[Cite as State v. Martin, 2016-Ohio-802.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-150054 TRIAL NO. B-1402350 Plaintiff-Appellee, : O P I N I O N. vs. :
RONALD MARTIN, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: March 4, 2016
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Melynda J. Machol, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Michaela M. Stagnaro, for Defendant-Appellant.
Please note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar. O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS
M OCK , Judge.
{¶1} After a bench trial, defendant-appellant Ronald Martin was convicted
of rape and kidnapping. He had also been found guilty of two counts of gross sexual
imposition, but the trial court merged those counts with the rape conviction. Since
the victim was nine years old when she was attacked, and since the trial court found
that Martin had used force, Martin was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison for
rape, and 15 years to life for kidnapping. The trial court ordered Martin to serve
those sentences consecutively.
{¶2} In five assignments of error, Martin now appeals his convictions and
sentences. He first argues that the trial court improperly denied his motion to
suppress the statement he made to police. He next argues that the trial court erred
when it allowed hearsay testimony of the victim through her mother. Martin’s third
assignment of error alleges that the trial court improperly allowed a law-enforcement
witness to testify as an expert. He then argues that his convictions were based on
insufficient evidence or where contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.
Finally, he claims that his sentences were improper. We affirm.
Martin Lures Child-Victim into His Apartment and Sexually Assaults Her
{¶3} According to testimony presented at trial, nine-year-old T.T. was playing
hide-and-seek with a friend near some apartments on Losantiville Avenue in Cincinnati,
Ohio in April 2014. While T.T. was alone looking for her friend, Martin approached her
and ordered her to come into his apartment building and up to his apartment on the
second floor. According to video from an exterior security camera on the building, this
occurred at approximately 7:30 p.m. She went with him into the apartment, and Martin
closed the door behind her. After engaging with the child for a few minutes, he told her
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to go into his bedroom. Once there, he told her to pull down her pants. According to the
testimony provided by the child, he then licked her “private part.” In the statement he
gave to police, Martin said that he put his mouth on her. When further questioned,
Martin made it clear that he placed his mouth on her vagina because he was “curious.”
When he finished, he gave the child two Barbie dolls and told her not to tell anyone what
had happened. The video camera captured her leaving at approximately 8:00 p.m.
{¶4} The child immediately went home, and went into the bathroom and
slammed the door. Her mother presumed that she was upset with one of her friends,
and went to investigate. The child began pacing, looked at her mother, went into her
room, and then came back out. Her mother testified that she thought her daughter was
“trying to work up a way to tell [me] something.” The child continued to fidget, play
with her fingers, and shake while trying to tell her mother what had happened. Finally,
she said that “grown people are messing with me.” When her mother asked what she
meant, she said that a man had put his face on her private area and licked her. The
child’s mother immediately called the police.
{¶5} Martin was brought downtown for questioning that evening at 10:24
p.m. Martin waited in the room, sleeping at times, until detectives Hollis Hudepohl and
Kimberly Kelly came to speak with him at 12:24 a.m. Before questioning began, he was
advised of his Miranda rights. Martin said that he understood his rights, signed the
waiver presented to him, and told the detectives that he wished to speak with them.
Martin told the detectives that he had been drinking beer and wine that day. When he
was asked if he was under the influence at that time, he said he was not. Hudepohl
testified that Martin had no slurred speech, had a normal response time to questions,
and had no problems with physical coordination. Based on her experience with
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detecting impairment and her past encounters with intoxicated individuals, she did not
believe that Martin was impaired during the interview.
{¶6} Martin initially denied having even met the girl, but eventually made
progressively incriminating statements. He first admitted he met her, he then admitted
that he had her in his apartment. He claimed that he invited her in only to tell her how
dangerous it was to follow a stranger into his apartment. He eventually admitted to
putting his mouth on her. The interview concluded at 2:43 a.m., when he was arrested
and transported to the Hamilton County Justice Center.
