[Cite as State v. Barnes, 2014-Ohio-47.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO
Plaintiff-Appellee
v.
MICHAEL A. BARNES, JR.
Defendant-Appellant
Appellate Case No. 25517
Trial Court Case No. 2011-CR-2923
(Criminal Appeal from (Common Pleas Court) ...........
OPINION
Rendered on the 10th day of January, 2014.
...........
MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by MICHELE D. PHIPPS, Atty. Reg. No. 0069829, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, P.O. Box 972, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
CANDI S. RAMBO, Atty. Reg. No. 0076627, 15 West Fourth Street, Suite 100, Dayton, Ohio 45402 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
............. 2
WELBAUM, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant, Michael A. Barnes, Jr., appeals from his conviction on one
count of Gross Sexual Imposition in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4). Barnes raises five
assignments of error arguing that: (1) there is insufficient evidence to support his conviction; (2)
his conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence; (3) the trial court gave an incorrect
jury instruction on the weight of direct and circumstantial evidence; (4) the State engaged in
prosecutorial misconduct during its closing argument; and (5) he was denied effective assistance
of counsel.
{¶ 2} We conclude that the victim’s trial testimony is sufficient evidence to support
Barnes’s conviction, and that the conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
We further conclude that the trial court’s jury instruction on the weight of direct and
circumstantial evidence is a correct statement of law and not prejudicially erroneous. While we
conclude that the State made improper comments during its closing argument, Barnes did not
object to the comments, and we do not find that they amount to reversible plain error. Finally,
we conclude that Barnes was not denied effective assistance of trial counsel, because he failed to
demonstrate that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s errors. Accordingly, the decision of the trial
court will be affirmed.
I. Facts and Course of Proceedings
{¶ 3} On November 16, 2011, Michael A. Barnes, Jr. was indicted on one count of
Gross Sexual Imposition in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4), a felony of the third degree. Barnes
pled not guilty to the indicted charge, and a jury trial was held on October 30, and 31, 2012. The 3
following information was elicited at trial.
{¶ 4} In March 2010, Barnes was living with his aunt, D., at her residence in the city of
New Lebanon, Montgomery County, Ohio. On March 8, 2010, Barnes interacted with D.’s
11-year-old neighbor, H.S., who lived nearby.
{¶ 5} H.S. testified that on March 8, 2010, she and two other children from the
neighborhood went to D.’s house and asked Barnes if he wanted to play outside. Barnes
accepted the invitation, and they played outside all day in D.’s backyard. When the other two
children went home, H.S. had dinner at D.’s house. After dinner, Barnes asked H.S. if she
wanted to watch a movie. H.S. and Barnes then watched a movie together on a couch in D.’s
living room. D. and her daughter, L., were upstairs while H.S. and Barnes were watching the
movie. L.’s three-year-old daughter, M.L., was sitting on a recliner in the living room.
{¶ 6} During the movie, Barnes and H.S. were sitting on opposite sides of the couch.
H.S. eventually decided to lie down, and when she did, Barnes asked her “if [she] would tell.”
Trans. (Oct. 30, 2012), p. 108, ln. 11. H.S. was scared, so she answered, “no.” Id. at 108, ln.
11-12. Barnes then began touching H.S.’s vagina over her sweat pants with his hand, and asked
her “if it tickled.” Id. at 109, ln. 24-23. H.S. replied, “no.” Id. at 110, ln. 1-2. Barnes also
rubbed his hand across H.S.’s stomach over her clothes, and tried to remove her sweat pants by
putting his fingertips at the waist. When he tried to remove her pants, H.S. pushed Barnes’s
hand away, moved to the other end of the couch, and told him that she had to go home and take
her dogs outside. H.S. then left D.’s house, went home, and told her parents what had happened.
{¶ 7} H.S.’s mother, V., testified that she and H.S.’s father are divorced and that H.S.
resides mainly with her father at his residence, which is located near D.’s residence. V. stated 4
that on the evening of March 8, 2010, she went to the father’s residence to drop off H.S.’s
younger sister from gymnastics class. When she arrived, H.S. ran out to her crying, shaking, and
very scared. H.S. told her that Barnes had tried to put his hand in her pants. She also said that
D. was upstairs when it happened, and that M.L. was sleeping. The trial court allowed the
hearsay testimony on the record under the excited utterance hearsay exception in Evid.R.803(2).
