Superior Court, 724 P.2d 23 (Ariz. 1986); State v. Adams, 283 S.E.2d 582 (S.C. 1981) (any "professional impressions" drawn by the attorney should be privileged).

¶ 37. These cases hold that it is difficult, or nearly impossible, for an attorney to testify regarding an opinion of the client's competency to proceed without violating the attorney-client privilege. For example, in Gunther the court held prior counsel cannot be called by the government to testify and give an opinion regarding his former client's mental competency, because this would necessarily be premised upon, and could potentially reveal, factual data protected under the attorney-client privilege. In particular, the court said:

If trial.counsel in a criminal case could be called by the Government and asked to give an opinion as to the accused's competency and ability to assist in the defense, he could necessarily also be asked for the factual data upon which he premised his opinion. These questions would open to inquiry by the Government the entire relationship between the accused and his counsel. Such revelations would be a violation of the attorney-client privilege and would also invade an accused's right to counsel in the trial of the criminal charge.

Gunther, 230 F.2d at 223-24.

¶ 38. In addition to opening the door to questions involving the relationship between the accused and counsel, other courts have held that a lawyer's observations are inextricably intertwined with communications between the attorney and the client, and the lawyer's opinion as to the client's competency is based upon conclusions drawn in the course of a unique attorney-client relationship. Kendrick, 331 F.2d 110. The Kendrick Court said: "Any expression as to the client's mental competency necessarily embrace [s] more than facts observable by anyone it comprehend[s] conclusions drawn in the course of an association that is uniquely regarded in the law." Id. at 115. See also Bishop, 724 P.2d at 29 (stating that "it defies reality to pretend that the lawyer has formed opinions on competency without relying upon discussions with the defendant").

¶ 39. Moreover, in State v. Adams, the court held that "the entire setting of the confidential conference must be protected as well. To lend privilege to the words spoken but to allow disclosure of professional impressions drawn from the manner of their delivery all but destroys the substance of the privilege." Adams, 283 S.E.2d at 586.

¶ 40. We agree with the jurisdictions that hold that an attorneys opinions, perceptions, and impressions of a client's competency to proceed are protected by the attorney-client privilege. An attorney's opinion of a client's mental competency is based largely upon private communications with the client. In a law review article, The Role of the Criminal Defense Lawyer in Representing the Mentally Impaired Defendant: Zealous Advocate or Officer of the Court?, the author Rodney Uphoff states:

... it is clear that a criminal defense lawyer... often forms his opinion of a client's competency largely as a result of private communications with the client. The protection of the attorney-client privilege is not limited only to the client's words but may include the client's nonverbal communications. A number of courts have held that a lawyer can be compelled to testify regarding counsel's opinion of a client's competency even though the lawyer's observations would involve privileged client communications, but the better reasoned position is that a lawyer's opinion about a client's competence or state of mind is inextricably mixed with the client's private communications.

1988 Wis. L. Rev. 65, 91. (citations omitted).

¶ 41. The testimony of Meeks' former attorney, Scholle, regarding Meeks' mental competency did not involve facts observable by just anyone — otherwise her testimony would not have been required by a subpoena from the State. Furthermore, Scholle's testimony necessarily involved the entire confidential conference setting, as well as the revelation of information conveyed to her through her private, confidential conversations with Meeks.

B. State v. Johnson — No Reasonable Inference

¶ 42. The State argues that the minority view of the attorney-client privilege is in direct conflict with this courts decision in State v. Johnson, 133 Wis. 2d 207, 395 N.W.2d 176 (1986). (Resp't Br. at 23). We disagree.

¶ 43. Much like the argument of the State, the court of appeals, in its decision, highlights an attorney's duty as an officer of the court as trumping the attorney-client privilege in this case. We hold that the former attorney's duty as an officer of the court does not, under the circumstances set forth herein, trump the attorney-client privilege.

¶ 44. Pursuant to statute and our decision in Johnson, we have held that it is an attorney's duty to the court to raise the issue of competency, if he or she believes there is a reason to doubt that the client is not competent.