Trial Court Properly Denied Motion to Suppress
{¶7} In his first assignment of error, Martin claims that his confession was
involuntary because he was intoxicated at the time, and because he was denied water. In
determining whether a defendant's statement is made voluntarily, courts employ a
“totality of the circumstances” test. State v. Wiles, 59 Ohio St.3d 71, 81, 571 N.E.2d 97
(1991). Courts consider a variety of factors including the age, mentality and prior
criminal experience of the accused; the length, intensity, and frequency of the
interrogation; the existence of physical deprivation or mistreatment; and the existence
of threat or inducement to determine whether the statement was “the product of a free
and deliberate choice, or the result of police coercion and overreaching.” State v.
Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229 ¶ 32; see State v.
Edwards, 49 Ohio St.2d 31, 40-41, 358 N.E.2d 1051 (1976); Colorado v. Connelly, 479
U.S. 157, 163, 107 S.Ct. 515, 93 L.Ed.2d 473 (1986). “The suppression of a statement is
properly denied on the basis of its voluntariness where the record discloses substantial
evidence upon which the trial court, applying the above criteria, might have concluded,
by a preponderance of the evidence that the statement was made voluntarily.” State v.
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Rogers, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-000299, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 6203, *8 (Dec. 29,
2000).
{¶8} At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Hudepohl testified that, based
on her observation of Martin throughout the course of the interrogation, he did not
appear to be intoxicated. He seemed alert, he did not slur his speech, he did not appear
to be unable to control his motor functions, and his answers to questions—while often
self-serving and evasive—were appropriate. A review of the video recording of the
interrogation supports those observations. And while Martin told Hudepohl that he had
been drinking that day, he told her that he was not intoxicated when she asked him
directly about it. Based on this record, there was sufficient evidence to support the trial
court’s conclusion that Martin’s statement was not rendered involuntary by his
intoxication.
{¶9} Additionally, we find that Martin’s claim that he was denied water
through the course of the interrogation did not render his statements involuntary.
Martin asked officers if he could have water when he first arrived. It appears that the
officer he asked simply forgot. At no time during his interrogation did he repeat his
request. The detectives never denied him water nor was he told that he could only have
water if he satisfactorily answered their questions. It was not until the interrogation
ended that Martin made a second request for water, which he was given immediately.
{¶10} We conclude that the record supports the trial court's determination
that, under the totality of the circumstances, Martin’s confession was voluntary. We
overrule his first assignment of error.
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Statements by Child-Victim Constituted Excited Utterances
{¶11} In his second assignment of error, Martin claims that the trial court
improperly concluded that the statement that T.T. made to her mother about what
happened to her was an excited utterance. We disagree.
{¶12} Evid.R. 803(2) defines an excited utterance as “[a] statement relating to
a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of
excitement caused by the event or condition.” Excited utterances are reliable because
they do not entail an opportunity for the declarant to reflect, thus reducing the chance to
fabricate or distort the truth. State v. Wallace, 37 Ohio St.3d 87, 88, 524 N.E.2d 466
(1988); State v. Lukacs, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-090309 and C-090310, 2010-Ohio-
2364, ¶ 20.
{¶13} When analyzing a statement as an excited utterance, “[t]he controlling
factor is whether the declaration was made under such circumstances as would
reasonably show that it resulted from impulse rather than reason and reflection.”
Lukacs at ¶ 21, quoting State v. Tebelman, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-09-01, 2010-Ohio-
481, ¶ 29. We review the decision to allow the admission of a hearsay statement under
the excited-utterance exception under the abuse-of-discretion standard. See State v.
Borden, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140245, 2015-Ohio-333, ¶ 5, citing State v. Sage, 31
Ohio St.3d 173, 510 N.E.2d 343 (1987), paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶14} Martin argues that too much time had passed for this hearsay exception
to apply, stressing that it relies on the statement being made quickly after the event.