{¶ 8} D.’s daughter, L., testified that she and her three-year-old daughter, M.L., were
visiting D.’s home on March 8, 2010. On the evening of her visit, L. saw both Barnes and H.S.
upstairs in her mother’s computer room. She recalled that Barnes was sitting down at a
computer when H.S. came in and tried to sit on his lap. L. saw Barnes push H.S. off his lap,
which caused her to fall to the floor with a “big thunk.” Id. at 153, ln. 6. According to L., H.S.
got up, ran downstairs, and left D.’s house. On cross-examination, H.S. testified that she did not
remember going into D.’s computer room, sitting on Barnes, or being pushed off his lap.
{¶ 9} L. testified that she never saw Barnes watching a movie with H.S., but she did
remember them talking about watching a movie. L. also stated that it would have been possible
for H.S. and Barnes to have watched a movie either before or after the computer room incident.
{¶ 10} D. testified that on March 8, 2010, she had been doing yard work at her house all
day. She recalled seeing H.S. playing in her yard with Barnes and some other children, but she
did not see H.S. inside her house that evening. In addition, D. testified that she did not prepare
dinner that evening or eat dinner with H.S. While washing dishes, D. heard a “thunk” on the
second floor, and then heard someone run downstairs, but she did not see who it was. D. then
went upstairs and found Barnes and L. sitting in her computer room. She claimed that this is
where Barnes remained until the police came to her house. D. never saw Barnes watching a 5
movie with H.S.
{¶ 11} Officer James Chambers, a patrolman with the Village of New Lebanon, was on
duty the evening of March 8, 2010, and he responded to the sexual assault complaint involving
H.S. Chambers testified that he discussed the incident with H.S.’s parents and collected the
sweat pants worn by H.S. After obtaining a warrant, Chambers also collected a DNA sample
from Barnes in order to compare Barnes’s DNA with any potential DNA on H.S.’s sweat pants.
According to Chambers, the sweat pants and Barnes’s DNA sample were delivered to the Miami
Valley Regional Crime Lab for testing.
{¶ 12} The State did not enter any DNA evidence at trial. The State’s case was based
solely on the testimony of H.S., V., and Officer Chambers. Barnes moved for a Crim.R. 29
acquittal on grounds that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of Gross Sexual
Imposition. The trial court disagreed, and overruled the motion.
{¶ 13} Barnes also objected to the trial court’s jury instruction on direct and
circumstantial evidence. The trial court overruled the objection given that the jury instruction
was a standard Ohio Jury Instruction. After deliberation, the jury found Barnes guilty of Gross
Sexual Imposition in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4). Barnes is now appealing from his
conviction.
II. Did the Trial Court Err in Overruling Appellant’s
Crim.R. 29 Motion for Acquittal?
{¶ 14} Barnes’s First Assignment of Error is as follows:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING APPELLANT’S RULE 6
29 MOTION.
{¶ 15} Under this assignment of error, Barnes contends that the trial court should have
granted his Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal, because the State presented insufficient evidence to
convict him of Gross Sexual Imposition under R.C. 2907.05(A)(4). Specifically, Barnes
contends that the State failed to introduce any evidence that he engaged in sexual contact for “the
purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying either person.” R.C. 2907.01(B).
{¶ 16} Crim.R. 29(A) states that “[t]he court on motion of a defendant or on its own
motion, after the evidence on either side is closed, shall order the entry of a judgment of acquittal
of one or more offenses charged in the indictment, information, or complaint, if the evidence is
insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses. * * *.”
{¶ 17} “A sufficiency-of-the-evidence argument challenges whether the State has
presented adequate evidence on each element of the offense to sustain the verdict as a matter of
law.” State v. Croom, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25094, 2013-Ohio-3377, ¶ 36, citing State v.
Hawn, 138 Ohio App.3d 449, 471, 741 N.E.2d 594 (2d Dist.2000). “ ‘An appellate court's
function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to
examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would
convince the average mind of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant
inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a
reasonable doubt.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991),
paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶ 18} In determining whether Barnes’s conviction is supported by sufficient evidence, 7
we must first look to the elements of Gross Sexual Imposition as set forth in R.C. 2907.05(A)(4).
The statute states as follows:
(A) No person shall have sexual contact with another, not the spouse of the
offender; cause another, not the spouse of the offender, to have sexual contact
with the offender; or cause two or more other persons to have sexual contact when
any of the following applies:
***
(4) The other person, or one of the other persons, is less than thirteen years
of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of that person.
{¶ 19} The term “ ‘[s]exual contact’ means any touching of an erogenous zone of
another, including without limitation the thigh, genitals, buttock, pubic region, or, if the person is
a female, a breast, for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying either person.” R.C.