¶ 45. The Johnson decision marked the first time this court recognized that defense counsel has an affirmative duty to raise the competency issue. The State is correct to the extent that it identifies a tension between our holding today and the decision in Johnson. An attorney who informs the court that he or she has reason to doubt the competency of a client, as required by Johnson, will be stating an opinion that is based largely on the same private communications that we hold, today, to be protected by the attorney-client privilege.

¶ 46. This tension, however, does not amount to a direct conflict requiring that we overrule Johnson. An attorney's duty under Johnson demands a very narrow and limited breach of the attorney-client privilege. The attorney is merely obligated to "raise the issue [of competency] with the trial court." Johnson, 133 Wis. 2d at 220. There is no requirement that the attorney testify about his or her reasons for raising the issue or the opinions, perceptions, or impressions that form the basis for his or her reason to doubt the clients competence.

¶ 47. More importantly, this narrow and limited breach of the attorney-client privilege is compelled by very strong public policy and constitutional considerations. An incompetent person cannot be tried for an alleged crime consistently with his constitutional right to a fair trial. State ex rel. Matalik v. Schubert, 57 Wis. 2d 315, 321, 204 N.W.2d 13 (1973) (citing Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 385 (1966)). A defendant who is incompetent can neither understand the proceedings nor help in his or her own defense "only where a defendant is mentally competent will he [or she] be able to exercise effectively the rights which this society extends to persons charged with committing a crime." Id. (citation omitted).

¶ 48. In order to protect these important interests, courts are required to determine the competency of a defendant whenever there is reason to doubt the defendant's competence. See Wis. Stat. § 971.14. In Johnson, we concluded that an attorney's obligation, as an officer of the court, required that he or she raise the issue of competency whenever there was reason to doubt as well. Johnson, 133 Wis. 2d at 220.

¶ 49. The compelling interests that drove our decision in Johnson are simply not present in a case, like this one, in which a defendant's former counsel is called to testify about her former client's competence. A defendant's former counsel is not caught between the duty to maintain the attorney-client privilege, and the Johnson duty, because only the duty to guard confidential communications survives the attorney-client relationship. Present counsel, not former counsel, alone is saddled with both obligations, and it is thus present counsel's duty, as an officer of the court, to assist the court in ensuring that his or her client is competent to be tried. In addition, although Scholle did not relate any of Meeks' specific words or conduct, the clear implication of her extensive testimony was that she thought Meeks was competent when she represented him. Her testimony, therefore, extended well beyond the narrow, limited breach of the attorney-client privilege permitted in Johnson.

¶ 50. Finally, we note that it is not reasonable, in light of the rule in Johnson, for a court to infer a defendant's competence from the fact that his or her attorney did not raise the issue of competence, in a prior proceeding. Given the nature of mental illness, a defendant may have been competent during a prior proceeding but incompetent now, and vice versa. Similarly, although there is an affirmative duty under Johnson to raise the issue of competence, it is impossible for a court to know why an attorney did not raise the issue of competency. Maybe the attorney's contacts with the defendant were so minimal as not to give reason to doubt maybe the attorney had access to psychological records or other information that contradicted his or her doubts about competency or maybe the attorney failed to meet his or her duty as an officer of the court.

C. Policy Considerations

¶ 51. As noted previously, the attorney-client privilege was recognized in the common law. The ethical obligation of the lawyer to "hold inviolate confidential information" facilitates the full development of the facts essential to proper representation of the client, and encourages people to seek early legal assistance. See SCR 20:1.6 comment.

¶ 52. Because of the importance of facilitating open and frank communications between attorney and client, the government should first exhaust all investigatory powers which do not potentially violate the attorney-client privilege, before attempting to compel a person such as a criminal defense attorney to testify. Corry v. Meggs, 498 So. 2d 508, 513 (Fla. Ct. App. 1986) (quoting In re Witness-Attorney Before Grand Jury No. 83-1, 613 F. Supp. 394, 398 (S.D. Fla. 1984)). Exhausting all such investigatory powers would not only prevent placing attorneys in an "ethical dilemma," such as was done here, but would also prevent the attorney from incurring claims of a Sixth Amendment violation, such as ineffective assistance of counsel, or claims of denial of the defendant's right to a fair trial. See Uphoff, supra at 85 n.91 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, reh'g denied, 467 U.S. 1267 (1984)).