But, as we have previously noted,
[c]ourts liberally apply this test to out-of-court statements made by
children because of their limited powers of reflection. Further, the
passage of time is not dispositive of whether a statement is an excited
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utterance, particularly in the case of child-abuse victims, who are likely to
remain in a state of nervous excitement longer than an adult.
Lukacs at ¶ 21, citing State v. Taylor, 66 Ohio St.3d 295, 304, 612 N.E.2d 316 (1993).
{¶15} In this case, the evidence showed that T.T. was still in a state of nervous
excitement caused by what had just happened to her at the point when she was able to
articulate it to her mother. The evidence also showed that she did not have the
opportunity to reflect on the events and fabricate a false statement. Therefore, the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in allowing T.T.’s mother to testify regarding T.T.’s out-
of-court statement. The second assignment of error is overruled.
Admission of Officer’s Testimony was not an Abuse of Discretion
{¶16} In his third assignment of error, Martin claims that the trial court
improperly allowed Hudepohl to testify as an expert witness under Evid.R. 702 when
she made the statement that a display of toys in Martin’s apartment was appealing to
children and that she had seen similar displays frequently in her work. We reject the
argument that testifying that toys are enticing to children requires qualification as an
expert witness. A police office may offer lay opinion testimony under Evid.R. 701 if it is
based on the officer’s perceptions through experience. State v. Jordan, 5th Dist.
Muskingum No. CT2003-0029, 2004-Ohio-1211; State v. Fannin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 79991, 2002-Ohio-6312, ¶ 40. A trial court's decision to admit evidence under
either Evid.R. 701 or Evid.R. 702 is reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard. See
Urbana ex rel. Newlin v. Downing, 43 Ohio St.3d 109, 539 N.E.2d 140 (1989). On this
record, we find no abuse of discretion.
{¶17} But even if the decision to allow the statement was an abuse of
discretion, we would have to conclude that any error was harmless. See Crim.R. 52(A).
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“Whether [the] error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt is not simply an inquiry
into the sufficiency of the remaining evidence. Instead, the question is whether there is a
reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have contributed to the
conviction.” State v. Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d 214, 2006-Ohio-791, 842 N.E.2d 996, ¶
78.
{¶18} In this case, the reference to the toys was so incidental, and the other
evidence so compelling, that we cannot conclude that Hudepohl’s observation that toys
are enticing to children contributed to the convictions in this case. We overrule Martin’s
third assignment of error.
Trial Court Properly Found Martin Guilty
{¶19} In his fourth assignment of error, Martin challenges the sufficiency and
weight of the evidence adduced to support his convictions. We find no error.
{¶20} In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, this court
must determine whether after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386,
678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). In addressing a manifest-weight-of-the-evidence challenge, this
court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,
consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in
the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage
of justice that the convictions must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Id. at 387.
{¶21} Martin claims that the state failed to prove he committed rape. He first
argues that the state failed to show that he engaged in cunnilingus because the state
failed to prove contact between his mouth and T.T.’s “sex organ.” We disagree. T.T.
described the offense and pointed to the area on a diagram during her testimony. And
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when questioned by Hudepohl, Martin admitted that he “put his mouth on her.” When
Hudepohl went on to clarify “[a]nd you kissed her vagina,” Martin said “[r]ight, right,
right.” On this record, the state produced sufficient evidence of cunnilingus to support
the rape conviction.
{¶22} Martin next argues that the lack of DNA evidence disproves the rape
conviction. While the absence of DNA evidence is probative, it is not dispositive. It was
one factor that the trial court could weigh as it heard the evidence. But, in light of the
fact that Martin admitted to the conduct, and his version of events was corroborated by
the victim and by the video surveillance evidence, the trial court did not err by failing to
consider the lack of DNA evidence dispositive. See State v. Barnes, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 25517, 2014-Ohio-47, ¶ 3 (the absence of DNA evidence of sexual
contact does not render a conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence).