2907.01(B). “Sexual contact does not require that the offender have skin-to-skin contact with an
erogenous zone of the victim; a touching of an erogenous zone covered by the victim's clothing is
sufficient.” State v. Jones, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2012-CA-95, 2013-Ohio-3760, ¶ 21, citing In re
A.L., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2005-12-520, 2006-Ohio-4329, ¶ 23, fn. 1.
{¶ 20} “[I]n proving the violations of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) * * * it [is] incumbent upon
the state to prove not only that [the defendant] touched a person less than thirteen years of age or
caused a person under age thirteen to touch him on the proscribed parts of the body listed in R.C.
2907.01(B), * * * but also that [the defendant] committed these acts for the specific purpose or
intention of sexually arousing or gratifying either himself or the victim.” (Citations omitted.)
State v. Mundy, 99 Ohio App.3d 275, 287, 650 N.E.2d 502 (2d Dist.1994). Therefore, “the state 8
is obligated to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant's purpose or specific intention
in touching the victim on the proscribed areas of the body set out in R.C. 2907.01(B) was sexual
arousal or gratification of either the perpetrator or the victim.” Id. at 288.
{¶ 21} “Proof of an accused's purpose or specific intent invariably requires
circumstantial evidence, absent an admission.” Id. In Mundy we stated that:
The determination of a defendant's mental state, absent some comment on
his or her part, must of necessity be determined by the nature of the act when
viewed in conjunction with the surrounding facts and circumstances. State v. Lott
(1990), 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 168, 555 N.E.2d 293, 302. This is, in fact, the
well-recognized process of inferential reasoning. This process by necessity
incorporates an objective mechanism or standard in determining the defendant's
state of mind by the use of circumstantial evidence. The trier of fact reviews the
defendant's conduct in light of the surrounding facts and circumstances and infers
a purpose or motive. This conclusion by the trier of fact reflects the purpose that
an ordinary prudent person would ascribe to a defendant's conduct. Mundy at
288, quoting In the Matter of Grigson, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 1881,1991 WL
62177, *3 (April 15, 1991).
{¶ 22} We further stated that:
[T]he proper method is to permit the trier of fact to infer from the evidence
presented at trial whether the purpose of the defendant was sexual arousal or
gratification by his contact with those areas of the body described in R.C.
2907.01. In making its decision the trier of fact may consider the type, nature and 9
circumstances of the contact, along with the personality of the defendant. From
these facts the trier of facts may infer what the defendant's motivation was in
making the physical contact with the victim. If the trier of fact determines, that the
defendant was motivated by desires of sexual arousal or gratification, and that the
contact occurred, then the trier of fact may conclude that the object of the
defendant's motivation was achieved. Mundy, 99 Ohio App.3d at 288-289, 650
N.E.2d 502, quoting State v. Cobb, 81 Ohio App.3d 179, 185, 610 N.E.2d 1009
(9th Dist.1991).
{¶ 23} Therefore, whether Barnes’s physical contact with H.S. “was undertaken for the
purpose of sexual arousal or gratification must be inferred from the type, nature, and
circumstances surrounding the contact.” Mundy at 289. Accordingly, we must determine
whether “a reasonable person sitting as a juror [could] perceive from the defendant's actions, and
all of the surrounding facts and circumstances, that the defendant's purpose or specific intention
was arousal or gratification of sexual desire.” (Emphasis deleted.) Id. at 289.
{¶ 24} In the case before us, H.S. testified that when she was 11 years old, Barnes
touched her vagina over her sweat pants, rubbed her stomach over her clothes, and attempted to
remove her sweat pants while they were watching a movie. There were no other adults around
when the touching occurred. Before touching H.S., Barnes asked her “if she would tell.”
Barnes also asked H.S. whether “it tickled” when he touched her vagina.
{¶ 25} The type of physical contact described by H.S. involved Barnes touching an
erogenous zone on her body when she was less than 13 years of age. The nature of Barnes’s
statements to H.S., before and during the touching, would allow a reasonable juror to infer that 10
Barnes’s actions were motivated by desires of sexual arousal or gratification. Specifically, the
fact that he asked her if “she would tell” indicates that he was going to do something wrong or
inappropriate. Furthermore, the record does not indicate that the circumstances of the touching
involved any medical or other appropriate purpose. Based on the type, nature, and
circumstances of the touching, we find that H.S.’s testimony sufficiently establishes that Barnes
engaged in “sexual contact” with a person less than 13 years of age in violation of R.C.
2907.05(A)(4).
{¶ 26} Barnes’s First Assignment of Error is overruled.
III. Was the Appellant’s Conviction Against the
Manifest Weight of the Evidence?
{¶ 27} Barnes’s Second Assignment of Error is as follows:
APPELLANT’S CONVICTION WAS ENTERED AGAINST THE
MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.