¶ 53. Here, Scholle should have continued to protect the attorney-client privilege in her testimony by declining to give her opinions, perceptions, or impressions as to Meeks' competency to proceed.¹¹ There is no applicable exception to attorney-client privilege for such lawyer testimony under Wis. Stat. § 905.03, or under SCR 20:1.6, or in the comment thereto.

¶ 54. Although the testimony of Scholle did not explicitly divulge the actual contents of conversations with Meeks, her opinions, perceptions, and impressions of her former clients mental state were necessarily premised upon her privileged and confidential relationship with Meeks. A thorough examination of those opinions, perceptions, .and impressions arising from such a privileged and confidential relationship would necessarily reveal factual data upon which the opinions, perceptions, and impressions were based, thus clearly violating the attorney-client privilege.

¶ 55. The matters testified to by Scholle concerning the competency of Meeks to proceed are covered by the attorney-client privilege. The circuit court judge in Meeks' competency hearing decision dated January 4, 2000, stated: "If the defendant's cognitive limitations were such that someone with Ms. Scholle's experience and commitment, that if it had come to her notice, it would have been brought to my attention; and she did not." (Def. App. B, p.7).

¶ 56. Moreover, the judge stated that Scholle remembered Meeks and "that when she had spoken to him on the previous night, the night before the hearing, in jail, he had indicated to her that he was on medication, and so that she was aware of the fact that there were some mental health issues at that point." Id.

¶ 57. Certainly, the State did not exhaust all other investigatory powers in preparing its case for the competency hearing before compelling Scholle to testify. By including the testimony of four expert witnesses and two other lay witnesses, the State already had an arsenal of testimony, which did not violate the attorney-client privilege, to prove Meeks' competency. Indeed, the State could have provided testimony of other potential lay witnesses, including police officers, social workers, and former employers, to prove Meeks' competency, before relying upon Scholle's testimony and, thus, impinging upon the attorney-client privilege.

¶ 58. In summary, we hold that the testimony of Scholle violated the attorney-client privilege. While the contents of confidential conversations with Meeks were not revealed in her testimony, Scholle's expressed opinions, perceptions, and impressions of Meeks' competency were premised upon and inextricably linked to confidential communications. Confidential communications must be interpreted to include both verbal and non-verbal communications in order to preserve inviolate the integrity of the attorney-client relationship.

¶ 59. Policy considerations play a fundamental role in protecting the very important relationship between attorney and client. The attorney-client privilege provides sanctuary to protect a relationship based upon trust and confidence. As such, the State should have exhausted all other means of information prior to attempting to present an attorney's testimony about her client without the clients consent.

VI. CONCLUSION

¶ 60. We hold that the court of appeals erred in finding the testimony of prior counsels opinions, perceptions, and impressions of her former clients competency did not violate the attorney-client privilege. We hold that Scholle's opinions, perceptions, and impressions of Meeks' competency to proceed are within the attorney-client privilege set forth in Wis. Stat. § 905.03 and SCR 20:1.6.

¶ 61. As a result, such information should not have been revealed without the consent of the former client. We reverse the decision of the court of appeals and remand the case to the circuit court to conduct a competency hearing nunc pro tunc. The court is to determine the competency of Meeks to proceed as of January 4, 2000, without consideration of Scholle's testimony.

By the Court.—The decision of the court of appeals is reversed and cause remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

1 Wisconsin Stat. § 905.03(2) provides:

General rule of privilege. A client has a privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent any other person from disclosing confidential communications made for the purpose of facilitating the rendition of professional legal services to the client: between the client or the client's representative and the client's lawyer or the lawyer's representative or between the client's lawyer and the lawyer's representative or by the client or the client's lawyer to a lawyer representing another in a matter of common interest or between representatives of the client or between the client and a representative of the client or between lawyers representing the client.

All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 1997-98 version unless otherwise noted.