{¶23} Martin next argues that the testimony of the victim was not credible,
because she initially could not remember the events and was only able to testify about
them when the state started using leading questions. But the trial court, conducting a
bench trial, was in the best position to judge T.T.’s credibility. The trial court could have
understandably concluded that the nine-year-old victim was nervous and reluctant to
recount the events of that day while Martin watched from the defense table. And, in
light of Martin’s own admissions, her hesitation is not so catastrophic that it undermines
the state’s case.
{¶24} With regard to the kidnapping conviction, Martin claims that the state
failed to provide sufficient evidence of force and that T.T. was not released unharmed
after the incident. We disagree.
{¶25} “Force” is defined as “any violence, compulsion, or constraint physically
exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(1). The
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amount of “force” that an adult may use in order to facilitate an offense against a child is
not the same as with an adult. In speaking of force in the context of rape, the Ohio
Supreme Court has held that “[t]he force and violence necessary to commit the crime of
rape depends upon the age, size, and strength of the parties and their relation to each
other,” State v. Eskridge, 38 Ohio St.3d 56, 526 N.E.2d 304 (1988), paragraph one of
the syllabus, and “need not be overt and physically brutal, but can be subtle and
psychological.” State v. Fowler, 27 Ohio App.3d 149, 154, 500 N.E.2d 390 (8th
Dist.1985). A showing that the victim's will was overcome by fear or duress is enough to
demonstrate that the rape was committed with force. Eskridge.
{¶26} In this case, T.T. was a nine-year-old girl and Martin was a 64-year-old
man that she did not know. Martin told the detectives that he was angry about T.T.
running around the apartment building making noise. He said that he wanted to teach
the girl a lesson and ordered her into his apartment. He used this angry and aggressive
tone and ordered T.T. to come with him upstairs and kept her there for 30 minutes while
he raped her. The difference in ages, Martin’s physically intimidating presence as it
compared to the child, and his anger and assumed authority to “teach her a lesson”
combined to overcome T.T.’s ability to resist his demands. With this evidence, the trial
court could properly have found that the amount of force used in this case was sufficient.
{¶27} We also reject the argument that T.T. was released unharmed. She had
been raped. Releasing a victim after a rape does not leave the victim in an “unharmed
condition.” See State v. Dooley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84206, 2005-Ohio-628, ¶ 24,
citing State v. Avery, 126 Ohio App.3d 36, 44, 709 N.E.2d 875 (3d Dist.1998).
{¶28} Having reviewed the entire record, we find that Martin’s convictions
were based on sufficient evidence and were not against the weight of the evidence. We
overrule his fourth assignment of error.
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Martin Was Properly Sentenced
{¶29} In his final assignment of error, Martin claims that he was improperly
sentenced. He first claims that the rape and kidnapping offenses were allied offenses of
similar import.
{¶30} Under R.C. 2941.25, a trial court must merge allied offenses if the
conduct of the defendant can be construed to constitute two or more allied offenses of a
similar import, and this conduct shows that the offenses were not committed separately
or with a separate animus. State v. Bailey, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140129, 2015-Ohio-
2997, ¶ 74. The determination of whether offenses are allied contemplates “three
separate factors—the conduct, the animus, and the import.” State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio
St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892, paragraph one of the syllabus. Separate
convictions are permitted for allied offenses if the offenses were (1) dissimilar in import
or significance, (2) committed separately, or (3) committed with a separate animus or
motivation. Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus. A reviewing court may end its
analysis upon finding that any one of the three applies. Bailey at ¶ 83.