{¶ 28} Under this assignment of error, Barnes contends that his conviction was against
the manifest weight of the evidence because: (1) there was no physical DNA evidence
establishing that he engaged in sexual contact with H.S.; and (2) H.S.’s memory of the events of
March 8, 2010, was questionable. Specifically, Barnes points to the fact that H.S. did not
remember the computer room incident or what movie she and Barnes allegedly watched together.
He also points to the fact that H.S. testified that she had dinner at D.’s home, when D. testified
that there was no such dinner.
{¶ 29} “When a conviction is challenged on appeal as being against the weight of the 11
evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable
inferences, consider witness credibility, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the
evidence, the trier of fact ‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice
that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’ ” State v. Hill, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 25172, 2013-Ohio-717, ¶ 8, quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,
387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). “A judgment should be reversed as being against the manifest
weight of the evidence ‘only in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against
the conviction.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st
Dist.1983).
{¶ 30} “The jury's burden to assess the credibility of witnesses is especially important
and arduous in sexual abuse cases * * * where the lack of physical evidence and eyewitnesses
ordains a credibility contest.” State v. Jones, 114 Ohio App.3d 306, 319, 683 N.E.2d 87 (2d
Dist.1996). “The credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony are
matters for the trier of facts to resolve.” State v. Cox, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25477,
2013-Ohio-4941, ¶ 27, citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967).
“This court will not substitute its judgment for that of the trier of facts on the issue of witness
credibility unless it is patently apparent that the factfinder lost its way.” (Citation omitted.)
State v. Bradley, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 97 CA 03, 1997 WL 691510, *4 (Oct. 24, 1997).
{¶ 31} In this case, there are no eyewitnesses and no physical evidence of Barnes’s
offense; the only evidence is H.S.’s testimony. We note that there is no requirement that
testimonial evidence of sexual abuse must be corroborated by physical or other evidence.
(Citation omitted.) State v. Kaufman, 187 Ohio App.3d 50, 2010-Ohio-1536, 931 N.E.2d 143, ¶ 12
71 (7th Dist.). Therefore, the fact that there was no DNA evidence of Barnes’s sexual contact
with H.S. does not render his conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶ 32} The jury’s decision in this case was based solely on witness credibility. The
verdict reflects the jury's decision to credit H.S.’s testimony to a greater degree than it did the
testimony of Barnes’s defense witnesses. This decision was within the competence of the jury,
because its members had seen and heard all the witnesses at trial. Accordingly, the jury’s
determination is entitled to substantial deference by this court. That H.S.’s testimony was not
corroborated by other evidence does not detract from the validity of the jury's decision that H.S.
was a credible witness. Therefore, the jury's verdict was not against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
{¶ 33} Barnes’s Second Assignment of Error is overruled.
IV. Was the Trial Court’s Jury Instruction on Direct and
Circumstantial Evidence Incorrect?
{¶ 34} Barnes’s Third Assignment of Error is as follows:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ISSUING ITS CHOSEN JURY
INSTRUCTIONS.
{¶ 35} Under this assignment of error, Barnes challenges the trial court’s jury
instruction on the weight of circumstantial and direct evidence. The trial court instructed that:
Direct evidence and circumstantial evidence are of equal weight. The law
makes no distinction between direct and circumstantial evidence as to the degree
of proof required. And facts may be proven by either type of evidence or a 13
combination of both. Each type is accepted as a reasonable method of proof.
With the evidence that is both direct and circumstantial, the combination of the
two must satisfy you of the Defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Trans.
(Oct. 30, 2012), p. 179, ln. 1-8.
{¶ 36} Barnes contends that the trial court should have instructed that direct and
circumstantial evidence may be of equal weight, not that they are of equal weight. He claims
that the trial court’s instruction incorrectly advises the jury that the two kinds of evidence must
be of equal weight under all circumstances.