2 North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970).

3 It is unclear from the record or the briefs what occurred in the third case.

4 Despite the claims of the dissent (¶ 68), it seems quite clear that Scholle, through her testimony, did offer her opinions, perceptions, and impressions concerning Meeks' competency.

5 The evidence included approximately 13 months of psychiatric examinations, reports, and competency hearings.

6 Scholle's testimony, and similar testimony from probation/parole agents who had dealt with Meeks in the years immediately prior to this crime, apparently was presented to counter testimony from defense psychiatrists and psychologists who had concluded from their examinations of Meeks that he was incompetent. The State's witnesses bolstered the argument that in the recent past, Meeks appeared to be able to function adequately.

7 The court of appeals cited eight cases, including six federal court of appeals' cases. The majority also relied upon 3 Wein-stein & Berger, Weinstein's Federal Evidence § 503.14 (4)(c) (2 Ed. 2001):

Courts generally permit an attorney to testify to the client's competency to stand trial when the testimony does not relate to confidential communications with the client, but instead relates to the attorney's observations of the client during the time of the communication.

8 The State also argues that Meeks waived the attorney-client privilege by failing to assert the privilege at the time prior counsel testified.

9 See also In Re Disciplinary Proceedings Against James Paul O'Neil, 2003 WI 48, 261 Wis. 2d 404, 661 N.W.2d 813.

10 SCR 20:1.6(a). "Confidentiality of Information: (a) A lawyer shall not reveal information relating to representation of a client unless the client consents after consultation, except for disclosures that are impliedly authorized in order to carry out the representation, and except as stated in paragraphs (b), (c) and (d)."

11 As noted previously, when subpoenaed by the State, Scholle moved for a hearing on the subpoena, claiming that there was an arguable attorney-client privilege attached to her testimony (R: 20); (R. 70:73). Given the objections raised by Scholle's attorney and the attorney for Meeks (see ¶ 7 herein), we take issue with the assertion of the dissent (¶¶ 62, 93-94) that there was no timely objection, and, therefore, that waiver occurred in regard to Scholle's testimony.

The dissent's claim that Wis. Stat. §§ 805.18(1), 901.03(1) and 901.03(4) are somehow applicable here is likewise perplexing. Apparently, the dissent is claiming that Meeks' substantial rights were not affected by the testimony required in error, over objection, from Scholle's attorney and Meeks' counsel. Dissent, ¶¶ 96-97. In State v. Johnson, 133 Wis. 2d 207, 223-24, 395 N.W.2d 176 (1986), this court made it quite clear that what was at issue was a defendant's "constitutional right to a fair trial."

In Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 171-72, Chief Justice Warren Burger, writing for a unanimous U.S. Supreme Court, stated:

It has long been accepted that a person whose mental condition is such that he lacks the capacity to understand the nature and object of the proceedings against him, to consult with counsel, and to assist in preparing his defense may not be subjected to a trial.... For our purposes, it suffices to note that the prohibition is fundamental to an adversary system of justice.

See also Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 385 (1966), wherein the United States Supreme Court made it clear that what was at issue was the defendant's "constitutional right to a fair trial."

Here we are clearly dealing with error that involved a substantial right of Meeks, the constitutional right to a fair trial. As such, the error is not excused by an attempt to invoke §§ 805.18(1), 901.03(1) and 901.03(4). The error here was plain, it was objected to, and it was not harmless. It seems quite clear based on Scholle's testimony at the Meeks competency hearing (¶ 8 herein), that Circuit Judge Elsa C. Lamelas relied heavily on that testimony in making her decision that Meeks was competent (see ¶¶ 10, 55-56 herein).

1 During Scholle's testimony, Meeks' counsel objected to only one question on attorney-client privilege grounds. The objection was overruled, and Scholle's answer was an innocuous, "I don't recall." More specifically:

MR. GRIFPEN: Do you recall whether or not, when you represented Mr. Meeks whether or not you were aware of his criminal history?

MR. NANZ: Objection, Your Honor, I think that goes into perhaps privileged communications.

THE COURT: Overruled.

ATTORNEY SCHOLLE: I don't recall specifically.