{¶31} Restraint, confinement and movement may be implicit in every rape, but
“where the restraint is prolonged, the confinement is secretive, or the movement is
substantial so as to demonstrate a significance independent of the other offense,” the
conduct constituting kidnapping is committed separately from the rape. State v. Logan,
60 Ohio St.2d 126, 397 N.E.2d 1345 (1979), syllabus. As the Logan court noted, “[s]ecret
confinement, such as in an abandoned building or nontrafficked area, without the
showing of any substantial asportation, may, in a given instance, also signify a separate
animus and support a conviction for kidnapping apart from the commission of an
underlying offense.” Id. at 135.
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{¶32} The question becomes whether the victim was subjected to a substantial
increase in the risk of harm separate from that involved in the underlying crime. See id.
In this case, T.T. was ordered from the outside area where she was playing, up the stairs,
and into Martin’s apartment where he then closed the door behind them. He then held
her for some time in his living room before forcing her into his bedroom where he
performed cunnilingus on her. Under the facts of this case, we conclude that the trial
court properly determined that the secretive confinement so increased the risk of harm
to the nine-year-old T.T. that it constituted a separate animus sufficient to support his
conviction. See State v. Craig, 110 Ohio St.3d 306, 2006-Ohio-4571, 853 N.E.2d 621, ¶
118 (abducting victim from street and taking her to a vacant apartment where he raped
and killed her demonstrates a separate animus for the kidnapping offense); State v. Hill,
64 Ohio St.3d 313, 332, 595 N.E.2d 884 (1992) (separate animus for kidnapping where
defendant forced a 12-year-old victim from a parking lot to a wooded area where he then
raped and murdered him); State v. Powell, 49 Ohio St.3d 255, 261-262, 552 N.E.2d 191
(1990) (kidnapping upheld as a separate offense where defendant lured a child from her
home to a nearby building where he attempted to rape her and then killed her).
{¶33} Martin next argues that the trial court improperly enhanced his
sentences because the state failed to show the use of force and failed to show that T.T.
was not released unharmed. Force is a factor which, if demonstrated on the rape
conviction, enhanced Martin’s sentence to 25 years to life in prison. R.C.
2971.03(B)(1)(c). Martin’s failure to release T.T. unharmed is a factor which, if
demonstrated on the kidnapping conviction, enhanced Martin’s sentence to 15 years to
life. R.C. 2905.01(C)(3)(b). For the reasons set forth in our analysis of Martin’s fourth
assignment of error, we conclude that the trial court properly concluded that Martin
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used force and that he did not release T.T. unharmed. Therefore, Martin’s sentences
were properly enhanced.
{¶34} Martin next argues that his sentences were improper because he was not
informed that he was ineligible for earned days of credit based on his convictions. But
this court has previously rejected this argument. See State v. Kennedy, 2013-Ohio-4221,
998 N.E.2d 1189, ¶ 122 (1st Dist.).
{¶35} Finally, he argues that the trial court imposed maximum, consecutive
sentences without properly considering the purposes and principles of sentencing or any
of the factors set forth in R.C. 2929.11(B) and 2929.12(A)-(E). This court will only
modify or vacate a sentence if it clearly and convincingly finds that either the record does
not support the mandatory sentencing findings or the sentence is otherwise contrary to
law. State v. White, 2013-Ohio-4225, 997 N.E.2d 629, ¶ 11 (1st Dist.).
{¶36} The trial court’s remarks at the sentencing hearing show that it
considered the relevant sentencing provisions. The trial court discussed Martin’s prior
record, history of unsuccessful probation, chronic substance abuse, and lack of remorse,
as well as the significant harm to the victim. Further, the court made the required
findings to impose consecutive sentences, and journalized those findings in its
sentencing entry. See State v. Thomas, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140070, 2014-Ohio-
3833, ¶ 9. And the record supports those findings.
{¶37} We conclude that Martin was properly sentenced in this case. We
overrule his fifth assignment of error.
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Conclusion
{¶38} Having considered and overruled all five assignments of error, we affirm
the judgment of the trial court.
Judgment affirmed.
DEWINE, P.J., and STAUTBERG, J., concur.
Please note: The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.