{¶ 37} Prior to State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St. 3d 259, 574 N.E. 2d 492 (1991), direct and
circumstantial evidence were viewed differently. In State v. Kulig, 37 Ohio St.2d 157, 309
N.E.2d 897 (1974), the Supreme Court followed longstanding precedent to hold that
“[c]ircumstantial evidence relied upon to prove an essential element of a crime must be
irreconcilable with any reasonable theory of an accused’s innocence in order to support a finding
of guilt.” Id. at syllabus. Jenks expressly overruled Kulig, holding that “[c]ircumstantial
evidence and direct evidence inherently possess the same probative value and therefore should be
subjected to the same standard of proof.” Jenks at paragraph one of the syllabus. As a result of
Jenks, an explanation that “[d]irect evidence and circumstantial evidence are of equal weight”
became part of standard jury instructions. See State v. Emerick, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
15768, 1997 WL 309412, *11 (June 6, 1997). However, “[c]ircumstantial evidence is not less
probative than direct evidence, and, in some instances, is even more reliable.” State v. Nicely,
39 Ohio St.3d 147, 151, 529 N.E.2d 1236 (1988), citing United States v. Andrino, 501 F.2d 1373,
1378 (9th Cir.1974). 14
{¶ 38} In Emerick, we held the “equal weight” instruction was consistent with case law
and not prejudicially erroneous. We cautioned, however, that the instruction had the potential to
mislead a jury to improperly balance the evidence even if circumstantial evidence in a given case
outweighed direct evidence or vice-versa. We concluded that the better approach was to
instruct: “ ‘[T]he law makes no distinction between direct and circumstantial evidence but simply
requires that the jury be satisfied of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt from all the
evidence in the case * * *.’ ” Emerick at *12, quoting U.S. v. Nelson, 419 F.2d 1237 (9th
Cir.1969). The pattern Ohio jury instruction no longer contains the “equal weight” language,
but rather, consistent with Emerick, states: “You may consider both direct and circumstantial
evidence. You must decide from all the direct and circumstantial evidence, taken together,
whether the state has proven all of the elements of the charged offense(s) beyond a reasonable
doubt.” 2 OJI-CR 409.01(2).
{¶ 39} Although the “equal weight” instruction has the potential to mislead, an
instruction fashioned from Jenks may have a purpose. If counsel for one side or the other
argues that the jury should disregard certain evidence because it is “only circumstantial,” the
court should correctly inform the jury that “neither circumstantial evidence nor direct evidence is
inherently inferior to the other.” This would be more accurate than the now-disregarded OJI
“equal weight” language.
{¶ 40} In the present case, the “equal weight” instruction given by the trial court was not
prejudicially erroneous. It is a correct statement of law, and the court also instructed the jury
“[w]ith the evidence that is both direct and circumstantial, the combination of the two must
satisfy you of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Trans. at 179. Also, the 15
jury’s decision in this case was based on witness credibility, not on whether the evidence was
direct or circumstantial. The appellant’s iteration of the instruction-that the two types of
evidence “may” be of equal value-would not have made any difference.
{¶ 41} Barnes’s Third Assignment of Error is overruled.
V. Did the State Engage in Prosecutorial Misconduct
During Its Closing Argument?
{¶ 42} Barnes’s Fourth Assignment of Error is as follows:
THE PROSECUTOR COMMITTED REVERSIBLE MISCONDUCT.
{¶ 43} Under this assignment of error, Barnes contends that the State engaged in
prosecutorial misconduct during closing arguments by: (1) commenting on his failure to testify at
trial; (2) expressing the prosecutor’s personal views regarding the credibility of the defense
witnesses; (3) making improper, prejudicial comments regarding the evidence; and (4) making
statements that went beyond the evidence presented at trial.
{¶ 44} Before addressing each allegation of misconduct, we note that prosecutors are
generally “entitled to considerable latitude in opening and closing arguments.” (Citations
omitted.) State v. Whitfield, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22432, 2009-Ohio-293, ¶ 12. “A
prosecutor may freely comment in closing argument on what the evidence has shown and what
reasonable inferences the prosecutor believes may be drawn therefrom.” Id., citing State v. Lott,
51 Ohio St.3d 160, 165, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990). “In determining whether the prosecutor's
remarks were prejudicial, the State's argument must be viewed in its entirety.” Id., citing State v.
Ballew, 76 Ohio St.3d 244, 255, 667 N.E.2d 369 (1996). 16
{¶ 45} “The test regarding prosecutorial misconduct in closing arguments is whether the
remarks were improper and, if so, whether they prejudicially affected substantial rights of the
defendant.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Smith, 14 Ohio St.3d 13, 14, 470 N.E.2d 883 (1984).
“The touchstone of the analysis ‘is the fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the prosecutor.’
” State v. Jeffery, 2013-Ohio-504, 986 N.E.2d 1093, ¶ 15 (2d Dist.), quoting Smith v. Phillips,
455 U.S. 209, 219, 102 S.Ct. 940, 71 L.Ed.2d 78 (1982). “The question is whether the
prosecutor's misconduct so infected the accused's trial with unfairness that the accused's
convictions came in violation of the right to due process.” Id., citing Donnelly v.
DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 644, 94 S.Ct. 1868, 40 L.Ed.2d 431 (1974).
{¶ 46} We further note that Barnes failed to object to any of the State’s comments
during closing argument. Accordingly, Barnes waived all but plain error. (Citation omitted.)
State v. Wickline, 50 Ohio St.3d 114, 119-120, 552 N.E.2d 913 (1990). “Plain error does not
exist unless it can be said that but for the error, the outcome of the trial would clearly have been
otherwise.” Id., citing State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph two
of the syllabus. (Other citation omitted.) The plain error standard is to be exercised with “the
utmost caution under exceptional circumstances, and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of
justice.” Long at 91, paragraph three of the syllabus.
1. Commenting on Appellant’s
Failure to Testify at Trial
{¶ 47} Barnes claims that the following statement was an improper comment on
Barnes’s failure to testify at trial. 17
And she told you that he put his hands on her vagina. She told you that he
was rubbing her stomach. She told you that he was trying to put his hands down
her pants, and she pushed him away. That is all unrefuted. We haven’t heard
anything to the contrary. (Emphasis added.) Trans. (Oct. 30, 2012), p. 168, ln.
10-14.
{¶ 48} It is well established that “it is improper for a prosecutor to comment on a
defendant’s failure to testify.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Twyford, 94 Ohio St.3d 340, 355,
763 N.E.2d 122 (2002). In determining whether a comment violated the defendant's Fifth
Amendment rights, we must consider “ ‘ whether the language used was manifestly intended or
was of such character that the jury would naturally and necessarily take it to be a comment on the
failure of the accused to testify.’ ” (Emphasis deleted.) State v. Webb, 70 Ohio St.3d 325, 328,
638 N.E.2d 1023 (1994), quoting Knowles v. United States, 224 F.2d 168, 170 (10th Cir.1955).
{¶ 49} The State cites State v. Lockett, 49 Ohio St.2d 48, 358 N.E.2d 1062 (1976), rev'd
in part, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S. Ct. 2954, 57 L.Ed. 2d 973 (1978), and overruled by State v. Downs,
51 Ohio St.2d 47, 364 N.E.2d 1140 (1977), for the proposition that the prosecutor’s statement
was not improper. In Lockett, the Supreme Court of Ohio stated that “statements made by the
prosecutor to the effect that the evidence against appellant was uncontradicted and unrefuted
does not constitute a comment by the prosecutor upon the failure of the defendant to testify,
prejudicial to appellant's right to a fair trial.” Id. at 65.
{¶ 50} The State also cites State v. Ferguson, 5 Ohio St.3d 160, 450 N.E.2d 265 (1983),
for the same proposition. In Ferguson, the Supreme Court explained that “[a] reference by the
prosecutor in closing argument to uncontradicted evidence is not a comment on the accused’s 18
failure to testify, where the comment is directed to the strength of the state’s evidence and not to
the silence of the accused, and the jury is instructed not to consider the accused’s failure to testify
for any purpose.” Id. at 160, paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶ 51} More recently, however, the Supreme Court held that “[a] prosecutor generally
may note that his or her evidence is uncontradicted unless it is evidence only the defendant could
contradict. See Annotation (1967), 14 A.L.R.3d 723, 730-743.” (Emphasis added.) Webb, 70
Ohio St.3d at 329, 638 N.E.2d 1023.
{¶ 52} In this case, the prosecutor stated that H.S.’s testimony was “unrefuted.” It is
clear from the record that the prosecutor was specifically referring to the portion of H.S.’s
testimony that described how Barnes had touched her. Because Barnes and H.S. were the only
individuals present during the touching in question, they were the only individuals capable of
testifying about what had happened between them. In other words, only Barnes could have
contradicted H.S.’s testimony. As a result, the jury could have naturally and necessarily taken
the prosecutor’s remark to be a comment on Barnes’s failure to testify, and not just a comment
on the overall strength of the State’s case. Accordingly, the comment is improper.
{¶ 53} Even though the prosecutor’s comment is improper, it does not amount to plain
error. The trial court instructed the jury not to consider Barnes’s decision not to testify for any
purpose, and “it must be generally presumed that the jury followed the instructions of the trial
judge.” Ferguson, 5 Ohio St.3d at 163, 450 N.E.2d 265. Under the circumstances of this case,
we do not find the prosecutor’s comment to be so flagrant that it affected the outcome of trial or
created a manifest miscarriage of justice. 19
2. Personal Views About the Credibility
of Defense Witnesses
{¶ 54} Barnes claims that the following statement improperly expressed the prosecutor’s
personal opinion on the credibility of the defense witnesses.
He also doesn’t get credit for his family members coming in and trying to
make up a story to cover all this up. I didn’t believe anything that they said, but
that’s up to you to decide. Trans. (Oct. 30, 2012), p. 171, ln. 6-9.
{¶ 55} The law is clear that “[i]t is improper for an attorney to express his personal
belief or opinion as to the credibility of a witness or as to the guilt of the accused.” (Citation
omitted.) Smith, 14 Ohio St. 3d at 14, 470 N.E.2d 883.
{¶ 56} While we find that the prosecutor’s comment improperly expressed his personal
opinion on the credibility of the defense witnesses, we do not find that the comment amounts to
plain error. Immediately after the improper remark was made, the prosecutor informed the jury
that witness credibility was for them to decide. In addition, the trial court informed the jury
that they “are the sole judges of * * * the credibility of the witnesses * * *.” Trans. (Oct. 30,
2012), p.179, ln 20-22. The instructions given by the prosecutor and the trial court were
sufficient to prevent the improper comment from affecting the outcome of trial and creating a
manifest miscarriage of justice. Accordingly, the comment does not amount to plain error.
3. Improper Comments Regarding
the Evidence
{¶ 57} Barnes contends that the prosecutor made highly prejudicial comments on the 20
evidence. Specifically, he claims that the following statement instills anger and fear in the jury,
and distracts the jury from its duty to consider only the facts.
Not every victim is going to act the same, either. Think about it, this
event was almost three years ago for [H.S.]. A lot of time has passed. So, you
know what, he doesn’t get credit if she wasn’t up there crying. He doesn’t get
credit because time has made her numb. Trans. (Oct. 30, 2012), p. 171, ln. 1-5.
{¶ 58} For the prosecutor's comment to warrant reversal on grounds of prejudice, the
remarks must be “so inflammatory as to render the jury's decision a product solely of passion and
prejudice against the appellant.” State v. Williams, 23 Ohio St.3d 16, 20, 490 N.E.2d 906
(1986), certiorari denied, 480 U.S. 923, 107 S.Ct. 1385, 94 L.Ed.2d 699 (1987).
{¶ 59} In this case, we are not convinced that the jury’s verdict was merely a product of
passion and prejudice. There is sufficient evidence to support the verdict, and the prosecutor’s
comment is not so inflammatory as to arouse emotions that would prejudice the defendant’s
substantial rights. In addition, the trial court explained to the jurors that the verdict must be
based on the evidence and not statements made during closing arguments, Trans. p. 178, ln.
11-12; p. 179, ln 9-12, and we must presume that the jury followed the court’s instruction.
Ferguson, 5 Ohio St.3d at 163, 450 N.E.2d 265. Furthermore, we do not find that the
prosecutor’s comment affected the outcome of trial or created a manifest miscarriage of justice.
Therefore, even if the prosecutor’s comment was improper, it does not amount to reversible plain
error.
4. Statements Beyond the Evidence 21
Presented at Trial
{¶ 60} Barnes claims that the following statement by the prosecutor was improper,
because it went beyond the evidence presented to the jury.
DNA cuts both ways. If I had DNA in here – well, his DNA is on her
pants. Well, it must have come from when they were playing outside. He was
touching her outside when they were just horsing around. It cuts both ways.
DNA doesn’t matter. It does not matter. I guarantee you, if there were DNA on
those pants, he would have an explanation for why it’s there. So, it’s not there, it’s
a wash. (Emphasis added.) Trans. p. 175, ln. 19-25.
{¶ 61} “It is a prosecutor's duty in closing arguments to avoid efforts to obtain a
conviction by going beyond the evidence which is before the jury.” (Citation omitted.) Smith,
14 Ohio St.3d at 14, 470 N.E.2d 883. Barnes contends that the prosecutor’s comment, “well, his
DNA is on her pants” went beyond the evidence, because it informed the jury that DNA evidence
existed, when no such evidence had been admitted at trial.
{¶ 62} We disagree with Barnes’s interpretation of the prosecutor’s comment.
“[I]solated comments by a prosecutor are not to be taken out of context and given their most
damaging meaning.” Twyford, 94 Ohio St.3d at 356, 763 N.E.2d 122.
{¶ 63} Here, Barnes is isolating a small portion of the prosecutor’s comment and giving
the comment its most damaging meaning. When looking at the context of the entire comment, it
is clear that the prosecutor was speaking hypothetically about the existence of DNA. The
prosecutor was attempting to say that if Barnes’s DNA had been found on H.S.’s sweat pants, he
would have had an excuse for it being there, since he and H.S. were seen playing together on the 22
day in question. In addition, the phrases, “if there were DNA on those pants” and “[s]o it’s not
there, it’s a wash,” clearly indicate that the prosecutor was not informing the jury that DNA
evidence existed. Accordingly, the comment does not go beyond the evidence.
{¶ 64} For the foregoing reasons, the prosecutor’s comments during closing argument
do not amount to reversible misconduct. Barnes’s Fourth Assignment of Error is overruled.
V. Did the Appellant Receive Ineffective Assistance of Counsel?
{¶ 65} Barnes’s Fifth Assignment of Error is as follows:
APPELLANT WAS PREJUDICED BY INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE
{¶ 66} Under this assignment of error, Barnes claims that he received ineffective
assistance of counsel, because his trial counsel failed to: (1) subpoena a forensic expert to
testify regarding the lack of DNA evidence; and (2) object to the prosecutor’s improper
comments during its closing argument.
{¶ 67} “In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant
must show both deficient performance and resulting prejudice.” State v. Matthews, 189 Ohio
App.3d 446, 2010-Ohio-4153, 938 N.E.2d 1099, ¶ 39 (2d Dist.), citing Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). “Trial counsel is entitled to a strong
presumption that his conduct falls within the wide range of effective assistance, and to show
deficiency, the defendant must demonstrate that counsel's representation fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness.” Id., citing Strickland at 690. Prejudice exists where “there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel's deficient performance, the outcome would have 23
been different.” Strickland at 687.
1. Defense Counsel’s Failure to
Subpoena Forensic Expert
{¶ 68} Defense counsel’s failure to subpoena a forensic expert to testify regarding the
lack of DNA evidence did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. During voir
dire, the State made it clear to the jury that there was not going to be any DNA evidence
presented at trial, Trans. (Oct. 30, 2012), p. 23, ln. 6-7, and no such evidence was presented
during the State’s case-in-chief. Because the prosecution already established that there was no
DNA evidence, it was unnecessary for the defense to call a forensic expert to testify to the same
matter.
{¶ 69} Even if defense counsel’s decision had qualified as deficient performance under
Strickland, Barnes failed to establish that he was prejudiced by the decision. We cannot find by
a reasonable probability that expert testimony regarding the lack of DNA evidence would have
changed the jury’s decision, when the jury already knew this fact going into deliberation.
Defense counsel made sure the jury was aware of this fact during closing argument when he said:
Because, in spite of Officer Chambers collecting DNA evidence from
[Barnes] and submitting it to the crime lab and submitting [H.S.’s] jogging pants
to the crime lab, you have no DNA evidence. There’s no testimony from anyone
from the crime lab regarding DNA evidence. There’s no physical evidence that
anything happened. None whatsoever. Trans. p. 174, ln. 1-6.
{¶ 70} Accordingly, we do not find that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance 24
of counsel for failing to subpoena a forensic expert.
2. Defense Counsel’s Failure to Object
to Prosecutor’s Improper Comments
{¶ 71} The State made improper comments during its closing argument, and defense
counsel should have objected to them. Assuming that the failure to object qualifies as deficient
performance under Strickland, Barnes still must establish resulting prejudice in order to succeed
on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
{¶ 72} In an attempt to demonstrate prejudice, Barnes employs the cumulative error
doctrine. He argues that the cumulative effect of counsel’s failures unfairly prejudiced him and
violated his constitutional right to a fair trial.
{¶ 73} In response to Barnes’s argument, we note that “ ‘there can be no such thing as
an error-free, perfect trial, and * * * the Constitution does not guarantee such a trial.’ ” State v.
Hill, 75 Ohio St.3d 195, 661 N.E.2d 1068 (1996), quoting United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S.
499, 508-509, 103 S.Ct. 1974, 76 L.Ed.2d 96 (1983). “[E]rrors cannot become prejudicial by
sheer weight of numbers.” Id., citing State v. Davis, 62 Ohio St.3d 326, 348, 581 N.E.2d 1362
(1991).
{¶ 74} In this case, a few errors occurred during the prosecutor’s closing arguments, and
as we previously discussed, those errors did not affect the outcome of trial or create a manifest
miscarriage of justice. Even when viewed cumulatively, we cannot find that the errors
prejudiced Barnes’s constitutional right to a fair trial. Accordingly, Barnes was not prejudiced
by his counsel’s failure to object to the prosecutor’s improper comments. For this reason, his 25
ineffective assistance of counsel claim must fail.
{¶ 75} Barnes’s Fifth Assignment of Error is overruled.
VI. Conclusion
{¶ 76} Having overruled all of Barnes’s assignments of error, the judgement of the trial
court is affirmed.
.............
FROELICH and HALL, JJ., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Mathias H. Heck Michele D. Phipps Candi S. Rambo Hon. Michael Tucker